FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENT

Orifice
Weir
FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENTS
Pitot tube Venturi meter Orifice meter Weir

DEVICE COEFFICIENTS
Coefficient of Discharge, 𝐶 or 𝐶𝑑 Coefficient of Contraction, 𝐶𝑐
It is the ratio of the actual discharge through the device It is the ratio of the actual area of the contracted
to the ideal or theoretical discharge which would occur section of the stream or jet to the area of the opening
without losses. through which the fluid flows.
Actual discharge 𝑄 Area of the stream or jet 𝑎
𝐶 = 𝐶𝑑 = = 𝐶𝑐 = =
Theoretical discharge 𝑄𝑇 Area of opening 𝐴
Coefficient of Velocity, 𝐶𝑣
Relationship between the Three Coefficients
It is the ratio of the actual mean velocity to the ideal or
theoretical velocity which would occur without any 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣
losses.
Actual velocity 𝑣
𝐶𝑣 = =
Theoretical velocity 𝑣𝑇
Orifice is another device to gauge the flow of a liquid through a pipe. It consists of a flat plate containing a circular provided
eccentrically with the pipe across the flow. It is fitted to the pipe by flanged joint. This device works on the same principle as that
of the venturi meter.
𝐸1 = 𝐸2
Classification of Orifice
According to size PA PB 𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
- Small orifice + + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
- Large orifice
According to shape
𝑣𝐴2 𝑃𝐴 + 𝛾ℎ 𝑣 2 𝑃𝐵
h
+ +0 = + +0
- Circular orifice 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
1 2
- Rectangular orifice
𝑣𝐴2 𝑃𝐴 𝑣 2 𝑃𝐵
- Square orifice + +ℎ = +
- Triangular orifice 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
According to discharge condition Chamber A Chamber B 𝑣 2 𝑣𝐴2 𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵
- Free discharge orifice = + − +ℎ Total head
2𝑔 2𝑔 𝛾 𝛾
- Submerged orifice producing the flow

According to shape of upstream edge 𝑣𝐴2 𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵

𝑣= 2𝑔 ℎ + +
2𝑔 𝛾
Vena-contracta

𝑣𝑇 = 2𝑔𝐻
𝐶𝑐 ≈ 0.62 𝐶𝑐 ≈ 0.62 𝐶𝑐 ≈ 1.0 𝐶𝑐 ≈ 1.0
𝐶𝑣 ≈ 0.98 𝐶𝑣 ≈ 0.98 𝐶𝑣 ≈ 0.86 𝐶𝑣 ≈ 0.98
𝐶𝑑 ≈ 0.61 𝐶𝑑 ≈ 0.61 𝐶𝑑 ≈ 0.86 𝐶𝑑 ≈ 0.98

Sharp-edge Square shoulder Thick plate Rounded

Orifice is another device to gauge the flow of a liquid through a pipe. It consists of a flat plate containing a circular provided
eccentrically with the pipe across the flow. It is fitted to the pipe by flanged joint. This device works on the same principle as that
of the venturi meter.
Various of H for Various Conditions
Free discharge orifice Submerged orifice
PA PB P1 = 0 P1 = 0
a
h h h

h1
h
1 2 h2
P2 = 0 P2 = 0
𝐻=ℎ 𝐻 = ℎ 1 ± 𝑎/𝑔
𝐻 = ℎ1 − ℎ2 = ℎ
Chamber A Chamber B
P1 = P P1 = P
𝑣𝐴2 𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 γ1 h1
𝐻 =ℎ+ + h
2𝑔 𝛾 Unit wt, γ h2
γ2
𝑣𝑇 = 2𝑔𝐻 P2 = 0 P2 = 0

𝐻 = ℎ + 𝑃/𝛾 𝐻 = ℎ2 + ℎ1 𝛾1 /𝛾2 + 𝑃/𝛾2

Unsteady Flow Orifice
For tanks with varying cross-sectional area and the outflow is For tanks with constant cross-sectional area and the outflow is
through an orifice (with inflow) through an orifice (with no inflow)
𝑄𝑖𝑛
𝐻1
𝐴𝑠 𝑑𝐻
𝑡=න
𝐴𝑠 𝐻2 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑡 = 𝐻1
𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑠 𝑑𝐻
𝐻1 𝑡=න
𝐴𝑠 𝐻2 𝐻2 𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔𝐻
h1
𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ
h 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐻1
𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝑠 𝑑𝐻
h2
𝑡= න
𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔 𝐻2 𝐻
When there is an inflow
𝐻1
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 ℎ2 𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔𝐻 𝑡= න 𝐻 −1/2 𝑑𝐻
𝑡=න 𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔 𝐻2
𝑑𝑉 ℎ1 𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄= 𝐴𝑠
𝑑𝑡 𝐻1
𝑡= 2𝐻1/2
When there is no inflow 𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔 𝐻2
𝑄 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
ℎ1 𝐴𝑠
𝑑𝑉 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ 𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ
𝑡=න 𝑡= 𝐻1 − 𝐻2
ℎ2 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔
Unsteady Flow Orifice
For tanks with varying cross-
sectional area and the outflow is
through an orifice (with inflow)
𝑄𝑖𝑛
For tanks with constant cross-
sectional area and the outflow is For two tanks connected by a submerged orifice
through an orifice (with no inflow)
𝐴𝑠1
𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝐴𝑠 𝐻2 𝐻1
𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑠 𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝐻1
h1 𝐻2 𝐴𝑠2
h
h2 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡

When there is an inflow 2𝐴𝑠 Tank 1 Tank 2

𝑡= 𝐻1 − 𝐻2
ℎ2 𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔
𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ 1 𝐻1
𝐴𝑠1 𝐴𝑠2
𝑡=න 𝑡= න 𝐻 −1/2 𝑑𝐻
ℎ1 𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2
𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔 𝐻2

When there is no inflow

𝐴𝑠1 𝐴𝑠2 2
ℎ1
𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ 𝑡= 𝐻1 − 𝐻2
𝑡=න 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔
ℎ2 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

1. Calculate the discharge in liters per second through a 100-mm diameter orifice under a head of 5.5 m of water.
Assume Cc = 0.61 and Cv = 0.98.
Solution

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
𝐴 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴𝑜 𝑣 = 𝐶𝑣 2𝑔𝐻
𝜋
= 0.61 × 0.12 = 0.98 2 × 9.81 × 5.5
4
𝑣 = 10.180 m/s
𝐴 = 4.791 × 10−3 m2

𝑄 = 4.791 × 10−3 10.180

𝑄 = 0.04877 m3 /s
𝑄 = 48.77 L/s
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

2. Calculate the discharge through the 140-mm diameter orifice shown. Assume C = 0.62.

PA = 50 kPa PB = 15 kPa Solution

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
Air Air
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔𝐻
3m 𝜋
Water = 0.62 × 0.142 2 9.81 6.568
4
𝑄 = 0.108 m3 /s
Water

A B

𝑣12 𝑃1 − 𝑃2
𝐻=ℎ+ +
2𝑔 𝛾
50 − 15
= 3 +0 +
9.81
𝐻 = 6.568 m
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

3. A 50-mm diameter circular sharp-edged orifice at the side of a tank discharges water under a head of 3m. If the
coefficient of contraction, Cc = 0. 63 and the head lost is 240 mm,
a. compute the discharge
b. calculate the coefficient of velocity Actual Velocity Actual discharge
c. calculate the coefficient of discharge 𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐿 = 𝐸2 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2 = 1.237 × 10−3 7.359
Solution + + 𝑧1 − 𝐻𝐿 = + + 𝑧2
1 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 𝑄 = 9.103 × 10−3 m3 /s
Actual Area
𝑣2
𝐴 3 − 0.24 = Coefficient of discharge
3m 𝐶𝑐 = 2 9.81
𝐴𝑜 𝑄 𝐴𝑣
2 𝑎 𝑣 = 7.359 m/s 𝐶= =
0.63 = 𝜋 𝑄𝑇 𝐴𝑜 𝑣 𝑇
2
4 × 0.05 Theoretical Velocity = 1.237 × 10−3 7.359
50 mm Ø
𝐴 = 1.237 × 10−3 m2 𝑣𝑇 = 2𝑔𝐻 1.963 × 10−3 7.672
Theoretical Area = 2 9.81 (3) 𝐶 = 0.604
𝜋
𝐴𝑜 = × 0.052 𝑣 𝑇 = 7.672 m/s
4
𝐴𝑜 = 1.963 × 10−3 m2 Coefficient of velocity
𝑣 7.359
𝐶𝑣 = =
𝑣 𝑇 7.672
𝐶𝑣 = 0.959
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

4. A large cylindrical steel tank 4m high with its bottom on a level ground contains two layers of liquid. The bottom
layer is water 2m deep. The top layer is occupied by a liquid whose specific gravity is unknown to a depth of 1m. A
50mm diameter orifice with a coefficient of velocity 0.98 is situated one meter from the bottom of the tank. The jet
of the orifice hits the ground 2.75 m horizontally away from the vena contracta. What is the specific gravity of the
liquid? 1
y= g𝑡 2 x = 𝑣𝑡
Solution 2
1 2.75 = 𝑣(0.45)
1 = 9.81 𝑡 2
2 𝑣𝑎 = 6.111 m/s
1m 𝑠𝑔 =? 𝑡 = 0.45 sec
4m ℎ𝐻2 0
1m 𝑣 = Cv 2gℎ
2m 5omm
𝐻2 0
1m 6.111 = 0.98 2(9.81)ℎ
2.75m
ℎ = 1.982 m
Cv = 0.98
sg1 ℎ1 = sg 2 ℎ2
sg ? 1 = 1 (0.982)
sg ? = 0.982
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

5. An orifice 50 mm square with C=0.6 is located on one side of a closed cylindrical tank as shown. An open mercury
manometer. indicates a pressure head of -300 mmHg in the air at the top of the tank. If the upper 4m of the tank is
oil and the remainder is water, determine the initial discharge through the orifice.

Air 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 = −40.0248 + 9.81(0.82) (4) + 9.81(2)

𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 11.772
300mmHg sg = 0.82
4m ℎ𝑤 = 1.2 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝛾𝑤 (ℎ𝑤 ) 11.772 = 9.81 (ℎ𝑤 )
2m ℎ𝑤 = 1.2
water
C = 0.6 𝑄 = 𝐶𝐴𝑂 2𝑔ℎ
Solution = 0.6 (0.05)(0.05) 2(9.81)(1.2)
𝑃𝐴𝑖𝑟 = 0 −(9.81)(13.6) (0.3)
𝑃𝐴𝑖𝑟 = −40.0248 𝑄 = 0.00728 m3 /s
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

6. A 1.5 m diameter vertical cylindrical tank 3m high contains 2.5 m of water. A 100-mm diameter circular sharp-
edged orifice is located at its bottom. Assume C=0.6
a. How long will it take to lower the water 1 m deep after opening the orifice?
b. How long will it take to empty the tank?
Solution
1.5 m 2𝐴𝑠 ( 𝐻1 − 𝐻2 ) 2𝐴𝑠 ( 𝐻1 − 𝐻2 )
𝑡= 𝑡=
𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔 𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔
𝜋 𝜋
3m 2 1.5 2 2.5 − 1 2 1.5 2 2.5 − 0
4 4
water 2.5 m = 𝜋 = 𝜋
0.6 0.1 2 2(9.81) 0.6 0.1 2 2(9.81)
4 4
C = 0.6 𝑡 = 98.399 s 𝑡 = 267.721 s
D = 100mm 𝑡 = 1.64 min. 𝑡 = 4.462 min.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
7. A composite non-prismatic 5-m high cylindrical tank shown has a frustum of a cone at the bottom with upper base
diameter 2.5 m, 1.25 m diameter at the bottom, and 4 m high. The bottom contains 100 mm diameter sharp-edged
orifice with coefficient of discharge of 0.60. If fully filled to the top, determine the time to empty the tank in
minutes.
Solution From Level 2 to Level 3 1.25 1.25ℎ
2

ℎ1 4 𝜋 + 𝑑ℎ
From Level 1 to Level 2 𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ 2 8
𝑡=න =න 𝜋
2.5 m ∅ 2𝐴𝑠 ℎ2 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 0 0.60 0.12 2 × 9.81ℎ
𝑡= 𝐻1 − 𝐻2 4
𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔 1.25 2 2
4𝜋 4+ℎ
water 8 −1/2 𝑑ℎ
𝜋 =න ℎ
5m 2 × 4 2.52 0 0.02087
= 𝜋 9− 4
4
0.60 0.12 2 × 9.81 0.07670(16 + 8ℎ + ℎ2 ) −1/2 𝑑ℎ
4 =න ℎ
0 0.02087
𝑡1 = 470.337 s 4 1 1 3
2 −
1.25 1.25ℎ = 3.675 න 16ℎ 2 + 8ℎ2 + ℎ2 𝑑ℎ
4m 1.25 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋 + 0
2 4
1.25 1 2 3 2 5 4
𝑥 𝑟= +𝑥 = 3.675 32ℎ2 + 8 × ℎ2 + ℎ2
2 3 5 0
1.25 m ∅
4 𝑥 1.25/2 𝑡2 = 438.609 s
0.1 m ∅ orifice =
𝐶 = 0.60 ℎ ℎ 4
1.25 𝑡 = 470.337 + 438.609
𝑥= ℎ
1.25/2 8 𝑡 = 908.946 s = 15.149 min
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

8. Two vertical cylindrical tanks 1 and 2 having diameters 2m and 3m respectively, are connected with a 200mm
diameter tube at its lower portion, and having c = 0.60. When the tube is closed, the water surface in the tank 1 is
5m above the tank 2. How long will it take after opening the tube, for the water surface in tank 2 to rise by 1m?

5m

2m 3m
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

8. Two vertical cylindrical tanks 1 and 2 having diameters 2m and 3m respectively, are connected with a 200mm
diameter tube at its lower portion, and having c = 0.60. When the tube is closed, the water surface in the tank 1 is
5m above the tank 2. How long will it take after opening the tube, for the water surface in tank 2 to rise by 1m?
Solution: 𝜋 2
𝑉2𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 3 (1) = 2.25𝜋 𝑥+𝑦+1 =5
4
𝑥 𝜋 2.25 + 𝑦 + 1 = 5
𝑉1𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 2 2 (𝑥) = 2.25𝜋
4 𝑦 = 1.75 m
5m 𝑦
𝑥 = 2.25 m
1m
ℎ 𝐴𝑠1 𝐴𝑠2 2
𝑡= 𝐻1 − 𝐻2
𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 𝐶𝐴𝑂 2𝑔
2m 3m 9
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 4𝜋 2
5 − 1.75
=
𝐴1 = 2 2 𝐴2 = 3 2
9𝜋 0.6 𝜋 0.2 2
× 2 × 9.81
4 4 𝜋+ 4
4
𝐴1 = 𝜋 9𝜋 𝑡 = 47.576 s
𝐴2 =
4
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

9. A vertical rectangular water tank is divided into two chambers whose horizontal cross-sections are 3 m2 and 5 m2,
respectively. The dividing wall is provided with a 100 mm × 100 mm square hole located 0.5 m from the bottom
and whose coefficient of discharge is 0.60. Initially there is 5 m deep of water in the smaller chamber and 1 m deep
of water in the larger chamber. What is the difference in the water level in the two chambers after 2 minutes?
Solution
𝐴𝑠1 𝐴𝑠2 2
𝑡= 𝐻1 − 𝐻2
A1 = 3 m2 A2 = 5 m2 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 𝐶𝐴𝑂 2𝑔
3×5 2
2 × 60 = 4 − 𝐻2
3+5 0.60 × 0.12 2 × 9.81
𝐻2 = 1.321 m
5m
1m
0.5 m
Weirs are overflow structures which are built across an open channel for the purpose of measuring or controlling the flow of
liquids.
Classification of Weirs 𝐸𝐺𝐿
According to shape According to discharge
𝑣𝑎2 /2𝑔 3 5
- Rectangular condition
4
- Triangular - Free flow
𝐻
- Circular - Submerged flow 1 − weir plate
2 2 − crest
- Parabolic 𝑣𝑎
According the effects of the 3 − approach
- Trapezoidal
sides on the emerging 𝑃
4 − nappe
1
According to crest nappe 5 − draw down
- Sharp-crested - Contracted weir
drop down
- Broad-crested - Suppressed weir
- Narrow-crested 𝐶𝐻𝐴𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐿 𝐵𝐸𝐷
- Ogee-shaped weir
Weirs are overflow structures which are built across an open channel for the purpose of measuring or controlling the flow of
liquids.
Rectangular Weir Triangular Weir (V-notch)
Standard Weir Factor (Cw) Formulas
𝐿 𝜃
2 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑤 tan 𝐻5/2
𝐻 𝐶𝑤 = 𝐶 2𝑔 2
𝑑 3 8
𝑃 𝐶𝑤 = 𝐶 2𝑔
FRANCIS FORMULA (SI Units) 𝜃 15
2
𝐻
𝐿 𝐶𝑤 = 1.84 1 + 0.26 𝐻/𝑑 For standard 90˚ weir(SI Units)
Considering velocity of approach 𝐶𝑤 = 1.84 For H/P < 0.40 𝑄 = 1.4𝐻5/2
3/2 3/2 Trapezoidal Weir
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑤 𝐿 𝐻 + ℎ𝑣 − ℎ𝑣 REHBOCK AND CHOW FORMULA (SI Units) 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑤1 𝐿𝐻3/2 + 𝐶𝑤2 𝑍𝐻5/2
Neglecting velocity of approach 𝐶𝑤 = 1.8 + 0.22 𝐻/𝑃 𝑏 𝐿 𝑏
(The ratio of H/P is sufficiently small) 𝜃 𝑏
𝑍 = tan =
BAZIN FORMULA (SI Units) 2 𝐻
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑤 𝐿 𝐻3/2 0.02161 𝐻
2
𝜃/2 𝜃/2
𝐶𝑤 = 0.5518 3.248 + 1 + 0.55 𝐻 CIPOLLETTI WEIR
Contracted Rectangular Weirs 𝐻 𝑑 (Side slope of 1H:4V, SI Units)
𝐿 = 𝐿′ − 0.1𝑁𝐻 𝑄 = 1.859𝐿𝐻3/2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: Unsteady Flow Weir
Submerged Weir
𝑄 = flow rate, non − submerged 𝑄 𝑄𝑠 = submerged 𝑄
𝑛 0.385 𝐻1
𝐶𝑤 = weir factor 𝑛 = 3/2 Rectangular weir 𝑄𝑠 𝐻2 𝐴𝑠 𝑑𝐻
𝐿 = effective length of crest 𝑛 = 5/2 Triangular weir = 1− 𝑡=න
𝑄 𝐻1 𝐻2 𝑄𝑜
𝐿′ = measured length of crest 𝐴𝑠 = constant water surface area
𝐻 = measured head of reservoir or tank
2𝐴𝑠 1 1
ℎ𝑣 = velocity head of approach 𝐻1 = initial head 𝑡= −
𝑑 = depth of water upstream 𝐻2 = final head 𝐶𝑤 𝐿 𝐻2 𝐻1
𝑁 = number of end contraction 1 or 2
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

10. A rectangular, sharp-crested weir 15 m long with end contractions suppressed is 1.5 m high. Determine the
discharge when the head is 300 mm.
Solution:

𝐻 0.3
= = 0.2 < 0.4 ∴ 𝐶𝑤 = 1.84
𝐻 = 300 mm 𝑃 1.5

𝑃 = 1.5 m 𝑄 = 1.84 𝐿𝐻 3/2

= 1.84 15 0.30 3/2

𝑄 = 4.535 m3 /s
𝐿 = 15 m
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

11. A rectangular, sharp-crested weir with end contractions is 14 m long. How high should it be placed in a channel to
maintain an upstream depth of 2.35 m for flow of 400 L/s? Use Francis formula.
Solution:

𝑄 = 1.84 𝐿𝐻 3/2
𝐻 0.4 = 1.84 1.4 − 0.2𝐻 𝐻 3/2
𝑑 = 2.35 m
𝑃 𝐻 = 0.297 m

𝑑 =𝐻+𝑃
𝐿
2.35 = 0.297+𝑃
𝐿 = 1.4 − 0.1𝑁𝐻
𝑃 = 2.053 m
𝐿 = 1.4 − 0.2𝐻
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

12. During a test on a 2.4 m suppressed weir 900 mm high, the head was maintained constant at 300 mm. In 38
seconds, 28,800 liters of water were collected. What is the weir factor Cw? Consider velocity of approach.
Solution:

3 3
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑤 𝐿 𝐻 + ℎ𝑣 2 − ℎ𝑣2
𝐻 = 0.3 m
Volume 28,800
𝑄= = = 757.895 L/s
𝑃 = 0.9 m Time 38
𝑄 = 0.758 m3 /s
3
−3
𝐿 = 2.4 m 0.758 = 𝐶𝑤 2.4 0.3 + 3.530 × 10 2
3
−3 2
0.758 2 − 3.530 × 10
2
𝑣𝑎 1.2 × 2.4
ℎ𝑣 = = 𝐶𝑤 = 1.891
2𝑔 2 9.81
ℎ𝑣 = 3.530 × 10−3 m
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

13. Determine the discharge of the 90˚ triangular weir having a head of 0.30 m in L/s.

Solution:

𝑄 = 1.4𝐻 5/2
= 1.4 0.305/2
90˚ 𝐻 = 0.30 m = 0.069 m3 /s
𝑄 = 69.013 L/s
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

13. A trapezoidal weir having a side slope of 1H to 3V discharges 50 m3/s under a constant head of 2m. Find the length
of weir assuming C = 0.60.
Solution:

𝑏 𝑄 = 50 m3 /s tan 𝜃 𝑏 1
= =
𝜃/2 𝑐 = 0.60 2 𝐻 3

2 3/2
8 𝜃 5/2
3 𝑄= 2𝑔 𝐶𝐿𝐻 + 2𝑔 𝐶 tan 𝐻
𝐻= 2 m 3 15 2
1 2
50 = 2 × 9.81 0.60 𝐿 2 3/2
3
8 1
+ 2 × 9.81 0.60 2 5/2
15 3
𝐿 𝐿 = 9.444 m
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
14. The discharge over a trapezoidal weir is 1.315 m3/s. The crest length is 2 m and the sides are inclined at 75˚57’49”
with the horizontal. Find the head on the weir in meters.
Solution:

The side inclination angle given is for a Cipolleti weir

𝑄 = 1.89𝐿𝐻 3/2
3/2
1.315 = 1.859 2 𝐻

𝐻 𝐻 = 0.500 m

𝐿
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
15. A rectangular suppressed weir of length 1 m is constructed or cut at the top of a tall rectangular tank having a
horizontal section 20 m by 20 m. If the initial head over the weir is 1 m, compute the time required to discharge 72
cu.m of water. Use Francis formula, where H/P < 0.40.
Solution:

𝐶𝑤 = 1.84 2𝐴𝑠 1 1
𝑡= −
𝐻1 = 1 m 𝐶𝑤 𝐿 𝐻2 𝐻1
𝐴𝑠 = 20 × 20= 400 m2 2 400 1 1
= −
𝐿 = 1m 1.84 1 0.82 1
The drop of water level after
𝑡 = 45.354 sec
discharging 72 cu.m
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑠 ℎ
72 = 400ℎ
ℎ = 0.18 m
𝐻2 = 1 − 0.18 = 0.82 m