SAPITULA, JERICHO ALFRED R.

SEPTEMBER 25, 2021

CE ELECT 2S – 7:30 AM – 9:30 AM Requirement 2

 Analysis Procedure
Wind load provisions for MWFRS of other structures and building appurtenances are given in section
207D of NSCP 2015. Section 207D.4 provides requirements for solid freestanding walls and solid signs. Section
207D.4 of the standard does not have requirements for C & C for the sign structures.
Reference: Section 207D

 Occupancy Category
The billboard sign is located away from a populated area. It is very likely that structure failure represents
low hazard to human life but it can cause damage to properties such as vehicles and structures adjacent to it; thus,
Standard Occupancy Category IV is deemed appropriate.

Reference: Table 103-1

 Basic Wind Speed, V

The billboard is located at SM Baguio. The basic wind speed may be taken as 260 kph.
m
V =72.22
S2

Reference: Fig.207A.5-1
• Exposure Category
The sign is located in SM Baguio which is a urban Area, therefore exposure category shall be
taken as, Exposure B
Reference: Table 207.6-1

• Topographic Factor, K zt

Since the billboard is assumed that is on a flat terrain. K zt =1.0

Reference: Section 207A.8.2

• Wind Directionality Factor, K d

For solid free-standing walls and solid freestanding and attached signs, K d =0.85

Reference: Table 207.6-1

• Velocity Pressure, q z ∧qh

The velocity pressures are computed using the following equation.

N m
q z =0.613 K z K zt K d V 2∈ ,V ∈
m 2
s
Where:

q z =¿ the velocity pressure evaluated at height z and V is the basic wind speed in m/s. Similarly,

N m
q h=0.613 K z K zt K d V 2 ∈ ,V ∈
m 2
s

q h=¿ the velocity pressure evaluated at height z and V is the basic wind speed in m/s.
Through interpolation, the velocity pressure exposure,
K z=0.821 at z=16 m

K h=0.821 at h=16 m

15 0.807
16 X
18 0.85

15−16 15−18
=
0.807−x 0.807−0.85
x=0.821=K z =K h @16 m

q z =0.613 ( 0.821 )( 1 ) ( 0.85 ) ( 72.22 )2

N
q z =2231.195
m2
Values for K zand the resulting pressures are computed shown in the table.
 Velocity pressure calculated for pole supports Z g=365.76 :a=7.0

z(m) Kz
z 2 qz=
( mN )
2
K z=2.01 ( )
Zg
a

0-4.5 0.572 1554.5

4.5-6.0 0.621 1687.7
6.0-10.0 0.717 1948.6

 Gust Effect Factor, G

It is required to determine the natural frequency to assess whether a structure should be considered as
flexible or rigid. The frequency for the billboard sign can be determined using structural properties and
deformational characteristics of the sign.

For simplicity, a value of n1 = 0.7Hz and the critical damping ratio of β = 0.01 is assumed for this
billboard sign structure.
Since the frequency is less than 1 Hz, the billboard sign structure is considered flexible.

1+1.7 I z √ g 2Q Q 2+ g 2R R2
Gf =0.925 ( 1+1.7 g v I z )
Where:

gQ ¿ gv shall be taken as 3.4 and g R is given by equation

0.577
g R=√ 2 ln (3600 n1 )+
√2 ln (3600 n1 )

Substituting n1 =0.7 Hzin the above equation

0.577
g R=√ 2 ln (3600( 0.7))+
√2 ln¿ ¿ ¿
g R=4.104

The intensity turbulence I z , at height z̅ shall be determined as;

1
10
I z =c ( )
z
6

Where z̅ is the equivalent height of the structure defined as 0.6h, but not less than z min for all building heights

h. z min and c are tabulated for each exposure. Therefore,

ź=0.6 ( 16 )=9.6 m ( governs )

z min =9.14 m
Then

c=0.30
Substituting to the equation
1
10
I z =0.3 ( )
9.6
6

I z =0.302
 The background response Q shall be computed as

1
Q=

Where,
√ 1+0.63
B+ h
Lz ( )
0.63

Where:

B=¿ The horizontal dimension measured normal to the wind direction, m

h=¿ The mean height, m
In this problem

B=¿ 18 m
h=¿ 16 m
L z=¿The internal length scale of turbulence at the equivalent height m, determined by the equation
ε
ź
L z=l ( )
10
Where

l=97.54
1
ε=
3
1
9.6
L z=97.54 ( ) 10
3

L z=96.222 m
Solve for Q

1
Q=

√
Q=0.868
1+0.63
18+16
96.222 ( )
0.63

The response resonant, R, factor shall be determined as,

1
R=
√ R R R (0.53+ 0.47 R L )
β n h B
Where

Rn =¿resonance response factor for n

7.47 N i
Rn = 5

( 1+10.3 N i ) 3
In which

n1 Lz
N i=
V ź

ź á
V̅ z =b́ ( )
10
V
 Where b́ and a̅ are constants, and V is the basic wind speed in m/s

b́=0.45
1
a̅ =
4
Solving for V̅ z ,
1
9.6
V̅ z =0.45 ( ) (72.22)
10
4

V̅ z =32.169 m/ s

Solving for N i,

0.7( 96.222)
N i=
32.169
N i=2.094

Solving for Rn,

7.47(2.094 )
Rn = 5
3
( 1+10.3(2.094 ) )
Rn =0.087

For Rh,

1 1
Rh = − 2 ( 1−e−2 n ) for n> 0
n 2n

Rh =1 for n=0

h
n=4.6 n 1 , equationof n for Rh
V́ z
h=16 m
solving for n ,

n=1.602>0
Therefore use the equation
1 1
Rh = − 2 ( 1−e−2 n )
n 2n

Solving for Rh

1 1
Rh = −
1.602 2¿ ¿
Rh =0.437

For R B
1 1
R B= − 2 ( 1−e−2 n ) for n>0
n 2n

R B=1 for n=0

B
n=4.6 n 1 , equationof n for RB
V́ z
Solving for n,
 18
n=4.6 (0.7)
32.169
n=1.802>0
Therefore use the equation
1 1
R B= − 2 ( 1−e−2 n )
n 2n

Solving R B,

1 1
R B= − ( 1−e−2 (1.802) )
1.802 2(1.802)2

R B=0.405

For R L ,

1 1
R L= − 2 ( 1−e−2 n ) for n>0
n 2n

R L=1 for n=0

L
n=15.4 n1 , equation of n for R L
V́ z
Solving for n,
L = horizontal dimension of the building/structure parallel to the wind direction, m
L = 2.0 m
2
n=15.4( 0.7)
32.169
n=0.670>0
Therefore use the equation
1 1
R L= − 2 ( 1−e−2 n )
n 2n

Solving for R L,

1 1
R L= −
0.670 2 ¿ ¿
R L=0.670
Solving for R,

β=0.01( assumed value)

1
R=
√ R R R (0.53+ 0.47 R L )
β n h B

1
R=
√ 0.01
(0.087)(0.437)(0.405)(0.53+0.47 (0.670))

R=1.141
Solving for G f

1+1.7 I z √ g 2Q Q 2+ g 2R R2
Gf =0.925 ( 1+1.7 g v I z )
 1+1.7( 0.302) √ (3.4 )2 ( 0.868 )2+ ( 4.104 )2 ( 1.141 )2
Gf =0.925 ( 1+ 1.7(3.4)(0.302) )
G f =1.294

Design wind force, F, on the pole supports

The design force for the solid sign is given by

F=q h G f C f A s ∈N
The design force for the support poles (Section 207D.5 of the NSCP 2015) is given by:
F=q z G f C f A s ∈ N
Where:

q z = value as determined previously

q h = value as determined previously

G = gust effect factor to be calculated by Equation 207A.9−14 because n1 < 1 Hz

A s = gross area of solid sign

A f = area projected normal to wind

C f = force coefficient value for Figure 207D.4−1

Determine the force coefficient, Cf, for the pole supports which are round:

D √ q z=( 1 ) √ 1948.6=44.142
D = diameter of the pole supports m
N
q z = calculated velocity pressure at height z ,
m2
Since the support is considered moderately smooth
5.3∧h 10
D √ q z=44.142> = =10
D 1
Interpolation,

7 0.6
10 X
25 0.7

7−10 7−25
=
0.6−x 0.6−0.7
x=0.617=C f
Therefore, compute the design force on the pole supports. The wind force, F, for pole supports shall be
determined as

F=q z G f C f A s ∈ N
Solving for F,
@ z = 4.5 m

F=(1554.5) ( 1.294 ) ( 0.617 ) ( 1 )

F=1241 N /m
F=1.241 kN /m
 @z=6m

F=( 1687.7 ) ( 1.294 ) ( 0.617 ) ( 1 )

F=1348 N /m
F=1.348 kN /m
@ z = 10 m

F=( 1948.6 ) ( 1.294 ) ( 0.617 ) ( 1 )

F=1556 N / m
F=1.556 kN /m

Wind Force Distribution on the pole Support

Design wind force, F, on the billboard solid sign

Determine the force coefficient, C f , for solid sign as follows, for the values of

s=6m
h = 16 m
B = 18 m
Evaluate:
s 6
= =0.375 for Case A∧B
h 16
B 18
= =3.0
s 6
Therefore, case C must also be considered
Interpolation ,
2

0.3 1.80
0.375 X
0.5 1.70
 0.3−0.375 0.3−0.5
=
1.80−x 1.80−1.70
x=C f =1.763

0.3 1.80
0.375 X
0.5 1.70

0.3−0.375 0.3−0.5
=
1.80−x 1.80−1.70
x=C f =1.763

2 1.763
3 X
4 1.763

0.3−0.375 0.3−0.5
=
1.80−x 1.80−1.70
x=C f =1.763

Where,
Case A: the resultant force acts normal to the face of the sign through the geometric center.
Case B: the resultant force acts normal to the face of the sign at a distance from the geometric center towards the
windward edge equal to 0.2 times the average width of the sign.
C f =2.60 for Case C , 0 ¿ s ¿

C f =1.70 for Case C , s ¿ 2 s

C f =1.15 for Case C , 2 ¿ 3 s

Case C: the resultant forces act normal to the face of the sign through the geometric center of each region.
Then the wind force, F, for Cases A and B shall be determined as
F=q z G f C f A s ∈ N
Where,

q z =2231.195 N /m2
G f =1.294

C f =1.763 for Case A∧B , A s =108 m2 for Case A∧B

C f =2.60 for Case C , 0 t 0 s ( horizontal distance ¿windward edge )

C f =1.70 for Case C , s ¿ 2 s

C f =1.15 for Case C , 2 s ¿ 3 s , A s =36 m2 for Case C

The wind force, F, for case A and B shall be computed as

F=( 2.231 ) (1.294 ) (1.763 )( 108 )

F=537.053 kN
e=0.2 ( 18 )=3.6(eccentricity for case B)

The wind force, F, for Case C shall be computed as

C f =2.60 for Case C , 0 t 0 s

F=( 2.231 ) (1.294 ) (2.60)¿

F=270.215 kN

C f =2.60 for Case C , s ¿ 2 s

F=( 2.231 ) (1.294 ) (1.70)¿

F=176.679 kN

C f =2.60 for Case C , 2 s ¿3 s

F=( 2.231 ) (1.294 ) (1.15)¿

F=119.518 kN