HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)

UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs

ORIFICE

ORIFICE

An orifice is an opening with a closed perimeter through which a fluid flow. The usual purpose of
an orifice is the measurement or control of the flow. An orifice can be classified into two: the
rounded orifice and the sharp-edged orifice. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdf44GMJkXs

The rounded orifice has its diameter equal to the diameter of the liquid jet coming out from it. The
diameter of the liquid jet does not change because the orifice is provided with rounded surface
acting like a guide for the liquid to come out. The coefficient of contraction for this type is equal to
one (1) while the coefficient of velocity and coefficient of discharge are always less than one (1).

The sharp-edged orifice has its diameter larger than the diameter of the liquid jet. The liquid jet
will converge to a minimum area. The section where the area is minimum is called as the Vena
Contracta. The three coefficients for this type of orifice have values equal to less than one. Try to
view the video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHsvUNBkjso

D/2
ws ws

h h

D d jet
D D jet
Vena contracta

Rounded Orifice Sharp-edged Orifice

Velocity of Discharge
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9whNEnJdaE

PA
w PB
s
VA h

1
2
w
s
BEE from 1 to 2;
𝑉12 𝑝𝐴 𝑝1 2
𝑉2𝑡 𝑝2
+ + + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
2𝑔 𝑤 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
𝑏𝑢𝑡
𝑝1
=ℎ
𝑤
𝑉2𝑡 = 𝑉𝑡 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 velocity
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝐴

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𝑝2 = 𝑝𝐵
𝑉𝐴2 𝑝𝐴 𝑉𝑡2 𝑝𝐵
+ +ℎ= +
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
𝑉𝐴2 𝑝𝐴 𝑝𝐵
𝑉𝑡 = √2𝑔 ( +ℎ+ − )
2𝑔 𝑤 𝑤
Where:
 V A2 p p 
 + h + A − B  = H = total head to let the liquid flow from chamber A to B.
 2g w w 
VA = velocity of approach

𝑉𝑡 = √2𝑔𝐻

When the surface of the liquid in chamber A and the liquid jet in chamber B are each exposed to
the atmosphere.

𝑉𝐴2
𝑉𝑡 = √2𝑔 ( + ℎ)
2𝑔

When the cross-sectional area of the reservoir or channel leading to the orifice is large in
comparison with the area of the orifice the velocity of approach becomes negligible, and

𝑉𝑡 = √2𝑔ℎ

Coefficient of Velocity
The actual velocity in the jet is less than the theoretical velocity because of the frictional
resistance that occurs as the fluid enters and passes through the orifice. The ratio of the actual
mean velocity, V, to the theoretical velocity, Vt, which would exist without friction is called the
V
coefficient of velocity and is designated Cv, thus; C v = , and V = C v 2 gH .
Vt

Coefficient of Contraction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bK0pkOt8N7M

When the orifice is of sharp-edged orifice, the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the jet at the
vena contracta to the area of the orifice is called the coefficient of contraction. Thus, if a and A
are, respectively, the cross-sectional area of the jet at the vena contracta and the area of the
a
orifice, and Cc is the coefficient of contraction, C c = and a = AC c .
A

Section a-b is called

as the vena
contracta
a
D D’ jet
b

If V is the actual mean velocity in the vena contracta the discharge through the orifice is

𝑄 = 𝑎𝑉 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴(𝐶𝑣 √2𝑔𝐻)

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UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs
Coefficient of Discharge

The product CcCv with a single coefficient C, is called as the coefficient of discharge. The equation
for the discharge of a fluid through an orifice thus becomes

𝑄 = 𝐶𝐴√2𝑔𝐻

Velocity of Approach
The condition under which the velocity of approach is appreciable is encountered so
frequently that further analysis is helpful. The usual application is to the flow through an orifice in
a flat plate either on the end of a pipe. The mean velocity in the approach pipe is Va, and the
Va2 p1 Va2
velocity head is . The total head on the orifice with discharge into the atmosphere, is +
2g w 2g
.
piezometer

Approach pipe orifice

Figure A
Va 1
Da jet

 p1 Va2 
Q = CA 2 g  + 
 w 2g 
4Q
By definition, Va = , where Da is the pipe diameter.
Da2
16Q 2
Va2 =
 2 Da4
2𝑔𝑝1 2𝑔𝑝1 16𝑄 2
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐴√ 𝑤
+ 𝑉𝑎2 = 𝐶𝐴√ 𝑤
+ 𝜋2 𝐷 4
𝑎

2
2𝑔𝑝1 16𝑄 2
𝑄 = (𝐶𝐴)2
[( ) + 2 4]
𝑤 𝜋 𝐷𝑎
𝑄2 16𝑄 2 2𝑔𝑝1 2
𝜋 2 𝐷𝑎4 − 16(𝐶𝐴)2
− = = 𝑄 [ ]
(𝐶𝐴)2 𝜋 2 𝐷𝑎4 𝑤 (𝐶𝐴)2 (𝜋 2 𝐷𝑎4 )
2𝑔𝑝1
(𝐶𝐴)2 (𝜋 2 𝐷𝑎4 ) (
2
𝑄 = 𝑤 )
4
𝜋 𝐷𝑎 − 16(𝐶𝐴)2
2

𝑝
𝐶𝐴(𝜋𝐷𝑎2 )√2𝑔 ( 𝑤1 )
𝑄=
2 2
√𝜋 2 𝐷𝑎4 − 16𝐶 2 (𝜋𝐷 )
4
𝑝 𝑝
𝐶𝐴(𝜋𝐷𝑎2 )√2𝑔 ( 1 ) 𝐶𝐴(𝜋𝐷𝑎2 )√2𝑔 ( 1 )
𝑤 𝑤
𝑄= =
4
√𝜋 2 𝐷𝑎4 − 𝜋 2 𝐶 2 𝐷4 (𝐷𝑎 ) 𝐷 4
𝜋𝐷𝑎2 √1 − 𝐶 2 ( )
𝐷𝑎 𝐷𝑎
𝑝 −1
𝐶𝐴√2𝑔 ( 𝑤1 ) 𝑝1 𝐷 4 2
2
𝑄= = 𝐶𝐴√2𝑔 ( ) [1 − 𝐶 ( ) ]
4 𝑤 𝐷𝑎
√1 − 𝐶 2 [ 𝐷 ]
𝐷 𝑎

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UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs
−3 4
−1 2 𝐷
(1) {−𝐶 ( )
𝐷𝑎 }
2
𝑝1 −1 2
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐴√2𝑔 ( ) (1) 2 +
𝑤 1
[ ]
𝑝1 1 2 𝐷 4
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐴√2𝑔 ( ) [1 + 𝐶 ( ) ]
𝑤 2 𝐷𝑎
Where;
D = diameter of the orifice
Da= diameter of the pipe
A = area of the orifice
C = coefficient of discharge

When the discharge is not to the atmosphere instead into another pipe, the total head on the
( p1 − p 2 ) + Va2
orifice is where p1 and p2 are respectively the pressures at points 1 and 2
w 2g
upstream and downstream from the orifice plate.
{𝑝1 −𝑝2 } 𝑉𝑎2 (𝑝1 −𝑝2 ) 𝐷 4
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐴√2𝑔 ( + ) = 𝐶𝐴√2𝑔 { } [1 + 𝐶 2 ( ) ]
𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤 𝑎𝐷

Headloss in an Orifice

Orifice is no exception to the general rule that fluid motion is always accompanied by an
expenditure of energy.

Lost Head

H Figure B

Even if air resistance could be completely eliminated, the jet from the horizontal orifice
would not rise as high as the liquid level in the supply tank because of the loss of energy which
occurs between points in the supply tank where the velocity is practically zero and the vena
contracta.
For the use in hydraulic engineering problems, the loss of head due to flow through an
orifice is conveniently expressed in two ways: (1) as a function of the velocity head in the jet; (2)
as a function of the original head.
1. Consider a fluid to be discharging from an orifice under a total head, H. The velocity head
1 V 2 
of discharge is, V = C v 2 gH , from which the original head is, H = 2   . The head
C v  2 g 
V2
remaining in the jet is velocity head . The lost head, H0 = original head minus remaining
2g
head is;
1 𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉2 1
𝐻0 = ( ) − = ( − 1)
𝐶𝑣2 2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔 𝐶𝑣2
V2
2. From V = C v 2 gH , = C v2 H , then
2g

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UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs

H0 = H −
V2
2g
(
= H − C v2 H = H 1 − C v2 )
• The two equations are applicable to any orifice or tube for which the coefficient of
velocity is known.

Coordinate Method of Determining Velocity of Jet

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afXElt3y-X8

y jet

Neglecting air resistance, the horizontal component of the jet velocity is constant with time t, from
which x = Vt. The jet has a downward acceleration which conforms to the law of falling bodies,
1 2
and therefore y = gt . With g = 9.8066 m/s2;
2
1 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑔( )
2 𝑉
2
2𝑉 2
𝑥 = 𝑦
𝑔
𝑔𝑥 2 2.214𝑥
𝑉=√ = = 𝐶𝑣 √2𝑔𝐻
2𝑦 √𝑦
𝑥 = 2𝐶𝑣 √𝑦𝐻
𝑥2
𝐻=
4𝑦𝐶𝑣2

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UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs
Sample Problems:

1. The orifice in figure 1 is 50 mm in diameter and is sharp-edged, with Cc = 0.62 and Cv =

0.98. Pressures pA and pB are atmospheric. The liquid is water with h = 4.90 m. Determine
the diameter of the jet, the actual velocity of the jet, and the discharge.

Given:

pA
B
A pB
h
2 D.L.
1

Figure 1.

Solution:
When the diameter of chamber A is much larger than the diameter of the orifice,
V1 value is very small as compared to V2. So V1 is considered as equal to zero. pA
and pB are pressure in the chambers and are both equal to zero (atmospheric).

BEE from 1 to 2
𝑉12 𝑝𝐴 𝑝1 2
𝑉2𝑡 𝑝2
+ + + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
2𝑔 𝑤 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
2
𝑉2𝑡 𝑝𝐵
0+0+h+0= + +0
2𝑔 𝑤
𝑉2𝑡 = √2𝑔ℎ = √2𝑔(4.9) = 9.805 𝑚⁄𝑠

𝑉2 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑉2𝑡 = 0.98(9.805) = 9.609 𝑚⁄𝑠 – Actual velocity at the vena contracta.

𝜋 2
𝑎 4 (𝑑 ) 𝑑 2
𝐶𝑐 = = 𝜋 = 2
𝐴 (𝐷2 ) 𝐷
4

𝑑 = √𝐶𝑐 𝐷2 = √(0.62)(502 ) = 39.37 𝑚𝑚 – diameter of jet at the vena contracta.

𝜋 50 2 3
𝑄 = 𝑎𝑉2 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴(𝐶𝑣 𝑉2𝑡 ) = 𝐶𝐴𝑉2𝑡 = 0.62(0.98) [ ( ) ] (9.805) = 0.017 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
4 1000

2. The liquid in figure 1 has a specific gravity of 3.00. The gage pressure pA = 68.93 kPa and
pB is atmospheric. The orifice diameter is 75 mm and C = Cv = 0.95. With h = 1.52 m,
determine the discharge and the head lost in the orifice.

Given:

pA
B
A pB
h
2 D.L.
1

Figure 1.

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Solution:
BEE from 1 to 2 (neglecting head loss on the orifice)
𝑉12 𝑝𝐴 𝑝1 2
𝑉2𝑡 𝑝2
+ + + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
2𝑔 𝑤 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
2
𝑝𝐴 𝑉2𝑡 𝑝𝐵
0+ +ℎ+0 = + +0
𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
2
68.93 𝑉2𝑡
0+ + 1.52 + 0 = +0+0
3(9.81) 2𝑔
68.93
𝑉2𝑡 = √2𝑔 [ + 1.52] = 8.705 𝑚⁄𝑠
3(9.81)

𝑉2 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑉2𝑡 = 0.95(8.705) = 8.270 𝑚⁄𝑠

𝜋 75 2 3
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐴𝑉2𝑡 = 0.95 [ ( ) ] (8.705) = 0.0365 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
4 1000

BEE from 1 to 2 (considering head loss on the orifice)

𝑉12 𝑝𝐴 𝑝1 𝑉22 𝑝2
+ + + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2 + 𝐻𝐿
2𝑔 𝑤 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
𝑝𝐴 𝑉22 𝑝𝐵
0+ +ℎ+0= + + 0 + 𝐻𝐿
𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
68.93 (8.27)2
𝐻𝐿 = + 1.52 − = 0.376 𝑚
3(9.81) 2𝑔

Check by formula:
1 𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉2 1
𝐻𝐿 = ( ) − = ( − 1)
𝐶𝑣2 2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔 𝐶𝑣2
(8.27)2 1
𝐻𝐿 = [ − 1] = 0.376 𝑚
2𝑔 0.952

3. The liquid in figure 1 has a specific gravity of 1.50. The gas pressure pA is + 34.5 kPa and
pB is – 13.8 kPa. The orifice is 10 cm in diameter with C = Cv = 0.95. Determine the velocity
in the jet and the discharge when h = 1.22 meters.

Given:

pA
B
A pB
h
2 D.L.
1

Figure 1.

Solution:
BEE from 1 to 2 (neglecting head loss on the orifice)
𝑉12 𝑝𝐴 𝑝1 𝑉2𝑡2
𝑝2
+ + + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
2𝑔 𝑤 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
2
𝑝𝐴 𝑉2𝑡 𝑝𝐵
0+ +ℎ+0 = + +0
𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤

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UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs
2
34.5 𝑉2𝑡 −13.8
+ 1.22 = +
1.5(9.81) 2𝑔 1.5(9.81)
34.5 13.8
𝑉2𝑡 = √2𝑔 [ + 1.22 + ] = 9.399 𝑚⁄𝑠
1.5(9.81) 1.5(9.81)

𝑉2 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑉2𝑡 = 0.95(9.399) = 8.929 𝑚⁄𝑠

𝜋 10 2 3
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐴𝑉2𝑡 = 0.95 [ ( ) ] (8.929) = 0.067 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
4 100

4. The horizontal orifice in figure B above is 75 mm in diameter with Cc = 0.63, Cv = 0.98.

When H = 2.29 meters, neglecting air resistance, compute the height to which the jet will
rise above the vena contracta. What will be the diameter of the jet 0.91 m. above the vena
contracta?

Given:

3 Lost Head

H
4 h

2
D/2
1 D.L.

Figure B

Solution:
BEE from 1 to 2 (neglecting head loss on the orifice)
𝑉12 𝑝1 2
𝑉2𝑡 𝑝2
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
2
𝑉2𝑡 𝐷
0+𝐻+0= ++
2𝑔 2
𝐷 0.075
𝑉2𝑡 = √2𝑔 (𝐻 − ) = √2𝑔 (2.29 − ) = 6.648 𝑚⁄𝑠
2 2
𝑉2 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑉2𝑡 = 0.98(6.648) = 6.515 𝑚⁄𝑠

BEE from 2 to 3 (neglecting air resistance)

𝑉22 𝑝2 𝑉32 𝑝3
+ + 𝑍2 = + + 𝑍3
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤

(6.515)2 𝐷 𝐷
+0+ =0+0+ℎ+
2𝑔 2 2
ℎ = 2.163 𝑚
BEE from 2 to 4 (neglecting air resistance)
𝑉22 𝑝2 𝑉42 𝑝4
+ + 𝑍2 = + + 𝑍4
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤

(6.515)2 𝐷 𝑉42 𝐷
+0+ = + 0 + + 0.91
2𝑔 2 2𝑔 2

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(6.515)2
𝑉4 = √2𝑔 [ − 0.91] = 4.959 𝑚⁄𝑠
2𝑔
𝜋 𝜋
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐴𝑉2 = 𝐴4 𝑉4 = 𝐶 [ 𝐷22 ] 𝑉2 = (𝐷4 )2 𝑉4
4 4

𝐶𝐷22 𝑉2 0.63(0.98)(75)2 (6.515)

𝐷4 = √ =√ = 67.546 𝑚𝑚
𝑉4 4.959
Diameter at the vena contracta:
𝑎 𝐷22
𝐶𝑐 = = = 0.63
𝐴 𝐷2

𝐷2 = √0.63(75)2 = 59.529 𝑚𝑚 < D4 ok

5. The orifice in figure A given is 50 mm in diameter and is sharp-edged with Cc = 0.63 and
Cv = 0.97. The diameter of the pipe is 15 cm. The liquid is water and stands at a height h
of 2.90 meters in the piezometer. Compute the discharge, the diameter of the jet, the mean
velocity in the jet, and the lost head.
piezometer

Approach pipe h orifice

Va 1 2 D.L.
Da = 15 cm jet

Figure A

Solution:
BEE from 1 to 2 (neglecting head loss on the orifice)
𝑉12 𝑝1 2
𝑉2𝑡 𝑝2
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
2
𝑉𝑎2 𝑉2𝑡
+ℎ+0= +0+0
2𝑔 2𝑔
4𝑄
𝑉𝑎 =
𝜋(𝐷𝑎 )2

𝑄
4𝑄𝑡 4 (𝐶 ) 4𝑄
𝑉2𝑡 = 2
= 2
=
𝜋(𝐷2 ) 𝜋(𝐷2 ) 𝜋𝐶(𝐷2 )2
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒
2
1 4𝑄 2 1 4𝑄
[ ] +ℎ = [ ]
2𝑔 𝜋(𝐷𝑎 )2 2𝑔 𝜋𝐶𝐷22

8𝑄 2 8𝑄 2
− =ℎ
𝑔𝜋 2 𝐶 2 (𝐷2 )4 𝑔𝜋 2 (𝐷𝑎 )4
ℎ
𝑄=
√ 8 1 1
[ − ]
𝑔𝜋 2 𝐶 2 (𝐷2 )4 (𝐷𝑎 )4
2.90 3
𝑄= = 0.00907 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
8 1 1
𝑔𝜋 2
[ 4− ]
50 15 4
{(0.63)(0.97)}2 ( ) ( )
√ 1000 100

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UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs
𝑎 𝐷22
𝐶𝑐 = = = 0.63
𝐴 𝐷2
𝐷2 = √0.63(50)2 = 39.686 𝑚𝑚
𝜋
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴𝑉2 = 𝐶𝑐 ( ) 𝐷 2 𝑉2
4

4𝑄 4(0.00907)
𝑉2 = = = 7.332 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝜋𝐶𝑐 𝐷2 50 2
𝜋(0.63) (1000)
4𝑄 4(0.00907)
𝑉1 = = = 0.513 𝑚⁄𝑠
2
𝜋𝐷𝑎 15 2
𝜋( )
100

BEE from 1 to 2 (considering head loss on the orifice)

𝑉12 𝑝1 𝑉22 𝑝2
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2 + 𝐻𝐿
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤

(0.513)2 (7.332)2
+ 2.9 + 0 = + 0 + 0 + 𝐻𝐿
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝐻𝐿 = 0.173 𝑚

6. A vessel has a circular orifice 63.5 mm in diameter located in a vertical side of a vessel
under a head of H meters. The jet strikes a horizontal plane 9.60 meters below the center
of the orifice at a point 24.4 meters distance, measured horizontally, from the vertical plane
of the orifice. If air friction is neglected and if Cv = 0.98, determine the head H.

Given:

H
1 2 D.L
V
.
Y = 9.6 m jet

X = 24.4 m

Solution:
𝑥2
𝐻=
4𝑦𝐶𝑣2
(24.2)2
𝐻= = 15.880 𝑚
4(9.6)(0.98)2

10 | 2 7 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs
7. A jet issues from the side of a tank under a head of 3.05 m. The side of the tank has an
inclination of one horizontal to one vertical. The total depth of water in the tank is 6.71 m.
Compute the maximum height to which the jet rises, the point it strikes a horizontal plane
1.22m below the bottom of the tank and its theoretical velocity as it strikes the plane.
Vy
V
3.05 m A
y
Vx
3.66 m 450 Z

1.22 m
B

V = 2 gH = 2(9.81)(3.05 ) = 7.736 mps

V y = V x = V cos 45 0 = 5.470 mps
At the highest point A; VAy = 0
If t1 = time from orifice to point A,
V Ay = V y − gt1 = 5.470 − 9.81t1 = 0
t1 = 0.557s

gt1 = (9.81)(0.557) = 1.522m

1 2 1
y=
2

2 2
Z = y + 3.66 + 1.22 = 6.402m
If t2 = time from point A to B, then
1 2
Z= gt 2 = 6.402
2
t 2 = 1.142s
T = total time from orifice to B = 0.557 + 1.142 = 1.699s
d = V x T = 5.470(1.699) = 9.294m
VBy = gt 2 = 9.81(1.142) = 11.203m / s
VBx = V x = 5.470m / s
VB = VBy2 + VBx2 = (11.203)2 + (5.470)2 = 12.467m / s

Discharge under Falling Head

11 | 2 7 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs

The discharge of liquid through an orifice under a head h if there is no compensating inflow is
Q = CA 2 gh .

ws

dh
h1
h
h2

If there is no compensating inflow, the depth or head will gradually decrease. In the infinitesimal
time dt, the corresponding volume which flows out is, dVol = CA 2 gh dt.
In the same infinitesimal time the head will drop dh and the volume discharge will be
dVol = As dh , where As is the area of liquid surface when the head is h.
𝑑𝑉𝑜𝑙 = 𝐶𝐴√2𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ
𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑡 =
𝐶𝐴√2𝑔ℎ

Sample Problems:
1. A vertical cylindrical tank discharges liquid through an orifice in the bottom. Show that the
time required to lower the liquid in the tank from depth h1 to depth h2 is
t=
2 As
CA 2 g
( )
h1 − h2 where, As is the cross-sectional area of the tank, A is the area of

the orifice, and C is the coefficient of discharge (assumed constant).

AS h1

h2

A orifice

𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑡 =
𝐶𝐴√2𝑔ℎ
1 ℎ2
𝑡 ℎ2 ℎ2
𝐴𝑆 𝑑ℎ 𝐴𝑠 −1 𝐴𝑠 ℎ2
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ = ∫ ℎ 2 𝑑ℎ = ( )
0 𝐶𝐴√2𝑔 ℎ1 √ℎ 𝐶𝐴√2𝑔 ℎ1 𝐶𝐴√2𝑔 1
2 ℎ1

2𝐴𝑆 (√ℎ2 − √ℎ1 )

𝑡=
𝐶𝐴√2𝑔

But since h1 is greater than h2, so for the time to be in positive sign we just interchange radical
values, then
2𝐴𝑆 (√ℎ1 − √ℎ2 )
𝑡=
𝐶𝐴√2𝑔

12 | 2 7 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs
This formula is for cylindrical tanks only.

2. A cylindrical vessel 1.25 m in diameter and 1.80 m high has a round-edged circular orifice
50.0 mm in diameter in the bottom. C for the orifice is 0.95. If the vessel is initially filled
with water how long will it take to lower the water surface by 1.25 m?

1.25 m

AS h1 = 1.80 m

h2 = 0.55 m
D = 50 mm
A orifice

2𝐴𝑆 (√ℎ1 − √ℎ2 )

𝑡=
𝐶𝐴√2𝑔
𝜋
2 (4 ) (1.25)2 (√1.8 − √0.55)
𝑡= = 178.239 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜋 50 2
0.95 (4 ) (1000) √2𝑔

3. A tank, which is the frustum of a cone having its bases horizontal and axis vertical, is 3.00
m high filled with water. It has a diameter of 2.40 m at the top and 0.90 m at the bottom.
What is the time required to empty the tank through a sharp-edged orifice 75 mm diameter
with C = 0.61?

2.40 m
0.75 m

AS
3.0 m
h
D = 75 mm

Q
x
0.90 m

Solution:
The vertical distance h is always measured from the level of the orifice to any upper
level where, AS is determined.
𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑡 =
𝐶𝐴√2𝑔ℎ
𝜋
𝐴𝑆 = (0.9 + 2𝑥)2
4
R&P
0.75 𝑥
=
3 ℎ
ℎ
𝑥=
4
𝜋 ℎ 2 𝜋
𝐴𝑆 = (0.90 + ) = (3.24 + 3.6ℎ + ℎ2 )
4 2 16

13 | 2 7 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs

𝜋
(3.24 + 3.6ℎ + ℎ2 )𝑑ℎ 𝜋 3 −1
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = 16 = ∫ (3.24 + 3.6ℎ + ℎ2 ) ℎ 2 𝑑ℎ
𝐶𝐴√2𝑔√ℎ 16𝐶𝐴√2𝑔 0
1 3 5 3
𝜋 ℎ2 ℎ2 ℎ2
𝑡= [3.24 ( ) + 3.6 ( )+( )]
16𝐶𝐴√2𝑔 1 3 5
2 2 2 0

𝜋
𝑡= [6.48(√3 − √0) + 2.40 (√33 − √0) + 0.40 (√35 − √0)]
𝜋 75 2
16(0.61) (4 ) (1000) √2𝑔
𝑡 = 492.314 𝑠𝑒𝑐

4. A vertical storage tank with a hemispherical bottom and a cylindrical shell of 3.6 m internal
diameter by 3.0 m total height is filled with water. Compute the time it will take to empty
the tank through a sharp-edged orifice 75 mm in diameter located at the lowest point. Use
C = 0.60.

3.6 m

AS
3.0 m

Storage tank h2
h
1.8 m h1

Q Cylindrical part

x
Z
h2 = 1.8 m
AS h

Q
Hemispherical part

Solution:
For the cylindrical part.
h1 = 1.8 m
h2 = 4.8 m
AS = (π/4) (3.6)2 = 3.24π m2
2𝐴𝑆 (√ℎ1 − √ℎ2 ) 2(3.24𝜋)(√4.8 − √1.8)
𝑡𝑐𝑦𝑙 = = = 1472.472 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐶𝐴√2𝑔 𝜋 75 2
0.60 (4 ) (1000) √2𝑔
For the hemispherical part
h1 = 0
h2 = 1.8 m
AS = (π/4) Z2
From the equation of a circle with center at the origin.
(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2 = 𝑅 2

At a point on the curve, (h2 – h) distance below the x axis

x = Z/2
y = - (1.8 – h)

14 | 2 7 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs
Thus:
𝑍 2
( ) + [−(1.8 − ℎ)]2 = (1.8)2
2
𝑍 2 = 4[3.6ℎ − ℎ2 ]

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜋(3.6ℎ − ℎ2 )

𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑡 =
𝐶𝐴√2𝑔ℎ

1.8
𝜋(3.6ℎ − ℎ2 )𝑑ℎ
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫
0 𝐶𝐴√2𝑔√ℎ

1.8 (3.6ℎ
𝜋 − ℎ2 )𝑑ℎ 𝜋 1.8 1 3
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠 = ∫ = ∫ (3.6ℎ2 − ℎ2 ) 𝑑ℎ
𝐶𝐴√2𝑔 0 √ℎ 𝐶𝐴√2𝑔 0

3 5 1.8
𝜋 ℎ2 ℎ2
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠 = [3.6 ( )−( )]
𝐶𝐴√2𝑔 3 5
2 2 0

𝜋 3 5 1.8
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠 = [2.40ℎ2 − 0.40ℎ2 ]
𝐶𝐴√2𝑔 0

𝜋
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠 = [2.40√1.83 − 0.40√1.85 ]
𝜋 75 2
0.60 ( ) ( ) 2𝑔
4 1000 √

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠 = 1085.562 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑡𝑐𝑦𝑙 + 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠 = 1472.472 + 1085.562 = 2558.034 𝑠𝑒𝑐

15 | 2 7 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs
WEIRS

A weir is an overflow structure built across an open channel for the purpose of
measuring the flow

Sharp-Crested Weirs

Rectangular Weirs

a) Standard Rectangular full-width considering the velocity of approach.

Notations defined
H = head
d = depth of flow upstream the weir
p = weir plate height
L = Crest length of the weir
V = velocity of approach

ws ws
h
V dh
H
nappe
Crest
d

P
Weir plate
Channel bed

Longitudinal section L

Cross-section

Considering the elementary strip of area, Ldh, as an orifice opening.

𝑉2
𝑉𝑡 = √2𝑔 (ℎ + )
2𝑔
𝑉2
𝑙𝑒𝑡: ℎ𝑣 =
2𝑔
𝑉𝑡 = √2𝑔(ℎ + ℎ𝑣 )
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛;
1
𝑑𝑄𝑡 = 𝑑𝐴𝑉𝑡 = 𝐿𝑑ℎ√2𝑔(ℎ + ℎ𝑣 ) = 𝐿√2𝑔(ℎ + ℎ𝑣 )2 𝑑ℎ
𝐻 1
∫ 𝑑𝑄𝑡 = 𝐿√2𝑔 ∫ (ℎ + ℎ𝑣 )2 𝑑ℎ
0
𝐻
(ℎ + ℎ𝑣 )3/2 2 3 3
𝑄𝑡 = 𝐿√2𝑔 [ ] = 𝐿√2𝑔 [(𝐻 + ℎ𝑣 )2 − (ℎ𝑣 )2 ]
3 3
2 0
𝑎𝑛𝑑;
2 3 3
𝑄 = 𝐶 ′ 𝑄𝑡 = 𝐶 ′ { 𝐿√2𝑔 [(𝐻 + ℎ𝑣 )2 − (ℎ𝑣 )2 ]}
3
3
 V 
2 2
If the ratio of H and P is sufficiently small,  hv =  0
 2 g 
2  
Q = C  L 2 g (H + hv ) 2  
3

3  

16 | 2 7 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs
If the ratio of H and P is sufficiently very small that V2/2g is negligible, and putting
2
C = C 2g ;
3
2   2 
3 3
Q = C  L 2 g (H ) 2  =  C
3
 2 g  LH = CLH 2
2

3   3 

From the equation with the velocity of approach considered;

2
𝐶 = 𝐶 ′ ( ) √2𝑔
3
3 3
3 3 3 ℎ𝑣 2 ℎ𝑣 2
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐿 [(𝐻 + ℎ𝑣 )2 − (ℎ𝑣 )2 ] = 𝐶𝐿𝐻 2 [(1 + ) −( ) ]
𝐻 𝐻
Applying Binomial Expansion Theorem

3 ℎ 3 1 ℎ 2 3
3 (1)1/2 ( 𝑣 ) ( ) (1)−1/2 ( 𝑣 ) ℎ𝑣 2
𝑄= 𝐶𝐿𝐻 2 [{13/2 + 2 𝐻 + 2 1 𝐻 +. . . . } − ( ) ]
1! 2! 𝐻

Dropping as negligible all terms except the first two terms.

3
  3  h 
Q = CLH 2 1 +   v 
  2  H 
but :
2
 3

 CLH 2 
  C2H  H 
2

hv =
V2
=
Q2
=   =  
2 g A 2 (2 g ) (Ld )2 (2 g ) 2g  d 
then;
3
 3  C 2  H  2 
Q = CLH 2 1 +    
 2  2 g  d  

b) Rectangular Contracted Weirs

L

ws
h
dh H

2
3
Q = C   2 g L H 2
3
Where:
L = L − 0.1nH
• For Standard full-width rectangular weir: n = 0
• For rectangular weir with one end contraction: n = 1
• For rectangular weir with two end contractions: n = 2

17 | 2 7 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs
• To obtain complete contraction, the minimum distance S from any point on the
edges of the weir to the sides or bottom of the channel should be at least 2H.
Measurement of the head H must be taken at 4H upstream of the weir.

2  
Q = C   2 g L (H + hv ) 2 − (hv ) 2 
3 3

3  
3
 3  C 2  H  2 
Q = CL H 2 1 +    
 2  2 g  d  

Triangular Weirs

L
L’

ws
h
dh
H

Cross-section

Considering the elementary strip of area, L’dh, as an orifice opening.

𝑉𝑡 = √2𝑔ℎ
1
𝑑𝑄𝑡 = 𝑑𝐴𝑉𝑡 = 𝐿′ 𝑑ℎ√2𝑔ℎ = √2𝑔𝐿′ ℎ2 𝑑ℎ
𝑏𝑦𝑅&𝑃
𝐻−ℎ
𝐿′ = 𝐿 ( )
𝐻
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛;
√2𝑔𝐿 1
𝑑𝑄𝑡 = (𝐻 − ℎ)ℎ2 𝑑ℎ
𝐻
√2𝑔𝐿 𝐻 1 3
∫ 𝑄𝑡 = ∫ (𝐻ℎ2 − ℎ2 ) 𝑑ℎ
𝐻 0
3 5 𝐻
√2𝑔𝐿 𝐻ℎ2 ℎ2 √2𝑔𝐿 2 5 2 5 √2𝑔𝐿 4 5 4 3
𝑄𝑡 = [ − ] = [ 𝐻2 − 𝐻2] = ( 𝐻2 ) = √2𝑔𝐿𝐻 2
𝐻 3 5 𝐻 3 5 𝐻 15 15
2 2 0
𝑏𝑢𝑡;
𝜃 𝐿/2 𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛 = ; 𝐿 = 2𝐻 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 𝐻 2
4 𝜃 3 8 𝜃 5
𝑄𝑡 = √2𝑔 (2𝐻 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) 𝐻 2 = √2𝑔 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) 𝐻 2
15 2 15 2

8 𝜃 5
𝑄 = 𝐶 ″ 𝑄𝑡 = 𝐶 ″ √2𝑔 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) 𝐻 2
15 2
8 𝜃
Putting; 𝐶1 = 𝐶 ″ 15 √2𝑔 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 )
5
Q = C1 H 2

18 | 2 7 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs

• For an approximate value of C” = 0.60 and considering the most common vertex angle
encountered in engineering practice, that is θ = 900,
Q = 1.42 H5/2

Trapezoidal Weirs

a L a

ws
L” h
dh

θ/2 θ/2 H

Considering the elementary strip of area, L”dh, as an orifice opening;

dQt = L dh 2 gh
 
3 5
2 8
Qt = 2 g LH 2 + 2 g  tan  H 2
3 15  2
and
3 5
Q = CLH 2 + C1 H 2
where :
2 8  
C = C 2 g ......and ........C1 = C  2 g  tan 
3 15  2

Standard Weir Formulas

• Specifications:
1. Weir plate is vertical and upstream face is smooth.
2. The crest is horizontal and normal to the direction of flow. It must be sharp so that the
liquid in passing over the crest will spring free from the edge.
3. The pressure on the upper and lower nappes is atmospheric.
4. The approach channel is uniform in section and the free surface is free from waves.
5. The sides of the channel are vertical and smooth, and shall extend a short distance
downstream of the weir crest.

1. Francis conducted over 80 experiments on rectangular weirs using weir length which vary
from about 1 m to 5.2 m and heads varying from about 18 cm to 50 cm. From the results
of his investigation, he suggested a correction factor C’ = 0.622.
2 3 3
𝑄 = 0.622 ( ) √2(9.8066)𝐿𝐻 2 = 1.84𝐿𝐻 2
3
3 3 3 𝐻 2
𝑄 = 1.84𝐿 [(𝐻 + ℎ𝑣 )2 − ℎ𝑣 2 ] = 1.84𝐿𝐻 2 [1 + 0.26 ( ) ]
𝑑

19 | 2 7 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs
2. Bazin Formula
0.0789   H 
2

3
Q =  3.248 +  1 + 0.55   LH 2 (English units)
 H    d  
0.0133   
2
 H
3
Q = 1.793 +  1 + 0.55   LH 2
(Metric units)
 H   d  
3. King Formula
 H 
2

Q = 3.341 + 0.56   LH 1.47 (English units)

  d  
 H 
2

Q = 1.781 + 0.56   LH 1.47 (Metric units)

  d  
4. Swiss Formula
0.0108   H 
2

3
Q =  3.288 +  1 + 0.5   LH 2 (English units)
 H + 0.0052    d  
0.0018   H 
2

3
Q = 1.815 +  1 + 0.5   LH 2 (Metric units)
 H + 0.0016    d  
5. Rehbock Formula
 H  3
Q =  3.228 + 0.435 e  LH e2
 P  (English units)
H e = H + 0.0036
 H  3
Q = 1.782 + 0.240 e  LH e 2
 P  (Metric units)
H e = H + 0.0011

For Rectangular Contracted Weir

• Cone Formula (1916)

For the formula, it is recommended that L be at least equal to H. Rectangular contracted weirs
with complete end and bottom contractions.
 0.556L1.8  1.9
Q = 3.247 LH 1.48 −  1.8 
H (English units)
 1 + 2L 
 1.277 L1.8  1.9
Q = 1.751LH 1.48 −  H
1.8 
(Metric units)
 1 + 17 L 

For Triangular or V-notch Weir

1. James Thompson Formula (θ = 900), 1861

Using heads varying from 5 cm to 18 cm, he estimated from the results of his investigation that
C” is approximately about 0.593.
Q = 1.40 H2.5 (metric units)

2. James Barr Formula (θ = 900), 1908 and AA Barnes

Barr extended the work of Thompson to include heads up to 25 cm and found out more
variation in the value of C”. Barnes suggested after working on the experiments of Thompson
and Barr,
Q = 2.48 H2.48 (English units)
Q = 1.321H 2.48 (Metric units)

20 | 2 7 cblamsis
HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs
3. V. M Cone, 1916 (English units)
Q = 1.45 H2.47 for (θ = 600),
Q = 0.685 H2.45 for (θ = 300),

For Trapezoidal Weirs

A trapezoidal weir of ingenuous design was proposed by C. Cipolletti, one that

automatically eliminates the end contraction effect on a contracted rectangular weir;
3 3 5
2 g (L − 0.2 H )H 2 = C 
2 2 0.4
Q = C 2 g LH 2 − C  2g H 2
3 3 3
then

5 5
0.4 8
C  2 g H 2 = C  2 g tan H 2
3 15 2
with......C  = C 
 0.4  15  1
tan =  =
2 3 8 4
It can be concluded, therefore, that for a trapezoidal weir with tan θ/2 = 0.25 (known as Cipolletti
weir), the Francis formula on rectangular weir with full-width may be substituted without
introducing any appreciable error. Cipolletti proposed the following formula under this special
condition,
Q = 1.86 LH3/2

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UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs
Sample Problems:

1. A sharp-crested weir 0.60 m high extends across a rectangular channel 2.4 m wide
conducting irrigation water. If the measured head is 120mm, determine the discharge. Use
Francis formula.

Given: standard rectangular weir

ws ws
h
V dh
H = 120 mm
nappe
Crest
d

P = 0.6 m
Weir plate
Channel bed

Longitudinal section L = 2.4 m

Cross section

Solution:
L = 2.4 m
H = 120 mm = 0.12 m
P = 0.60 m
d = p + H = 0.72 m
3 𝐻 2
𝑄= 1.84𝐿𝐻 2 [1+ 0.26 ( ) ]
𝑑
3 0.12 2 3
𝑄 = 1.84(2.4)(0.12)2 [1 + 0.26 ( ) ] = 0.185 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
0.72

2. A rectangular channel 6.0 m wide has a 0.90m depth of water flowing with a mean velocity
of 0.75 m/s. Determine the height of standard sharp-crested weir that will increase the
depth in the channel of approach to 1.50m. Use Francis formula.
ws ws
h
V dh
H
nappe
Crest
d = 1.5 m

P=?
Weir plate
Channel bed

Longitudinal section L = 6.0 m

Cross section

0.9 m

V = 0.75 m/s
L = 6.0 m
Channel condition when the weir is not yet installed across the channel

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HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs
Solution:
Determine the discharge using the channel condition when the weir is not yet installed
across the channel.
3
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 = (6)(0.9)(0.75) = 4.05 𝑚 ⁄𝑠

Determine weir plate height to increase the depth of water on the channel to 1.50 m
upstream of the weir.
L = 6.0 m
H=d–P
Q = 4.05 m3/s
3 𝐻 2
𝑄 = 1.84𝐿𝐻 2 [1 + 0.26 ( ) ]
𝑑

3 𝐻 2
4.05 = 1.84(6.0)(𝐻)2 [1 + 0.26 ( ) ]
1.5

𝐻 = 0.5 𝑚
Thus
𝑃 = 𝑑 − 𝐻 = 1.5 − 0.5 = 1.0𝑚

3. A rectangular contracted weir 3m long is built in the center of a rectangular channel

6m wide. How high is the weir if the depth of water upstream is 1m when the discharge
is 1.15 m3/s?

Given:
ws ws

V
nappe H
Crest
d = 1.0 m

P=?
Weir plate
Channel bed
L1 = 3
Longitudinal section L=6m
m
Cross section

Solution:
Q = 1.15 m3/s
L’ = 2 m
d = 1.0 m
assume a two-ends contraction, n = 2
3 𝐻 2
𝑄= 1.84𝐿′𝐻2 [1 + 0.26 ( ) ]
𝑑

3 𝐻 2
𝑄 = 1.84(𝐿1 − 0.2𝐻)𝐻2 [1 + 0.26 ( ) ]
𝑑
3 𝐻 2
1.15 = 1.84(3 − 0.2𝐻)𝐻2 [1 + 0.26 ( ) ]
1

3
0.625 = (3 − 0.2𝐻)𝐻 2 [1 + 0.26(𝐻)2 ]

𝐻 = 0.350 𝑚
Check assumption:
S = ½ (L – L1) = ½ (6 – 3) =1.50 m > 2H = 0.70 m (the notch is contracted)

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HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
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Thus:
𝑃 = 𝑑 − 𝐻 = 0.650 𝑚

4. A trapezoidal canal, 6m at the bottom and having side slopes 2:1 (V:H) carries water
to a depth of 40 cm and mean velocity of 0.60 m/s. What length of a rectangular
contracted weir 85 cm high should be placed in the middle of the canal if the depth of
water upstream is to be 1.20 m? use Francis formula.

Given:
L

ws

H
2
S d = 1.20 m
1 P = 0.85 m

L1 = 6 m

Solution:
Determine the discharge on the trapezoidal canal. Consider the characteristics of the
canal when the weir is not yet installed.

2
0.40 m
1

6.0 m V= 0.60 m/s

By ratio and proportion

𝑥 1
=
0.4 2
𝑥 = 0.20 𝑚
1 3
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 = (6 + 2𝑥)(0.40)(0.60) = 0.120[6 + 2(0.20)] = 0.768 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
2

Consider the contracted weir

Q = 0.768 m3/s
P = 0.85 m
d = 1.20 m
H = d – P = 0.35 m

3 𝐻 2
𝑄 = 1.84𝐿′𝐻2 [1 + 0.26 ( ) ]
𝑑
3 𝐻 2
𝑄 = 1.84(𝐿 − 0.2𝐻)𝐻 [1 + 0.26 ( ) ]
2
𝑑

3 0.35 2
0.768 = 1.84(𝐿 − 0.2𝐻)(0.35)2 [1 + 0.26 ( ) ] = 0.3894(𝐿 − 0.2𝐻)
1.20

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HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs
0.768
𝐿= + 0.2(0.35) = 2.042 𝑚
0.3894

5. Determine the discharge of water over a 450 triangular weir if the measured head is
20 cm. C” = 0.60.

Given:

H = 20 cm
450

Solution:
By general formula:
8 𝜃 5
𝑄 = 𝐶 ″ 𝑄𝑡 = 𝐶 ″√2𝑔 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) 𝐻 2
15 2
8 45 5 3
𝑄 = (0.60) ( ) √2𝑔 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) (0.20)2 = 0.0105 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
15 2

6. Compute the discharge of water over a Cipolletti weir 1.60m long under a head of 30
cm?

Given:

4 H = 0.30 m
1

L = 1.60 m

Solution:
3 3 3
𝑄 = 1.86 𝐿𝐻 2 = 1.86(1.6)(0.30)2 = 0.489 𝑚 ⁄𝑠

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HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs
7. Determine the theoretical discharge of the trapezoidal weir shown below.

X + 2 + X1
X X1

h
dA dh
θ/2 β/2 H = 1.5 m
3 2

2 1

2m

Solution:
By ratio and proportion, dh is a differential element, so its value is very small.
𝑋 2
=
1.5 − ℎ 3
2
𝑋= (1.5 − ℎ)
3
𝑋1 1
=
1.5 − ℎ 2

(1.5 − ℎ)
𝑋1 =
2

Consider the strip dA as an orifice having a constant head, h, then

𝑑𝑄𝑡 = 𝑑𝐴𝑉𝑡 = (𝑋 + 2 + 𝑋1)(𝑑ℎ)√2𝑔ℎ

2 1
𝑑𝑄𝑡 = [ (1.5 − ℎ) + 2 + (1.5 − ℎ)] √2𝑔ℎ𝑑ℎ
3 2
𝑄𝑡 1.5 1 7 3
∫ 𝑄𝑡 = √2𝑔 ∫ (3.75ℎ2 − ℎ2 ) 𝑑ℎ
0 0 6

3 5 1.5
ℎ2 7 ℎ2
𝑄𝑡 = √2𝑔 [3.75 ( ) − ( )]
3 6 5
2 2 0

3 7 5 1.5
𝑄𝑡 = √2𝑔 [2.50 (ℎ2 ) − (ℎ2 )]
15 0

7 𝟑
𝑄𝑡 = √2𝑔 [2.5√1.53 − √1.55 ] = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟔𝟒𝟕 𝒎 ⁄𝒔
15

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HYDRO 1 (HYDRAULICS)
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Orifice and Weirs
Using the derived formulas, neglecting the velocity of approach

2 3
𝑄𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝐿√2𝑔 [(𝐻)2 ]
3
5
8 𝜃
𝑄𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑔𝑙𝑒 = √2𝑔 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 ) 𝐻 2 – Full triangle
15

5
4 𝜃
𝑄𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑔𝑙𝑒 = √2𝑔 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) 𝐻 2 – Half triangle
15 2

𝑄𝑡 = 𝑄𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 + 𝑄𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 + 𝑄𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 1

4 𝜃 5 2 3 4 𝛽 5
𝑄𝑡 = √2𝑔 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) 𝐻2 + 𝐿√2𝑔 [(𝐻)2 ] + √2𝑔 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) 𝐻2
15 2 3 15 2

H = 1.5 m

L=2m

Tan θ/2 = 2/3

Tan β/2 = ½

4 2 5 2 3 4 1 5
𝑄𝑡 = √2𝑔 ( ) (1.5)2 + (2.0)√2𝑔 [(1.5)2 ] + √2𝑔 ( ) (1.5)2
15 3 3 15 2
𝟑
𝑄𝑡 = 2.170 + 10.850 + 1.627 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟔𝟒𝟕 𝒎 ⁄𝒔

27 | 2 7 cblamsis