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Review MODULE 19 – HYDRAULICS 4 – Part 1

19.01 WEIRS 19.03 UNSTEADY FLOW IN ORIFICES
Theoretical velocity, vt = √2gH′ 𝐇𝟐
𝐀𝐬 𝐝𝐡
Total head producing flow, H′ = H + hv 𝐭=∫
2 𝐇𝟏 𝐐𝐢𝐧 − 𝐐𝐨𝐮𝐭
Velocity head of approach, hv = v ⁄2g When Qin = 0
Discharge through strip, dQ t = dA ∙ vt 𝟐𝐀𝐬
𝐭= (√𝐇𝟏 − √𝐇𝟐 )
𝐂𝐀𝐨 √𝟐𝐠
Rectangular Weir:
Q out = CAo √2gH
Actual Discharge, Q:
2 3 3 For submerged orifice or tube connecting two tanks, the time for the
Q = C√2gL [(H + hv ) ⁄2 − hv ⁄2 ] head to change from H1 to H2.
3
𝟑 𝟑
Or 𝐐 = 𝐂𝐰 𝐋 [(𝐇 + 𝐡𝐯 ) ⁄𝟐 − 𝐡𝐯 ⁄𝟐 ] 1 H1
As1 As2 −1
t= ∫ H ⁄2 dH
Cw = Weir Factor CAo √2g H2 As1 + As2

When As1 and As2 are constant,

Contracted Rectangular Weirs: 𝐀𝐬𝟏 𝐀𝐬𝟐 𝟐
𝐭= (√𝐇𝟏 − √𝐇𝟐 )
𝐋 = 𝐋′ − 𝟎. 𝟏𝐍𝐇 𝐀𝐬𝟏 + 𝐀𝐬𝟐 𝐂𝐀𝐨 √𝟐𝐠

Where: L = measure length of crest

N = number of end contraction Or simply,
H = measured head 𝟐𝐀′𝐬
𝐭= (√𝐇𝟏 − √𝐇𝟐 )
𝐂𝐀𝐨 √𝟐𝐠
Triangular Weir (V-Notch):
where:
𝟖 𝛉 𝟓 𝛉 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐐= 𝐂√𝟐𝐠 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐇 ⁄𝟐 = 𝐂𝐰 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐇 ⁄𝟐 = +
𝟏𝟓 𝟐 𝟐 𝐀′𝐬 𝐀𝐬𝟏 𝐀𝐬𝟐
For standard 90° weir:
𝟓⁄
𝐐 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝐇 𝟐 SITUATION. A circular vessel 3 m. in diameter and 6 m. high is filled with
liquids A, B and C. Liquids A, B and C has specific gravities 3.0, 2.0 and
Trapezoidal Weir: 1.0 respectively. All liquids have heights of 2.0 m each. At the bottom of
the vessel is a 0.005 m2 standard orifice. C = 0.60.
𝐐 = 𝐐𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 + 𝐐𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 5. Find the time to remove liquid A out of the container.
3 θ 5 6. Find the time to remove liquid A and B out of the container.
Q = Cw1 LH ⁄2 + Cw2 tan H ⁄2
2 7. Find the time to empty the container.

Cipolletti Weir:
trapezoidal weirs with side slope of 1 horizontal to 4 vertical 8. The tank shown in Fig. Hydr-422 is filled with oil (S = 0.80). The
bottom contains a 100mmØ orifice whose coefficient of discharge
𝟑⁄
𝐐 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟗𝐋𝐇 𝟐 can be taken as 0.60. Determine the time it takes to empty the tank.

1. A rectangular, sharp-crested weir with both ends contracted is 1.4m D1=5.0m

long. How high should the crest be placed in a channel to maintain an
upstream depth of 2.35 for a flow of 400 L/s?

2. A trapezoidal weir with top length of 6m and bottom length of 3m is H1=1.5m

under a head of 2m. Compute the discharge if C=0.60.

3. Compute the flow rate over a trapezoidal weir with sides inclined at 75
deg 57 min 49 sec with the horizontal, with crest length of 2m and under H2=0.8m
D2=3.0m
a head of 0.5m, in m3/s.

19.02 UNSTEADY FLOW IN WEIRS H3=1.5m

𝐇𝟏
𝐀𝐬 𝐝𝐇
𝐭=∫
𝐇𝟐 𝐐𝐨 100mmØ
C = 0.60
If the flow is through a suppressed rectangular weir:
Fig. Hydr-422
𝟐𝐀𝐬 𝟏 𝟏
𝐭= [ − ]
𝐂𝐰 𝐋 √𝐇𝟐 √𝐇𝟏
9. An open-rectangular tank is divided by a partition into two chambers
and provided with a round 200-mm-dia sharp-edged orifice at the
4. A spillway with crest at elevation 125 m controls a reservoir 5
lower portion of the partition. Chamber A is 4m in length while
hectares in area. If the length of spillway is 20 m, find the time it
chamber B is 8m in length. Both chambers are 3m wide. At a certain
takes for the water to be drawn from elevation 127.8 m to elevation
instant, the level in chamber B is 4m higher than it is in chamber A.
125.5 m. Use Francis Formula.
how long will it take for the water surfaces in the two chambers to be
at the same level? Assume C=0.60.