HYDRAULICS 3

PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF PANGASINAN

UNSTEADY FLOW h2
As dh
t=
∫
h1
Qin - Qout As1 As2

h2 h2 h1
As As dh

h
h1
t=
∫
h1
-Qout
h2 h1 Tank 1 Tank 2
As dh
∫
t=
h2
Qout t=
As1 As2 2
As1 + As2 CAo √ (2g)
(√h1 - √h2 )

For all cases:

When the cross-sectional area is constant:
h1
t= ∫ As dh
CAo √ (2gh) t=
2 As
CAo √ (2g)
(√h1 - √h2 )
h2
1. A cylindrical tank contains three liquids of specific gravities, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.5. Each liquid
has a thickness of 0.6 m and the tank is 1.2 m in diameter. If a circular orifice 100 mm in
diameter and with C = 0.650 drains the liquid, determine the time to:
a. Remove the first liquid
2 As (√h - √h )
t = CA √ (2g) 1 2
o

h1 = 0.6 + 0.6(1/1.5) + 0.6(0.8/1.5)

h1 = 1.32 m
S.g. = 0.8 0.6
h2 = 0.6(1/1.5) + 0.6(0.8/1.5)
S.g. = 1.0 0.6 h2 = 0.72 m

S.g. = 1.5 0.6

2 (π/4)(1.22 )
t= (√1.32 - √0.72 )
(0.65)(π/4)(0.12 ) √ (2x9.81)
0.1 m ф
1.2 t = 30.047 s
1. A cylindrical tank contains three liquids of specific gravities, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.5. Each liquid
has a thickness of 0.6 m and the tank is 1.2 m in diameter. If a circular orifice 100 mm in
diameter and with C = 0.650 drains the liquid, determine the time to:
a. Remove the first liquid
b. Remove the second liquid
c. To drain the tank completely h1 = 0.6 + 0.6(0.8/1) = 1.08 m
h2 = 0.6(0.8/1) = 0.48 m
2 (π/4)(1.22 )
t= (√1.32 - √0.72 )
(0.65)(π/4)(0.12 ) √ (2x9.81)
t = 34.651 s T = 34.651 + 30.047 = 64.698 s
S.g. = 0.8 0.6
2 (π/4)(1.22 )
t= (√0.6 - √0)
S.g.
S.g. == 1.0
0.8 0.6 (0.65)(π/4)(0.12 ) √ (2x9.81)
0.1 m ф t = 77.483 s
1.2
T = 77.483 +34.651 + 30.047 = 142.181 s
2. The tank shown has the form of a frustum of a cone. How long will it take to empty the
tank from full capacity? Orifice diameter is 0.1 m ( C = 0.6)
4
h1 3 h
π( + 1 ) 2 dh

3 r
t=
∫ h2
As dh
CAo √ (2gh)
t=
∫ 0 0.6
3
(π/4)(0.12 ) √ (2x9.81 x h)

h
h t = 970.236 s
As = π r2 =π( + 1 )2
3
2
r r=x+1
1
By ratio and proportion
1 x
3 = x = h
3 h 3
h
x 1
 3. The figure describes the elevation of the water surface at the short tube (A = 0. 004 m2 , C = 0.6)
a. What is the initial discharge?
b. When will the water surface become the same level following a quick opening of the tube?
c. When will the water surface be 4m apart?

As1 As2 2
8m t= (√h1 - √h2 )
As1 + As2 CAo √ (2g)
5m
(π/4)(82 ) (π/4)(52 ) 2 (√10 - √0 )
t=
11 m (π/4)(82 ) + (π/4)(52 ) 0.6 (0.004) √ (2x 9.81)
t = 8400.19 s
1m

(π/4)(82 ) (π/4)(52 ) 2 (√10 - √4 )

Q = CAv t=
(π/4)(82 ) + (π/4)(52 ) 0.6 (0.004) √ (2x 9.81)
= (0.6)(0.004) √ (2x9.81 x 10)
Q = 0.034 m3 / s t = 3087.44 s
 WEIRS 2
3/2 3/2
3 1 – weir plate Q = Ca √(2g) L Va 2 V a2
3 H+ -
4
5
2 – crest 2g 2g
2
3 – approach 3/2
Va 2 3/2
1 4 – nappe V a2
5 – drawdown / Q=CwL H+ -
2g 2g
channel bed dropdown
Neglecting velocity of approach: Francis Formula
RECTANGULAR WEIR C w = 1.84
Singly Doubly
Suppressed Contracted Contracted 2
L L
Q= C√(2g) L H 3/2 Q = C w L H 3/2
H H L H 3

Z Z Z

W W W For contracted sections, replace L by L’

L’ = L – 0.1H for singly contracted
W – channel width Z – weir height L’ = L – 0.2H for doubly contracted
L – weir length H – weir head
TRIANGULAR WEIR

Symmetrical Only
8
Q = C√(2g) tan ϴ H 5/2
H ϴ 15 2

When ϴ = 90, Q = 1.4 H 5/2

CIPOLLETTI WEIR

1 When,
4 ϴ = 75.96 0
α ϴ H
α = 14.04 0 Q =1.86 L H 3/2
L
Slope = 1H:1V
UNSTEADY FLOW WEIRS

h2
As As dh

h1
t=
∫ h1 Q out
For all shapes

h2

2 As 1 1
t= - For rectangular weir
Cw L √h2 √h1
 1. During a test on a 2.4- suppressed weir 900 mm high, the head was maintained constant
h=300 mm. In 38 seconds, 28,800 liters of water were collected. What is the weir factor Cw ?
2.4 2
3/2 3/2
0.3 m Va Va 2
Q = Cw L H+ -
2g 2g
0.9 m
Volume = 28,800 = 757.9 L/s
Q= = 0.7579 m3 /s
time 38
Q 0.7579
Velocity of approach, Va = = = 0.26316 m /s
A 2.4 x 1.2
3/2
0.7579 = Cw (2.4) 0.263162 3/2 0.263162
0.3 + -
2 x 9.81 2 x 9.81
Cw = 1.891
2. A trapezoidal weir 1.5 m long has sides making an angle of 750 57’ 50” with the horizontal.
What is the amount of flow if the weir head is 1.0 m?

Q = 1.86 LH 3/2
1.5
1.0 Q = 1.86 (1.5) (1) 3/2
ϴ = 750 57’ 50” Q = 2.79 m3 /s
3. A rectangular flume, 15 m long and 3m wide, feeds a suppressed weir under a head of 0.3
m. If the supply to the flume is cut off, how long will it take for the head on the weir to
decrease to 0.1 m?
2 As 1 1
t = -
Cw L √h2 √h1

t = 2 (15 x 3) 1 - 1
As 1.84 (3) √0.1 √0.3

t = 21.79 s
h1 = 0.3 m h
2 3m
 OPEN CHANNELS
Conduits where fluid flows with free or atmospheric surface
V a2
Discharge: Specific Energy= +H
2g
Q = Av

Velocity by Chezy Formula: Boundary Shearing Stress = γRS

v = C √(RS)

S = Slope of the EGL/ Hydraulic Slope/Energy Gradient

HL
S= L

R = Hydraulic Radius
A
R=
P
 m 1/2
C = Chezy Coefficient
s If C is not specified, use the Manning’s C in the
Chezy’s V. The result in the Manning or the
Theoretically: C = √(8g/f)
Chezy-Manning formula for V:
C by Manning:
1 1/6 1 2/3 1/2
C= R V= n R S
n
C by Bazin : C= 87
1+ m
√R
C by Kutter :
1 0.00155
+ 23 +
n S Where: m,n = roughness
C= coefficient
n ( 23 + 0.00155
1 + √R )
S
A trapezoidal canal has a bottom width of 5m and sides slopes of 1H to 2V. The flow is 30 m3/s
when the depth of flow is 1.2 . Use n=0.013.
a. Calculate the specific energy Q 30
b. What is the slope of the channel bed V= = = 4.464
c. Calculate the boundary shearing stress A 6.72

Va 2 4.464 2
B Specific Energy: +H= + 1.2 = 2.216 m
2g 2x 9.81
2V
1.2 m ) 2/3
1H

5m x
1 2/3 1/2
V= n R S 4.464 = 1
6.72
0.013 2(1.342) + 5
S 1/2 )
1 x
= S =0.00403
2 1.2
Boundary Shearing Stress = γRS
x = 0.6 )
B = 5 + 2(0.6) = 6.2 m
1
= 9810
6.72
)
2(1.342) + 5
0.00403
A = (6.2 + 5)(1.2 ) = 6.72 m2 =34.574 N/ m2
2
 MOST ECONOMIC SECTIONS

b =2d
d D d = 0.94 D
d
d R=
2

b x X = y1 + y2

d d
d R= y1 y2 d R=
2√2 2
b

MOST ECONOMIC SECTION

r x x
full R= 60
r 2 x
 It is planned to construct a rectangular flume, flowing full, 7 m wide and 1.5 m deep.
a. What width is required using a more favorable proportion?
b. What depth is required using a more favorable proportion?
c. How much material is saved in square meters per meter length of the flume?
A = bd = 2d2 d
ORIGINAL 1.5 m MES d R=
2
7m
QORIG = QMES
b = 2d
Ao 1 R 2/3 S 1/2 = AM 1 R 2/3 S 1/2 Saving in material: Compare Perimeter
n n
2/3 2/3
) ) Saved material= PORIG - PMES
( 1.5 x 7)
1.5 x 7
2(1.5) + 7 ) = (2d2) d
2 ) = (1.5+7+1.5) – 4(2.24)
d = 2.24 m Saved material= 1.04 m2 per meter length
b = 4.48 m
 HYDRODYNAMICS
FORCE AGAINST FIXED FLAT PLATES FORCE AGAINST FIXED CURVED VANES

F = ρQv FX = ρQ (v1x – v2x )

F = force caused by water
ρ = mass density of liquid Fy = ρQ (v1y – v2y )
Q = discharge
v = velocity F = √(FX2 + Fy2 )
For moving plates, use relative velocity Fy
tan ф =
µ = v1 - v ’ FX
A jet of water 50 mm ф and having a velocity of 25.4 m/s strikes against a plate at right angles.
a. Determine the force on the plate if the plate is stationary.
b. Determine force on the plate if the plate is moving in the same direction as the jet at a
speed of 12 m/s.
c. Determine force on the plate if the plate is moving towards the nozzle at a velocity of
12m/s.
F = ρQv µ = v1 + v ’
F = 1000( π/4 x 0.052 x 25.4) (25.4) µ = 25.4 + 12
F = 1266.769 N (a) µ = 37.4 m/s
F = ρQµ
µ = v1 -v’ F = 1000( π/4F x 0.052 x 37.4) (37.4)
µ = 25.4 – 12
µ = 13.4 m/s F = 2746.459 N (c)
F = ρQµ
F = 1000( π/4 x 0.052 x 13.4) (13.4)
F = 352.565 N (b)