Basic Fluid Mechanics

** Fluid statics and manometry:

Normal pressure, P= wh w=ρg [Hydrostatic law]

*Pascale’s law+ Absolute pressure, Pabs=Patm+Pgauge

Vaccuum pressure, Pvac= Patm- Pabs

 Hydrostatic law: “Rate of increase of pressure in a vertical direction is equal to weight density of
the fluid at that point.”
 Pascal’s law: “The intensity of pressure at any point in a liquid at rest, is the same in all
directions.”
 1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 100 kN/m2 = 100 kPa = 101325 Pa

** Manometers: Manometers are defind as the devices used for measuring the pressure at a point in
a fluid by balancing the column of fluid by the same or another column of liquid.

Kind of manometer Formulas

Piezometer P = wh
U-tube manometer h+h1s1=h2s2
U-tube differential manometer hA + h1s1 + …. = hB +hmsm + ….

**Horizontally Immersed Surface: Total pressure, P = wAx

** Vertically Immersed Surface: Total pressure, P = wAx Center of pressure, h

** Inclined Immersed surface: Total pressure, P = wAx

Center of pressure, h [2= square here]

** Curved Immersed Surface:

Total pressure, P = ∑ whdA

P= √ (PH2 + PV2)

-1
ᶿ = tan

PH= Total pressure force on the projected area of the curved surface on vertical plane,

PV = Weight of the liquid supported by the curved surface up to free surface of liquid.

PV = Specific weight * (volume of liquid contained in curved surface)

PH = wAx

Vortex Motion:
 Forced vortex flow: is one in which the fluid mass is made to rotate by means of some external
agency.
If a closed cylindrical vessel completely filled with water is rotated about its vertical axis, the total
pressure force acting on the top and bottom are:
 Ftop

Fbottom

 Free vortex flow: When no external torque is required to rotate the fluid mass, type of flow
is called free vortex flow, in case of free vortex flow;



Buoyancy:
Dimensional & Model Analysis:
Rayleigh’s method: is used for determining the expression for a variable which depends upon
maximum three or four variables only. In case, the number of independent variables becomes more
than four, then it is very difficult to find the expression for the dependent variable. If X is a variable
which depends on X1,X2,X3,….Xn; the functional equation can be written as:

X = f (X1,X2,X3,….Xn) … … … . (i)

Also as: X = C (X1a,X2b,X3c,….Xnn) … … … . (ii)

Where, C is a constant and a,b,c,… are the arbitrary powers.

Buckingham’s ∏ method: If any variable X1, depends on independent variables X2, X3, ….Xn; the
functional equation can be written as:

X1 = f (X2,X3,X4,….Xn) … … … . (i)

Also as: f 1(X1,X2,X3,….Xn) = 0 … … … . (ii)

It is dimensionally homogeneous equation and contains n variables. If there are m fundamental
dimensions, then according to Buckingham’s pi theorem, it can be written in terms of number of pi
terms (Dimensionless group) in which number of pi terms is equal to (n-m). Hence, eqn. (ii) becomes as:

f 1( ∏1,∏2,∏3,….∏n ) = 0 … … … . (iii)

Let in the above case X2, X3 and X4 are the repeating variables if the fundamental dimensions m (M,L,T)
= 3, then each term is written as:
Reynolds’s Number (Re): Reynolds number is the ratio between inertia force and viscous force.

Re = [here, 2= square]
⁄

Froude’s Number (Fr): Froude’s number is square root of ratio between inertia force and gravity
force.

Fr = √ √
√

Euler’s Number (Eu): Euler’s number is square root of ratio between inertia force and pressure force.

Eu = √ √ √ ⁄ √ ⁄

Weber Number (Eu): Weber number is square root of ratio between inertia force and surface tension
force.

We = √ √ √ √
√ ⁄

Mach number (M): Mach number is square root of ratio between inertia force and elastic force.

M=√ √ √
√ ⁄
But, √ ⁄ = C = velocity of sound in the fluid.

Hence, M=
Hydraulic co-efficient:

1. Co-efficient of contraction: Cc = [Ac = Area of jet at vena contracta, A= Area of orifice.]

Cc =
2. Co-efficient of velocity: Cv = [Actual velocity divide by theoretical velocity]
√

Cv = [ x= horizontal & y = vertical distance, H= head]

√

3. Co-efficient of discharge: Cd =

= Cc * C v

Cd =
√
Discharge through orifice:

⁄ ⁄
For large rectangular, Q = *Cd*b√ (
 For fully submerged, Q = *Cd*b*d√

For partially submerged, Q= Q1 + Q2

⁄ ⁄
= *Cd*b*(H2-H1)√ + *Cd*b√ (

Time required for emptying a tank:

 ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
For hemispherical tank, T = [ - ( )]
√

⁄ ⁄
And to empty completely, T= [ - ]
√

Formulas for notches/weirs:

Flow through closed conduits:
Major loss:

 Darcy-Weisbach Formula:

hf =
Where, hf = loss of head due to friction;
f = Co-efficient of friction (a function of Reynolds number. Re);

f= ⁄
[for Re varying from 4000 to ]

= [for Re

L= length of the pipe,

D= Diameter of the pipe.
1 Stoke = m2/s
  Chezy’s formula:
Mean velocity, V=C√

Where, C = Chezy’s constant; m =

i = the ratio prescribes the loss of head per unit Length of pipe and is denoted by i or S (slope).
Minor loss:

 Loss due to sudden enlargement, he =

 Loss due to sudden contraction, hc = 0.375* [for Cc = 0.62]

hc = 0.5* [when Cc is not given]

 Loss due to obstruction, hobs =

 Loss at entrance, hi = 0.5*

 Loss at exit, ho =

 Loss due to bend in pipe, ho = k* [k= Co-efficient of bend; depends upon angle of
bend, radius of curvature of bend and diameter of pipe]

 Loss due to various pipe fittings, hfittings = k* [k= value of co efficient; depends on the type
of pipe fitting]

Boundary Layer Theory:

 Displacement thickness, ∫ ( )
 Momentum thickness, ∫ ( )
 Energy thickness, ∫ ( )
Flow in open channels:
 Most Economical Rectangular Channel Section:
 The depth of flow is equal to half the base width ( )
 Hydraulic radius is equal to half the depth of flow ( )

 Most Economical Trapezoidal Channel Section:

 Half of top width = one of the sloping side, √
 Hydraulic radius,
 Best side slope to the horizontal, √
 Wetted perimeter = three times of base, P=3b

⁄
 [ N= Manning / Kutter roughness co-efficient constant; C= Chezy’s
constant; R= Hydraulic radius]
  Most Economical Triangular Channel Section:
  
√

 Most Economical Circular Channel Section:

 Hydraulic radius,

Impact of Jet:
Turbines:
Reciprocating pump:
Md. Shamsuzzaman Jamil
IEB- AMIE(ME)

Admission, February 2019