HEAT TRANSFER

Condensation of a
Single Component
 Latent Heat >Boiling Point
(heat of vaporization) (superheated)

Boiling point Boiling point Sensible Heat

(saturated liquid) (saturated vapor)

Liquid Sensible Heat

(subcooled)
 Important Notes
• The vapor is usually routed in the
shell because it is very pure, but if
the vapor is corrosive, it is better
routed in the tubes.

• Water is always routed in the tubes

since it is dirty and causes fouling.

• If the vapor is of high pressure, it is

routed in the tubes.
❖ Condensation on the outside surface
of the tubes: (Condenstaion in the
Shell)
𝟏 𝟏
−
• 𝐡𝐜 ∅ = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐑𝐞
𝟑 𝟑

(For Horizontal and Vertical Condensers)

𝝁𝟐𝒇
• ∅=
𝒌𝟑𝒇 𝝆𝟐𝒇 𝒈
𝐭 𝐰 +𝐓𝐬𝐯
• 𝐭𝐟 =
𝟐
𝐡𝐜
• 𝐭𝐰 = 𝐭𝐛 + (𝐓𝐬𝐯 − 𝐭𝐛)
𝐡𝐜 +𝐡𝐢𝐨
 ✓ All physical properties are
calculated for the condensing
fluid as LIQUID at 𝐭 𝐟 .
𝐆𝐃𝐞 𝟏 𝐖 𝟒𝐚 𝟏
𝐑𝐞 = = 𝐆 ∗ 𝐃𝐞 ∗ = ∗ ∗
𝛍 𝛍 𝐚 𝐩 𝛍
𝐰 𝟒𝐚 𝟏 𝟒𝐖
𝐑𝐞 = ∗ ∗ =
𝐚 𝐩 𝛍 𝐩𝛍 𝐆′ for vertical
𝐖 condensers
𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 =
𝐩 𝐆′′ for horizontal
condensers
 𝐆′ for vertical
𝐖 condensers
𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 =
𝐩 𝐆′′ for horizontal
condensers

𝐖
′
✓ 𝐆 = for vertical condensers
𝛑𝐝𝐨 𝐍𝐭
𝐖
′′
✓ 𝐆 = 𝟐/𝟑 for horizontal condensers
𝒍𝑵𝒕

𝟒𝐆′′ 𝟒𝐆′
𝑹𝒆 = or
𝝁 𝝁
❖ Condensation inside the tubes:
𝐖
✓ ′′
𝐆 = for horizontal condensers
𝟎.𝟓 𝒍𝑵𝒕
𝐖
✓ ′
𝐆 = for vertical condensers
𝛑𝐝𝐨 𝐍𝐭
For Vertical Condensers:
❑ If Re>2100
𝟏
𝟎.𝟒
𝐡𝐜 ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝐑𝐞
𝟑

❑ If Re<=2100
𝟏
𝐡𝐜 ∅ = 𝟏. 𝟓𝐑𝐞−𝟏/𝟑
𝟑
❖ Steam Condensation in the shell:
𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟎
Horizontal : 𝐡𝐜 = 𝟏/𝟒 𝟏/𝟑
𝐝𝐨 ∆𝐭 𝐟

tubes (Tsv-tw)
𝟒𝟎𝟎
Vertical : 𝐡𝐜 = 𝟏/𝟒 𝟏/𝟑
𝑙 ∆𝐭 𝐟
 Pressure Drop
𝟏 𝐟 ′ 𝐆𝟐 𝐋
∆𝐏𝟏 =
𝟐 𝟓. 𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝐃𝐞 . 𝐬. 𝛗𝟎.𝟏𝟒
𝛍

✓ All physical properties are calculated for the

condensing fluid as VAPOR at Tsv
𝐖 𝝆 𝑷𝑴
𝐆= 𝐬= 𝝆=
𝐚 𝟔𝟐. 𝟒 𝐑𝐓

𝐁𝐭𝐮 𝐓 = 𝐓𝐬𝐯 (oR)

𝐑 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟑
𝐥𝐛𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞. 𝐑
 How to get the Latent Heat of
Vaporization
Figure 12 p815 (KERN)
 µ

kf s
❖ Condensation on the outside surface
of the tubes: (Condenstaion in the
Shell)
𝑩𝒕𝒖
𝟏
• 𝐡𝐜 ∅ = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐑𝐞 −
𝟏
• 𝒉=
𝟑 𝟑 𝒉𝒇𝒕𝟐𝒐𝑭
𝝁𝟐𝒇 𝒉𝟑𝒇𝒕𝟔𝒐𝑭𝟑
• ∅= • ∅=
𝒌𝟑𝒇 𝝆𝟐𝒇 𝒈 𝑩𝒕𝒖𝟑
𝒍𝒃 𝟐
𝝁𝟐𝒇 𝒇𝒕. 𝒉 𝒍𝒃𝟐 𝒉𝟑𝒇𝒕𝟑𝑭𝟑 𝒇𝒕𝟔 𝒉𝟐
• ∅= = 𝑩𝒕𝒖 𝟑 𝒍𝒃
= 𝟐 𝟐
𝒌𝟑𝒇 𝝆𝟐𝒇 𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝒇𝒕 𝒉 𝑩𝒕𝒖𝟑 𝒍𝒃𝟐 𝒇𝒕
𝒉. 𝒇𝒕𝒐𝑭 𝒇𝒕𝟑

𝐠 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 ∗ 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟐 𝐟𝐭/𝐡𝟐

A Vertical 1-2 condenser is required for the condensation of 60,000 lb/hr of normal
propanol operating at 15 psi (g), at which pressure it boils at 244oF. Water at 85oF
will be used as the cooling medium. Water exits at 120oF. A dirt factor of 0.003 is
required with allowable pressure drop of 2.0 psi for the vapor and 10.0 psi for the
water.
Assume 12’, 766 tubes are used. Tubes are to be ¾ in. OD, 16 BWG on 15/16 in.
triangular pitch, 4 tube passes. The inside diameter of the shell is the same as the
baffle spacing and is equal to 31’’.
Will the condenser be satisfactory?

Q = w cp (t2-t1) = W λ= UD Ao ∆tm
Q = 60000*285 Btu/h= 171*105 Btu/h Water Cp can be taken as: 1 BTU/lboF
1 cal/goC
Q = 171*105 =w*1*(120-85) w=488571.42 lb/h 4.18 J/goC
𝟎.𝟕𝟓
Ao =𝝅 do l Nt =𝝅 ( ) (12) (766)= 1804.84 ft2
𝟏𝟐
∆tm= Ft LMTD 𝟏𝟓𝟗−𝟏𝟐𝟒 244 244 T
LMTD= 𝟏𝟓𝟗 = 140.79 oF
𝐥𝐧𝟏𝟐𝟒 1
120
∆tm= 1*140.79 =140.79 oF 85

Q 𝐁𝐭𝐮
UD = A ∆t = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟑 𝐡.𝐟𝐭𝟐𝒐𝐅 159 124
o m
 Tube Side
t1+t2 85+120 Fig 25
tb= 2 = = 102.5 oF
2
𝜋 2 𝑁𝑡 𝜋 0.62
2
766
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑑𝑖 =
4 12 4
= 0.4014 ft2
4 𝑛

w 488571
v= = ft/h = 19501.3 ft/h = 5.4 ft/s
𝑎𝑡 ρ 0.4014 ∗ 62.4

ℎ𝑖 =1300 𝐵𝑡𝑢/ℎ. 𝑓𝑡 2𝑜 𝐹
𝑑𝑖 0.62 1300
ℎ𝑖𝑜 = ℎ𝑖 = 1300 ∗ 0.75 = 1074.6𝐵𝑡𝑢/ℎ. 𝑓𝑡 2𝑜𝐵𝑡𝑢/ℎ.
𝐹 𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝑜 2𝑜
𝐹

𝐯 𝟎.𝟖
OR: ℎ𝑖 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎(𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝐭 𝐛 )
𝐃𝐢 𝟎.𝟐

𝟓.𝟒𝟎.𝟖
ℎ𝑖 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎(𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏(𝟏𝟎𝟐. 𝟓)) 𝟎.𝟔𝟐𝟎.𝟐 = 1353.3𝐵𝑡𝑢/ℎ. 𝑓𝑡 2𝑜 𝐹
𝑑𝑖
ℎ𝑖𝑜 = ℎ𝑖 = 1118.7 𝐵𝑡𝑢/ℎ. 𝑓𝑡 2𝑜 𝐹
𝑑𝑜
di=0.62”
 Shell Side [Vertical]
𝟏 𝟏
−𝟑
𝐡𝐜 ∅ = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐑𝐞
𝟑
𝝁𝟐𝒇 𝟒.𝐆′
• ∅= ,𝑹𝒆 =
𝒌𝟑𝒇 𝝆𝟐𝒇 𝒈 𝝁𝒇
𝐭 𝐰 +𝐓𝐬𝐯
• 𝐭𝐟 =
𝟐
𝐡𝐜
• 𝐭𝐰 = 𝐭𝐛 + (𝐓 − 𝐭𝐛 )
𝐡𝐜 +𝐡𝐢𝐨 𝐬𝐯

𝐖 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝐆′ = = = 𝟑𝟗𝟖. 𝟗
𝝅𝒅𝒐 𝑵𝒕 𝝅 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝟕𝟔𝟔
𝟏𝟐
Trials for hc:
hc=104.8 Btu/h.ft2oF:
1-Assume hc=100 Btu/h.ft2oF:
2- 𝐭 𝐰 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐. 𝟓 +
𝟏𝟎𝟎
(𝟐𝟒𝟒 − 𝟏𝟎𝟐. 𝟓) = 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟓 𝐨𝐅 𝟏 1 1
𝟏𝟎𝟎+𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟒.𝟔 = + = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟒
𝟏𝟏𝟒.𝟓+𝟐𝟒𝟒
𝐔𝐜 𝐡𝐢𝐨 𝐡𝐜
3- 𝐭 𝐟 = = 𝟏𝟗𝟕. 𝟐𝐨𝐅
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
4- 𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐩𝐡𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐬 𝐋𝐈𝐐𝐔𝐈𝐃 𝐚𝐭 𝐭 𝐟 𝐑′𝐝(𝐜𝐚𝐥) = − = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟖
𝐔𝐃 𝐔𝒄
𝒔𝒇 =0.8, 𝝁𝒇 =0.65*2.42=1.573 lb/ft.h, 𝒌𝒇 =0.0943 Btu/h.ftoF
𝐑′𝐝(𝐜𝐚𝐥) > 𝐑′𝐝(𝐚𝐥𝐥)
𝟒∗𝟑𝟗𝟖.𝟗
5− 𝑹𝒆 = = 𝟐𝟑𝟖. 𝟖
𝟏.𝟓𝟕𝟑
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒖𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆
𝝁𝟐𝒇 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝟑𝟐
6- ∅ = = = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎-9
𝟑
𝒉 𝒇𝒕 𝟔𝒐𝑭𝟑
𝒘. 𝒓. 𝒕. 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝒌𝟑𝒇 𝝆𝟐𝒇 𝒈 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟔𝟐. 𝟓𝟒 𝟐 ∗ 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 ∗ 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟐 𝑩𝒕𝒖𝟑

𝑩𝒕𝒖
7− 𝒉𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟖 𝒉𝒇𝒕𝟐𝒐𝑭
k=0.0943 Btu/h.ftoF
 µ= 0.65 cp

µ= 0.65*2.42= 1.573 lb/ft.h

s=0.8
 𝐟 ′ 𝐆𝟐 𝐋 𝟏 𝐟 ′ 𝐆𝟐 𝐋
∆𝐏𝟏 = ∆𝐏𝟏 = ∗
𝟓. 𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝐃𝐞 . 𝐬. 𝛗𝟎.𝟏𝟒
𝛍 𝟐 𝟓. 𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝐃𝐞 . 𝐬. 𝛗𝟎.𝟏𝟒
𝛍

𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐩𝐡𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐬 𝐕𝐀𝐏𝐎𝐔𝐑 𝐚𝐭 𝐓𝐬𝐯

𝐊 𝟏 𝐆𝟐
∆𝐏𝟐 =
𝟕. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 . 𝐬

Tube Side Shell Side 15 3

𝑎𝑆 = 𝐼𝐷𝑠. 𝐵
𝑐 31 31 (16 − 4)
𝑃𝑡 = x x = 1.3347ft2
𝐺𝐷𝑒 1216882 ∗ 0.0516 12 12 15/16
𝑅𝑒 = = = 36083.7 𝑊 60000
𝜇 0.72 ∗ 2.42 𝐺= = = 44953.2 lb/h ft2
𝑎𝑆 1.3347
𝟑 𝛑 𝟑 𝟏𝟓/𝟏𝟔 𝛑 𝟑/𝟒
𝟖 ∗ 𝟒 𝐏𝐭 𝟐 − 𝟖 𝐝𝐨 𝟐 𝟖 ∗ 𝟒 ( 𝟏𝟐 )𝟐 − 𝟖 ( 𝟏𝟐 )𝟐
f′ = 0.00019 𝐷𝑒 = =
𝟑/𝟒
=0.045’
𝛑 𝐝𝐨 𝛑( )
𝟏𝟐
𝐺=1216882 lb/h ft2
𝐺𝐷𝑒 44953.2 ∗ 0.045
L= 𝑛𝑙 = 4x12 = 48′ 𝑅𝑒 = = = 83590
𝜇 0.0242
𝐷𝑒 = 𝑑𝑖 f′ = 0.0014
∆𝐏𝟏 = 5 psi 𝑙
L= 𝐼𝐷𝑠. = 12′
𝐵
K1 = 4n = 4x4 = 16 15+14.7 ∗60
ρ= = 0.236
10.73∗(244+460)
∆𝐏𝟐 = 3.15 psi 0.236
s= = 0.00378
62.4
∆𝐏𝟏 + ∆𝐏𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟓 psi ∆𝐏𝟏 = 1.87 psi
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒖𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆
𝒘. 𝒓. 𝒕. 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑
∆𝐏𝟐 = 0 psi
∆𝐏𝟏 + ∆𝐏𝟐 = 1.87 psi
 µ= 0.01 cp

µ= 0.01*2.42= 0.0242 lb/ft.h