Part 1
Mathematics, Surveying& Transport Engineering
Cosine Law Caltech (Case 1)
Missing side = |a∠θ – b|
Missing Side = |52∠115 – 16|
MODE 2: Complex = 60.523
SHIFT-hyp : Absolute “| |”
SHIFT-”(-)” : ∠ Missing Side = |16∠115 – 52|
= 60.523
Series
Arithmetic Progression Geometric Progression
2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17 2, 6, 18, 54, 162
Formulas: Formulas:
d = a2 – a1 = a3 – a2= a4 – a3 = … r = a2/a1 = a3/a4 = …
an = a1 + (n-1)d or am = am + (n-m)d an = a1 r(n-1) or an = am r(n-m)
𝑛 𝑛
Sn = 2 (a1 + an) or Sn = 2 (2a1 + (n-1)d) Sn = a1(1 - rn)/(1 - r)
Sn = a1 /(1 - r) for infinite G.P.
Harmonic Progression:
-reciprocal form an A.P.
½, 1/5, 1/8, 1/11, 1/14
𝑛
Solve for T then solve for T/2 Sn = 2 (2a1 + (n-1)d)
d = 10
35700 = (h’/2) (2x10 + (h’-1)(10))
h' = 84 cm n = 119
𝑛 h' = 84 cm
Sn = (2a1 + (n-1)d)
2
T = (119/2) (2x10 + (119-1)(10)) h = 119 - 84 cm
T = 71400 sec h = 35 cm
T/2 = 35700 sec
Part 2
Hydraulics & Geotechnical Engineering
Standard Atmospheric Pressures
1 atm
101.325 kPa
1.01325 Bar
760 mmHg
760 Torr
14.6959 psi
101325/760 (pascals) = 1 Torr
1 slug = 14.59 kg
1 gallon = 3.785 liters
1 cu.m. = 1000 liters
Total Hydrostatic Pressure
A. Plane Surface A. Plane Surface
Force: P = γ ħ A Force: P = √ Ph2 + Pv2
Location: Ic.g./ Aȳ Ph = γ ħ A
Pv = γ vol.
Pv = γ At L
More Topics in Fluid Mechanics
Bouyancy B.F. = Unit weight ng fluid x Vol.
Displaced
Stability of Floating Bodies (MG = Mbo – Gbo)
Dams (kung nasaan ung highest water, andun
ung heel & magkaiba ung pressure diagram ng
UPLIFT and FOUNDATION PRESSURE)
Moving Vessels (Horizontal, Vertical, Inclined)
Rotating Vessels
y = (ω2 x2)/ (2g)
Square Property of Parabola:
x12/y12 = x22/y22
Volume of Paraboloid:
V = (1/2) π r2 h
Conversion Factor:
1rpm = π/30 rad/s
An open cylindrical tank 800mm diameter and 2000 mm high contains water
to a depth of 1.6 m. It is rotated about vertical axis at 13 rad/s. How many liters
of water are spilled?
Check if may matatapon:
y = (ω2 x2)/ (2g)
y = (132 )(0.42)/ (2)(9.81) = 1.38
yactual = 1.38 < 0.8 (yallowable )
Therefore may matatapon
V spilled: pwedeng volume air or volume water ang
iconsider
Vspilled = (1/2)(π)(0.42)(1.38) – (1/2)(π)(0.42)(1.38)
Vol air after Vol air Before
Vspilled = 0.146 m3 Vspilled = 146 L
Fundamentals of Fluid Flow
Volume flow rate Weight flow rate Mass flow rate
Q = Av (discharge) m3/s N/s kg/s
Velocity head
Elevation head
Total Head: E = V2/2g + P/ γ + z
Pressure head
Bernoulli’s Equation
Headloss
HA + V12/2g + P1/γ + z1 = V22/2g + P2/γ + z2 + HL + HE
pump Turbine
Kung saan papunta ung flow nandoon ung headloss and turbine
POWER = QγE
h.p. = 746 Watts k = 1000
h.p. = QγE/746 kW = QγE/1000
EFFICIENCY: Eff = Output/Input x 100
In pumps, the first power solved was an
OUTPUT
In turbines, the first power solved was an
INPUT
The pump shown delivers 115 li/s oil, s.g = 0.84, to reservoir D at elevation 72 m. The
energy lost in the suction line is 3.2 J/N and in the discharge line is 7.6 J/N
a. Compute the total head added by the pump.
b. How many kW does the pump supply the system?
c. If the pump is 85% efficient how mush power does it need?
J/N = N x m / N = m
EA + HA = ED + HL
HA + V12/2g + P1/γ + z1 = V22/2g + P2/γ + z2 + HL
HA + 0 + 0 + 21 = 0 + 0 + 72 + 3.2 + 7.6
HA = 61.8 m
P = Qγ HA In pumps, the first power solved was an OUTPUT
Pout = (0.115)(0.84)(9.81)(61.8)
Pout = 58.56 kW
EFFICIENCY: Eff = Output/Input x 100
85 = 58.56 / Pin x 100
Pin = 68.89 kW
Headlosses
Shookt itong si Fauline Luna. Cute
Cute mo raw kase D5
Teh! Tunay kang nanalo kahit
mukha kang KUTO. “D” 16 over 3
Kayo na bahala dito guys XD
Calculate the head loss in a 250-mm dia. pipe 500 m long when water flows
at 115 liters per second using:
a. Darcy-Weisbach Formula, f = 0.02
b. Manning Formula, n = 0.012
c. Hazen-Williams Formula, C = 100
hf = 11.19m
hf = 15.93m
hf = 16.65m
The loss of head in a 1200 mm x 600 mm pipe conveying water is estimated at
0.04 m per meter length. f = 0.032. What is the discharge?
Get the FICTITOUS DIAMETER
D = 4R Q = Av
Rsection = Rcircular Q = (1.2 x 0.6) (4.4294)
R = wetted perimeter Q = 3.1892 m3/s
D = 4 (A/R)
= 4((1200)(600))/(2(1200) + 2(600))
= 800 mm
hf/L = 0.04 m/m
Hf/L = (f/D)(v2/2g)
0.04 = (0.032/0.8)(v2/2(9.81))
v = 4.4294 m/s
WATER HAMMER
Water Hammer
A non-rigid steel pipe 600 mm in diameter is to carry a maximum static head of 350 m
of water and additional pressure due to water hammer when quick closing valve
stops a flow of 0.85 m3/s. The pipe has a thickness of 18 mm, EB = 2068.5 MPa, E = 200
GPa for steel.
a. What is the composite modulus of elasticity?
b. Determine the water hammer pressure.
c. What is the maximum stress acting on the pipe?
1/Ec = 1/EB + d/Et
1/Ec = 1/2068.5 + (0.6m)/((200000)0.018m))
Ec= 1538.2 MPa
Walang given na T and stated sa problem na “quick closing valve”
ph = ρcv
ph = (1000)(1240.24)(3.01)
c = √(Ec/ρ)
ph = 3733.12 kPa
c = √(1538.2 x 106/1000) = 1240.24
v = 0.85 / (0.62 /4) = 3.01 m/s
A non-rigid steel pipe 600 mm in diameter is to carry a maximum static head of 350 m
of water and additional pressure due to water hammer when quick closing valve
stops a flow of 0.85 m3/s. The pipe has a thickness of 18 mm, EB = 2068.5 MPa, E = 200
GPa for steel.
a. What is the composite modulus of elasticity?
b. Determine the water hammer pressure.
c. What is the maximum stress acting on the pipe?
St = pD/2t
p = existing pressure + additional pressure(water hammer)
p = 9.81(350) + 3733.12 = 7166.62 kPa
St = 7166.62(0.6)/(2 x 0.018)
St = 11943.67 kPa
Viscosity
-Fluids’ resistance to
gradual deformation by
shear stress or tensile
stress
Kinematic Viscosity, v Dynamic Viscosity, μ
- Stokes (st) - Poise (P)
- 1 cm2/s - Pa-s
- Absolute viscosity
- Coefficient of viscosity
- Viscosity
Reynold’s Number
Glycerin, sg = 1.26 and μ = 1.49 Pa-s, flows through a 600-mm dia pipe at
85 liters per second.
a. What is the Reynold’s Number?
b. What is the friction factor?
c. What is the critical velocity?
NR = ρvD/μ NR = 2000 (critical flow)
NR = 1260 [0.85/(0.62 /4)] (0.6) / (1.49) 2000 = 1260 (vc) (0.6) / (1.49)
NR = 152.53 < 2000 Laminar flow! vc = 3.94 m/s
f = 64/NR
f = 64/152.53
f = 0.42
Orifice
Q=Av
Cc A o Cv√2gh
Q = Cc AoCv√2gh
C = C cCv
Q = C Ao√2gh
Orifice
𝑣𝑜𝑙
Q = C Ao√2gh 𝑄=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑣𝑜𝑙
𝑡=
𝐶 𝐴𝑜 2𝑔ℎ
ℎ2
𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑡 = න
ℎ1 𝐶 𝐴𝑜 2𝑔ℎ
2 𝐴𝑠
𝑡= [ ℎ1 − ℎ2]
𝐶 𝐴𝑜 2𝑔
Weirs
Rectangular Weir
Contracted Case (Singly or Doubly)
Triangular Weir
Cipolletti Weir
Dams Used as Weir (Broad-Crested)
Open Channels -conduits where fluid flows with
free or atmospheric surface
Q = A v (same in pipes)
V by Chezy Formula
v = C√RS
Chezy-Manning Formula for v
Maraming formula sa C
8𝑔 1 2/3 1/2
Theoretically, 𝐶 =
𝑓 𝑣= 𝑅 𝑆
𝑛
1
Manning’s, 𝐶 = 𝑅1/6
𝑛
Uniform Flow -same depth, cross sectional area,
and velocity for a length of flow
Most Efficient Section
-in channels of different shapes or
proportions but of the same A, S, and
n, the one that gives the biggest Q
and smallest P is the “mes”
A rectangular channel 1.8m wide conveys water at a depth of
1.2m
a. What is the velocity of flow if it is laid on slope of 0.002 and n
= 0.012?
b. What is the velocity of flow if S = 0.000263 and f = 0.02?
8𝑔
a.) Use Manning’s kasi may given na n b. Theoretically, 𝐶 =
𝑓
v = (1/n) (R2/3) (S1/2)
C = 62.64
R = A/P
v = C√RS
= 1.8(1.2) / (2(1.2) + 1.8)
R = 0.514m v = 62.64√0.514(0.000263)
v = 0.728 m/s
v = (1/0.012) (0.5142/3) (0.0021/2)
v = 2.39 m/s
Part 3
Structural Engineering & Construction
