Fluid Flow

Measurement
DEVICE COEFFICIENTSRelationship between coefficients
Coefficient of discharge, C or Cd
C=Cc x Cv
Actual discharge Q
C ∨Cd = =
Theoretical discharge Q T
Note:
Actual Discharge – Observation
Theoretical Discharge – Bernoulli’s Theorem
Actual velocity – kinematic equations

Coefficient of Velocity, Cv

Actual velocity v
C v= =
Theoretical velocity vT
Coefficient of Contraction, Cc

Area of stream jet at vena contracta a

C c= =
Area of opening A
Head lost
Venturi meters, orifices, tubes, and nozzles

Venturi meter Orifice

Nozzle
 Head lost
Head lost for Venturi meters, orifices, tubes, and nozzles

General Formula

( )[ ( )]
2 2
1 𝐴2 𝑣
𝐻𝐿= −1 1−
𝐶𝑣 𝐴1 2𝑔

If A1 > A2 with great amount, A2/A1 ≈ 0

( )
2
1 𝑣
𝐻𝐿= −1
𝐶𝑣 2𝑔

Note:
v = actual velocity at outlet = v2
Orifice
An orifice is a plate that is inserted in a line and typically has a round hole in its center. Orifices are used as
fixed throttles that generate head loss. The head loss caused by an orifice can be used to determine the
volume or mass rate of flow during flow metering.

𝑣 𝑡 =√ 2 𝑔𝐻
Theoretical velocity

𝑣 =𝐶 𝑣 √ 2 𝑔𝐻 Actual velocity

𝑄 𝑡 = 𝐴 √Theoretical
2 𝑔𝐻 Discharge

𝑄=𝐶𝐴 √Actual
2 𝑔𝐻 Discharge

Where H is the sum of the flow of

energy upstream (inlet) minus the
downstream (outlet)
Values of H for various conditions

𝐻 =h 𝐻 =h 1 +
𝑎
𝑔 ( ) 𝑝
𝐻 =h + 𝐻 =h 2+h 1
𝛾 ( )
𝛾1
+
𝛾2 𝛾2
𝑃
Unsteady flow (Time to empty a tank for varying cross-sectional area)

The flow through orifice weirs, or tubes is said to be steady only if the total head producing flow, H s
constant. In actual, the most cases are unsteady flow.

h2
𝐴 𝑠 𝑑h
𝑡 =∫ Time to empty a tank for
h1 𝑄 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
varying area

When there is no inflow Qin = 0:

h2
𝐴 𝑠 𝑑h
𝑡 =∫
h1 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
Interchange the limit to change to change the
sign of integrand:
h1
𝐴 𝑠 𝑑h
𝑡 =∫
h2 𝑄𝑜𝑢 𝑡
Unsteady flow (Time to empty a tank for constant cross-sectional
area)

𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 1 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 2

As = Area of the vessel

Problem no. 1 (May 2018)
A vessel has an orifice located on the vertical side of a vessel
under a constant head of h meters. The jet issuing from the orifice
strikes the ground 12 m. below the center of the orifice at point 20
m. distance measured horizontally, from the vertical plane of the
orifice. If the coefficient of velocity of orifice is 0.98, and neglecting
air resistance on the jet. Determine the following:
a) The time for the jet to strike the ground
b) Exit velocity of the jet
c) Value of H
a) 1.56 s
b) 12.82 m/s
c) H = 8.72 m
Problem no. 2
A sharp-edged orifice, 50 mm in diameter, in the vertical side of a
large tank, discharges water under a head of 3 m. If Cc = 0.62 and
Cv = 0.98, how far horizontally from the vena contracta will the jet
strike a horizontal plane which is 1.8 m below the center of the
orifice? Compute also the discharge.

x = 4.55 m
Q = 0.009 m /s
3
Problem no. 3
In the figure, the orifice in the side of the closed
tank is 50 mm square, with C = 0.60 and Cc = 0.62.
An open mercury manometer indicates the
pressure in the air at the top of the tank. Determine
the following:

a) Discharge when the liquid in the tank is water.

b) Discharge when the upper 3 m liquid in the tank
is oil (Gs = 0.82) and the rest is water.
c) Discharge when the liquid in the tank is oil (Gs
= 0.82).
d) Discharge when the upper 2.4 m of liquid in the
tank is oil (Gs = 0.82) and the rest is sea water
(Gs = 1.03).
a) Q = 0.0107 m3/s
b) Q = 0.00953 m3/s
c) Q = 0.00904 m3/s
d) Q = 0.010 m3/s
Problem no. 4
The orifice in the figure is 50 mm diameter and is
sharp-edged with Cc = 0.63 and Cv = 0.97. The
diameter of the pipe is 150 mm. The liquid is water
and stands at a height h of 3 m in the piezometer.
Compute the discharge, the diameter of the jet, the
mean velocity in the jet, and the head lost.

Q = 0.0093 m3/s
da = 39.7 mm
v = 7.49 m/s
HL = 0.18 m
 Problem no. 5
A right cylindrical container 2 m. diameter is 3 m. tall. A 50
mm diameter hole is provided at the bottom of the container
to drain the water when necessary. If it is full of water, how
long in hours does it take to empty the container from the
instant the hole is opened? Coefficient of velocity and
coefficient of contraction are both equal to 1.

h1
𝐴 𝑠 𝑑h
𝑡 =∫
h2 𝑄𝑜 𝑢𝑡

𝜋 2
3 ( 4 ) 𝑑h
4
𝑡= ∫
0.000001
( 1 ∗1) ( )
𝜋
4
2
( 0.05 ) √ 2 𝑔𝐻

𝑡 =5002.306 𝑠
1 h𝑟
3600 𝑠 (
=1.39 h𝑟 ) 𝑡 =5005.196 𝑠 (
1 h𝑟
3600 𝑠)=1.39 h𝑟
Problem no. 6
A 1.5 m diameter vertical cylindrical tank 3 m high contains
2.5 m of water. A 100 mm-diameter circular sharp-edged
orifice is located at its bottom. Assume C = 0.60.

a. How long will it take to lower the water level to 1 m deep

after opening the orifice?
b. How long will it take to empty the tank?

𝑎 . 𝑏 .

𝑡 =98.4 sec
Problem no. 7
An open cylindrical tank 4 m in diameter and 10 m high
contains 6 m of water and 4 m of oil (Gs = 0.80). Find the
time to empty the tank through a 100-mm diameter orifice at
the bottom. Assume Cc = 0.9 and Cv = 0.98.
Problem no. 7
An open cylindrical tank 4 m in diameter and 10 m high contains 6 m of water and 4 m of oil
(Gs = 0.80). Find the time to empty the tank through a 100-mm diameter orifice at the bottom.
Assume Cc = 0.9 and Cv = 0.98.

4m Gs = 0.80 3.2 m

Time to empty the water:

9.2 m
6m 6m

Convert H of oil to H of water:

Hwater = 4(0.80) = 3.2 m
New Height of Water:
H = 6 + 3.2 = 9.2 m
Problem no. 7
An open cylindrical tank 4 m in diameter and 10 m high contains 6 m of water and 4 m of oil
(Gs = 0.80). Find the time to empty the tank through a 100-mm diameter orifice at the bottom.
Assume Cc = 0.9 and Cv = 0.98.

Time to empty the water:

9.2 m

3.2 m

H1 = 9.2 m
H2 = 3.2 m
Problem no. 7
An open cylindrical tank 4 m in diameter and 10 m high contains 6 m of water and 4 m of oil
(Gs = 0.80). Find the time to empty the tank through a 100-mm diameter orifice at the bottom.
Assume Cc = 0.9 and Cv = 0.98.

Time to empty the oil:

4m

Total Time to empty the tank:

H1 = 4 m
H2 = 0 m
Problem no. 8
Two open cylindrical tanks are connected by an orifice
having a cross sectional area of 0.004 m2. Tank A is 8 m in
diameter and its water level is 10 m. above that of B whose
diameter is 5 m. If the coefficient of discharge is 0.60.
a. Find the discharge flowing in the orifice.
b. How long will it take before the water surface are at the
same level?
a.

b.

(
¿ 8400 𝑠
1
3600)=2.33 h𝑟𝑠
Problem no. 9 2 2
A hemispherical Shell, with base horizontal and 4 − ( 2− h ) 𝑑h
uppermost, filled with water. If the radius is 2 m, 𝑡= 𝐴 ∫ √h
0.000001
determine the time required to empty through a
sharp-edged orifice 150 mm in diameter (C =
0.060) located at the lowest point. 𝑡 =353. 17 𝑠
2m h1
𝐴 𝑠 𝑑h
𝑡 =∫
2m h2 𝑄𝑜 𝑢𝑡
x 2-h 2
2m 𝜋 𝑥 𝑑h
2

h ∫
𝑡 =
0 𝐶𝐴 𝑜 √ 2 𝑔h
2 2
𝜋 𝑥 𝑑h
𝑡 =∫
𝜋
2 2
0
( 0.60) ( 0.15 ) √ 2 𝑔h
2

𝑥 𝑑h 4
𝑡 = 𝐴∫
0 √h 2 2 2
𝑥 =2 − ( 2 − h )