SAPITULA, JERICHO ALFRED R.

OCTOBER 05, 2021

CE ELECT 2S – 7:30 AM – 9:30 AM Requirement 3
 • Analysis Procedure
Wind load provisions for MWFRS of other structures and building appurtenances are given in section
207D of NSCP 2015. Section 207D.4 provides requirements for solid freestanding walls and solid signs. Section
207D.4 of the standard does not have requirements for C & C for the sign structures.
Reference: Section 207D

• Occupancy Category
The structure is classified as
Standard Occupancy Category V – Miscellaneous structures
Reference: Table 103-1

• Basic Wind Speed, V

The billboard is located at Lomboy Sto. Tomas La Union. The basic wind speed may be taken as 260 kph.
𝒎
𝑽 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟐𝟐
𝒔

Reference: Fig.207A.5-1
• Exposure Category
The sign is located at Lomboy Sto. Tomas La Union which is a suburban Area, where the ground surface
roughness, as defined by Surface Roughness B, therefore exposure category shall be taken as, Exposure B
Reference: Table 207.6-1

• Topographic Factor, 𝑲𝒛𝒕

Since the billboard is assumed that is on a flat terrain. 𝑲𝒛𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟎
Reference: Section 207A.8.2

• Wind Directionality Factor, 𝑲𝒅

 For solid free-standing walls and solid freestanding and attached signs, 𝑲𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
Reference: Table 207.6-1

• Gust Effect Factor, G

The gust effect factor foe flexible or dynamically sensitive structures shall be computed using the
equation

1 + 1.7𝐼𝑧 √ 𝑔𝑄2 𝑄 2 + 𝑔𝑅2 𝑅 2

𝐺𝑓 = 0.925
1 + 1.7𝑔𝑣 𝐼𝑧
( )
Where:

𝑔𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑣 shall be taken as 3.4 and 𝑔𝑅 is given by equation

0.577
𝑔𝑅 = √ 2𝑙𝑛(3600𝑛1 ) +
√ 2𝑙𝑛(3600𝑛1 )

For billboard structures, the natural frequency 𝑛1 , may be estimated by the equation
32.62
𝑛1 = ( ) 𝑀𝑎 𝑅𝑎𝑜 𝑃𝑎 𝐴𝑎
ℎ
where

1
𝑀𝑎 = √
1 + 𝑘𝑚 𝑚𝑟

In which

𝑘𝑚 =2.6 for billboards and

𝑚𝑟 =0.0 since no appurtenances attached

1
𝑀𝑎 = √ = 1.0
1 + (2.6)(0)

ℎ −0.2
𝑅𝑎𝑜 = 1.25 ( )
𝐵𝑜

24.5 −0.2
𝑅𝑎𝑜 = 1.25 ( ) = 0.715
1.5
𝑃𝑎 = 1.0(𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)
𝐴𝑎 = 1.0(𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙)

Therefore, substituting values to evaluate 𝑛1

32.62
𝑛1 = ( ) (1.0)(0.715)(1.0)(1.0)
24.5
𝑛1 = 0.952 𝐻𝑧, hence structure is considered as flexible and
0.577
𝑔𝑅 = √ 2𝑙𝑛(3600𝑛1 ) +
√ 2𝑙𝑛(3600𝑛1 )
0.577
𝑔𝑅 = √ 2𝑙𝑛(3600(0.952)) +
√ 2𝑙𝑛(3600(0.952))

𝑔𝑅 = 4.178
The intensity turbulence 𝐼𝑧 , at height z̅ shall be determined as;
1
10 6
𝐼𝑧 = 𝑐 ( )
𝑧
Where z̅ is the equivalent height of the structure defined as 0.6h, but not less than 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 for all building heights

h. 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 and c are tabulated for each exposure. Therefore,

𝑧̅ = 0.6(24.5) = 14.7 𝑚 (𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠)

𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 9.14 𝑚
Then

𝑐 = 0.30
Substituting to the equation
1
10 6
𝐼𝑧 = 0.3 ( )
14.7
𝑰𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟏

The background response Q shall be computed as

𝟏
𝑸=
√ 𝑩 + 𝒉 𝟎.𝟔𝟑
𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑 ( )
𝐿𝑧

Where,
Where:

𝐵 = The horizontal dimension measured normal to the wind direction, m

ℎ = The mean height, m

In this problem

𝐵 = 9.15 m

ℎ = 24.5 m
𝐿𝑧 =The internal length scale of turbulence at the equivalent height m, determined by the equation
𝑧̅ ε
𝐿𝑧 = 𝑙 ( )
10
Where

𝑙 = 97.54
1
ε =
3
1
14.7 3
𝐿𝑧 = 97.54 ( )
10
𝐿𝑧 = 110.91 𝑚
Solve for Q

1
𝑄=
√ 9.15 + 24.5 0.63
1 + 0.63 ( )
110.91

𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟖
The response resonant, R, factor shall be determined as,
 1
𝑅 = √ 𝑅𝑛 𝑅ℎ 𝑅𝐵 (0.53 + 0.47𝑅𝐿 )
𝛽

Where

𝑅𝑛 = resonance response factor for n

7.47𝑁𝑖
𝑅𝑛 = 5
(1 + 10.3𝑁𝑖 )3

In which

𝑛1 𝐿𝑧
𝑁𝑖 =
𝑉𝑧̅

𝑧̅ 𝑎̅
𝑉̅𝑧 = 𝑏̅ ( ) 𝑉
10
Where 𝑏̅ and 𝑎̅ are constants, and V is the basic wind speed in m/s

𝑏̅ = 0.45
1
𝑎̅ =
4
Solving for 𝑉̅𝑧 ,
1
14.7 4
𝑉̅𝑧 = 0.45 ( ) (72.22)
10
𝑽̅𝒛 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟕𝟖𝟓 𝒎/𝒔

Solving for 𝑁𝑖 ,
0.952(110.91)
𝑁𝑖 =
35.785
𝑵𝒊 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟏

Solving for 𝑅𝑛 ,
7.47(2.951)
𝑅𝑛 = 5
(1 + 10.3(2.951))3

𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟏

For 𝑅ℎ ,
1 1
𝑅ℎ = − (1 − 𝑒 −2𝑛 )𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 > 0
𝑛 2𝑛2
𝑅ℎ = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0
ℎ
𝑛 = 4.6𝑛1 ̅ , 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅ℎ
𝑉𝑧

ℎ = 24.5 𝑚
solving for 𝑛,

𝑛 = 3.0 > 0
Therefore use the equation
1 1
𝑅ℎ = − 2 (1 − 𝑒 −2𝑛 )
𝑛 2𝑛
Solving for 𝑅ℎ
 1 1
𝑅ℎ = − (1 − 𝑒 −2(3) )
3 2(3)2

𝑹𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟖
For 𝑅𝐵
1 1
𝑅𝐵 = − 2 (1 − 𝑒 −2𝑛 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 > 0
𝑛 2𝑛
𝑅𝐵 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0
𝐵
𝑛 = 4.6𝑛1 ̅ , 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝐵
𝑉𝑧
Solving for n,
9.15
𝑛 = 4.6(0.952)
35.785
𝑛 = 1.12 > 0
Therefore use the equation
1 1
𝑅𝐵 = − 2 (1 − 𝑒 −2𝑛 )
𝑛 2𝑛

Solving 𝑅𝐵 ,
1 1
𝑅𝐵 = − (1 − 𝑒 −2(1.12) )
1.12 2(1.12)2

𝑹𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟕

For 𝑅𝐿 ,
1 1
𝑅𝐿 = − 2 (1 − 𝑒 −2𝑛 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 > 0
𝑛 2𝑛
𝑅𝐿 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0
𝐿
𝑛 = 15.4𝑛1 ̅ , 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑧
Solving for n,
L = horizontal dimension of the building/structure parallel to the wind direction, m
L=2m
2
𝑛 = 15.4(0.952)
35.785
𝑛 = 0.819 > 0
Therefore use the equation
1 1
𝑅𝐿 = − (1 − 𝑒 −2𝑛 )
𝑛 2𝑛2

Solving for 𝑅𝐿 ,
1 1
𝑅𝐿 = − (1 − 𝑒 −2(0.819) )
0.819 2(0.819)2

𝑹𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟏
Solving for R,

𝛽 = 0.01 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)

 1
𝑅 = √ 𝑅𝑛 𝑅ℎ 𝑅𝐵 (0.53 + 0.47𝑅𝐿 )
𝛽

1
𝑅=√ (0.071)(0.278)(0.537)(0.53 + 0.47(0.621))
0.01

𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟑
Solving for 𝐺𝑓

1 + 1.7𝐼𝑧 √ 𝑔𝑄2 𝑄 2 + 𝑔𝑅2 𝑅 2

𝐺𝑓 = 0.925
1 + 1.7𝑔𝑣 𝐼𝑧
( )

1 + 1.7(0.281)√ (3.4)2 (0.878)2 + (4.178)2 (0.933)2

𝐺𝑓 = 0.925 ( )
1 + 1.7(3.4)(0.281)

𝑮𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝟗

Velocity Pressure

based on the exposure category B of the billboard structure, the velocity pressure coefficient 𝐾ℎ or 𝐾𝑧 which can
be determined from the table 207D.3-1 by interpolation of the following:
Velocity pressure exposure coefficients

Structure Z(m) 𝑲𝒛
Components
Panel 1 3.00 0.510
Panel 2 6.00 0.621
Panel 3 9.00 0.697
Panel 4 12.00 0.757
Panel 5 15.00 0.807
Panel 6 18.00 0.850
Panel 7 21.00 0.888
Panel 8 24.00 0.923

The velocity pressures are computed using the following equation.

𝑵 𝑵
𝒒𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑𝑲𝒛 𝑲𝒛𝒕 𝑲𝒅 𝑽𝟐 𝒊𝒏 𝟐 , 𝑽 𝒊𝒏
𝒎 𝒎
Where:

𝒒𝒛 = the velocity pressure evaluated at height z and V is the basic wind speed in m/s. Similarly,
At panel 1:

𝑞𝑧 = 0.613(0.510)(1)(0.85)(72.22)2

𝒒𝒛 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 𝑵/𝒎𝟐

At panel 2:

𝑞𝑧 = 0.613(0.621)(1)(0.85)(72.22)2

𝒒𝒛 = 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟕. 𝟔𝟔 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
At panel 3:

𝑞𝑧 = 0.613(0.697)(1)(0.85)(72.22)2

𝒒𝒛 = 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟒. 𝟐𝟏 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
At panel 4:

𝑞𝑧 = 0.613(0.757)(1)(0.85)(72.22)2

𝒒𝒛 = 𝟐𝟎𝟓𝟕. 𝟐𝟕 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
 At panel 5:

𝑞𝑧 = 0.613(0.807)(1)(0.85)(72.22)2

𝒒𝒛 = 𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟓 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
At panel 6:

𝑞𝑧 = 0.613(0.850)(1)(0.85)(72.22)2

𝒒𝒛 = 𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
At panel 7:

𝑞𝑧 = 0.613(0.888)(1)(0.85)(72.22)2

𝒒𝒛 = 𝟐𝟒𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟖 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
At panel 8:

𝑞𝑧 = 0.613(0.923)(1)(0.85)(72.22)2

𝒒𝒛 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟖. 𝟒𝟎 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
Velocity pressure for panels

Structure Z(m) 𝑲𝒛 𝑵
𝒒𝒛 ( 𝟐 )
Components 𝒎
Panel 1 3.00 0.510 1386.004
Panel 2 6.00 0.621 1687.66
Panel 3 9.00 0.697 1894.21
Panel 4 12.00 0.757 2057.27
Panel 5 15.00 0.807 2193.15
Panel 6 18.00 0.850 2310.01
Panel 7 21.00 0.888 2413.28
Panel 8 24.00 0.923 2508.40

Design wind force, F, on the billboard solid sign

The design force for the solid sign is given by

𝐹 = 𝑞𝑧 𝐺𝑓 𝐶𝑓 𝐴𝑓 𝑖𝑛 𝑁

Where:

𝑞𝑧 = value as determined previously

𝐺 = gust effect factor to be calculated by Equation 207A.9−14 because 𝑛1 < 1 Hz

𝐴𝑠 = gross area of solid sign
𝐴𝑓 = area projected normal to wind

𝐶𝑓 = force coefficient value for Figure 207D.4−1

Determine the force coefficient, 𝐶𝑓 , for solid sign as follows, for the values of

s = 15 m
h = 24.5 m
B = 9.15 m
Evaluate:
𝑠 15
= = 0.612
ℎ 24.5
𝐵 9.15
= = 0.61
𝑠 15
Interpolation ,
0.5
0.5 1.75
0.612 X
0.7 1.70

0.5 − 0.612 0.5 − 0.7

=
1.75 − 𝑥 1.75 − 1.70
𝑥 = 𝐶𝑓1 = 1.722

1
0.5 1.75
0.612 X
0.7 1.65

0.5 − 0.612 0.5 − 0.7

=
1.75 − 𝑥 1.75 − 1.65
𝑥 = 𝐶𝑓2 = 1.694

0.5 1.722
0.61 X
1 1.694

0.5 − 0.61 0.5 − 1

=
1.722 − 𝑥 1.722 − 1.694
𝒙 = 𝑪𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟏𝟔

Two load cases shall be considered for determination of wind forces of billboard components as:
Case A: Tarp is not considered. (Tarp is assumed folded)
Case B: Tarp is partially not considered. (Exposed area of tarp is taken as 35% to 50% of the billboard surface)
Case C: Tarp is considered.

For the problem:

Case A: Tarp is not considered.
𝐹 = 𝑞ℎ 𝐺𝑓 𝐶𝑓 𝐴𝑓

At panel 4

𝐹𝑧4 = (2057.27)(1.179)(1.716)(11.401)
𝑭𝒛𝟒 = 𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟖 𝑵
At panel 5

𝐹𝑧5 = (2193.15)(1.179)(1.716)(11.401)
 𝑭𝒛𝟓 = 𝟓𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟕. 𝟒𝟎 𝑵
At panel 6

𝐹𝑧6 = (2310.01)(1.179)(1.716)(11.401)
𝑭𝒛𝟔 = 𝟓𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟐. 𝟗𝟎 𝑵
At panel 7

𝐹𝑧7 = (2413.28)(1.179)(1.716)(11.401)

𝑭𝒛𝟕 = 𝟓𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟒. 𝟗𝟒 𝑵
At panel 8

𝐹𝑧8 = (2508.40)(1.179)(1.716)(11.401)
𝑭𝒛𝟖 = 𝟓𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟖. 𝟗𝟗 𝑵

Case C: Tarp is considered.

𝐹 = 𝑞ℎ 𝐺𝑓 𝐶𝑓 𝐴𝑓

At panel 4
𝐹𝑧4 = (2057.27)(1.179)(1.716)(27.45)

𝑭𝒛𝟒 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟓𝟐. 𝟐𝟒 𝑵
At panel 5

𝐹𝑧5 = (2193.15)(1.179)(1.716)(27.45)

𝑭𝒛𝟓 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟗𝟖. 𝟒𝟓 𝑵
At panel 6

𝐹𝑧6 = (2310.01)(1.179)(1.716)(27.45)
𝑭𝒛𝟔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟖𝟖. 𝟑𝟕 𝑵
At panel 7
𝐹𝑧7 = (2413.28)(1.179)(1.716)(27.45)

𝑭𝒛𝟕 = 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟎𝟐𝟑. 𝟓𝟔𝑵

At panel 8

𝐹𝑧8 = (2508.40)(1.179)(1.716)(27.45)
𝑭𝒛𝟖 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟑𝟎𝟔. 𝟏𝟑 𝑵

Wind force acting on the structure for both cases

Panel Case A Case C

(Tarp is not considered) (Tarp is considered)
4 47453.18 N 114252.24 N
5 50587.40 N 121798.45 N
6 53282.90 N 128288.37 N
7 55664.94 N 134023.56 N
8 57858.99 N 139306.13 N