SAPITULA, JERICHO ALFRED R.

OCTOBER 05, 2021

CE ELECT 2S – 7:30 AM – 9:30 AM Requirement 3
  Analysis Procedure
Wind load provisions for MWFRS of other structures and building appurtenances are given in section
207D of NSCP 2015. Section 207D.4 provides requirements for solid freestanding walls and solid signs. Section
207D.4 of the standard does not have requirements for C & C for the sign structures.
Reference: Section 207D

 Occupancy Category
The structure is classified as
Standard Occupancy Category V – Miscellaneous structures
Reference: Table 103-1

 Basic Wind Speed, V

The billboard is located at Lomboy Sto. Tomas La Union. The basic wind speed may be taken as 260 kph.
m
V =72.22
s

Reference: Fig.207A.5-1
• Exposure Category
The sign is located at Lomboy Sto. Tomas La Union which is a suburban Area, where the ground surface
roughness, as defined by Surface Roughness B, therefore exposure category shall be taken as, Exposure B
Reference: Table 207.6-1

• Topographic Factor, K zt

Since the billboard is assumed that is on a flat terrain. K zt =1.0

Reference: Section 207A.8.2

• Wind Directionality Factor, K d

 For solid free-standing walls and solid freestanding and attached signs, K d =0.85

Reference: Table 207.6-1

 Gust Effect Factor, G

The gust effect factor foe flexible or dynamically sensitive structures shall be computed using the
equation

1+1.7 I z √ g 2Q Q 2+ g 2R R2
Gf =0.925 ( 1+1.7 g v I z )
Where:

gQ ¿ gv shall be taken as 3.4 and g R is given by equation

0.577
g R=√ 2 ln (3600 n1 )+
√2 ln (3600 n1 )
For billboard structures, the natural frequency n1, may be estimated by the equation

n1 =( 32.62
h )
M R a ao Pa A a

where

1
M a=
√ 1+ k m mr
In which

k m=¿2.6 for billboards and

m r =¿0.0 since no appurtenances attached

1
M a=
√ 1+(2.6)(0)
=1.0

−0.2
h
Rao=1.25 ( )
Bo
−0.2
24.5
Rao=1.25 ( )
1.5
=0.715

Pa=1.0(other conditions)

Aa =1.0(service level)

Therefore, substituting values to evaluate n1

n1 =( 32.62
24.5 )
(1.0)(0.715)(1.0)(1.0)

n1 =0.952 Hz , hence structure is considered as flexible and

0.577
g R=√ 2 ln (3600 n1 )+
√2 ln (3600 n1 )
0.577
g R=√ 2 ln (3600( 0.952))+
√ 2 ln (3600( 0.952))
g R=4.178
 The intensity turbulence I z , at height z̅ shall be determined as;
1
10
I z =c ( )
z
6

Where z̅ is the equivalent height of the structure defined as 0.6h, but not less than z min for all building heights

h. z min and c are tabulated for each exposure. Therefore,

ź=0.6 ( 24.5 ) =14.7 m ( governs )

z min =9.14 m
Then

c=0.30
Substituting to the equation
1
10
I z =0.3 ( )
14.7
6

I z =0.281

The background response Q shall be computed as

1
Q=

√
Where,
1+0.63
B+ h
Lz ( )
0.63

Where:

B=¿ The horizontal dimension measured normal to the wind direction, m

h=¿ The mean height, m
In this problem

B=¿ 9.15 m
h=¿ 24.5 m
L z=¿The internal length scale of turbulence at the equivalent height m, determined by the equation
ε
ź
L z=l ( )
10
Where
l=97.54
1
ε=
3
1
14.7
L z=97.54 ( ) 10
3

L z=110.91 m
Solve for Q

1
Q=

√ 1+0.63
9.15+24.5
(
110.91
0.63

)
 Q=0.878
The response resonant, R, factor shall be determined as,

1
R=
√ R R R (0.53+ 0.47 R L )
β n h B
Where

Rn =¿resonance response factor for n

7.47 N i
Rn = 5

( 1+10.3 N i ) 3
In which

n1 Lz
N i=
V ź

ź á
V̅ z =b́ ( )
10
V

Where b́ and a̅ are constants, and V is the basic wind speed in m/s

b́=0.45
1
a̅ =
4
Solving for V̅ z ,
1
14.7
V̅ z =0.45 ( ) (72.22)
10
4

V̅ z =35.785 m/ s

Solving for N i,

0.952(110.91)
N i=
35.785
N i=2.951

Solving for Rn,

7.47( 2.951)
Rn = 5
3
( 1+10.3(2.951) )
Rn =0.071

For Rh,

1 1
Rh = − 2 ( 1−e−2 n ) for n> 0
n 2n

Rh =1 for n=0

h
n=4.6 n 1 , equationof n for Rh
V́ z
h=24.5 m
solving for n ,

n=3.0>0
 Therefore use the equation
1 1
Rh = − 2 ( 1−e−2 n )
n 2n

Solving for Rh

1 1
Rh = −
3 2¿¿
Rh =0.278

For R B
1 1
R B= − 2 ( 1−e−2 n ) for n>0
n 2n

R B=1 for n=0

B
n=4.6 n 1 , equationof n for RB
V́ z
Solving for n,
9.15
n=4.6 (0.952)
35.785
n=1.12>0
Therefore use the equation
1 1
R B= − 2 ( 1−e−2 n )
n 2n

Solving R B,

1 1
R B= − ( 1−e−2 (1.12 ) )
1.12 2(1.12)2

R B=0.537

For R L ,

1 1
R L= − 2 ( 1−e−2 n ) for n>0
n 2n

R L=1 for n=0

L
n=15.4 n1 , equation of n for R L
V́ z
Solving for n,
L = horizontal dimension of the building/structure parallel to the wind direction, m
L=2m
2
n=15.4(0.952)
35.785
n=0.819>0
Therefore use the equation
1 1
R L= − 2 ( 1−e−2 n )
n 2n
 Solving for R L,

1 1
R L= −
0.819 2 ¿ ¿
R L=0.621
Solving for R,

β=0.01( assumed value)

1
R=
√ R R R (0.53+ 0.47 R L )
β n h B

1
R=
√ 0.01
(0.071)(0.278)( 0.537)(0.53+0.47( 0.621))

R=0.933
Solving for G f

1+1.7 I z √ g 2Q Q 2+ g 2R R2
Gf =0.925 (1+1.7 g v I z )
1+1.7(0.281) √ (3.4 )2 ( 0.878 )2+ ( 4.178 )2 ( 0.933 )2
Gf =0.925 ( 1+ 1.7(3.4)(0.281) )
G f =1.179
Velocity Pressure

based on the exposure category B of the billboard structure, the velocity pressure coefficient K h or K z which can
be determined from the table 207D.3-1 by interpolation of the following:
Velocity pressure exposure coefficients

Structure Z(m) Kz
Components
Panel 1 3.00 0.510
Panel 2 6.00 0.621
Panel 3 9.00 0.697
Panel 4 12.00 0.757
Panel 5 15.00 0.807
Panel 6 18.00 0.850
Panel 7 21.00 0.888
Panel 8 24.00 0.923

The velocity pressures are computed using the following equation.

N N
q z =0.613 K z K zt K d V 2∈ ,V ∈
m 2
m
Where:
q z =¿ the velocity pressure evaluated at height z and V is the basic wind speed in m/s. Similarly,
At panel 1:

q z =0.613 ( 0.510 ) (1 ) ( 0.85 ) ( 72.22 )2

q z =1386.004 N /m 2
At panel 2:

q z =0.613 ( 0.621 )( 1 ) ( 0.85 ) ( 72.22 )2

q z =1687.66 N /m2
 At panel 3:

q z =0.613 ( 0.697 ) ( 1 )( 0.85 ) ( 72.22 )2

q z =1894.21 N /m 2
At panel 4:

q z =0.613 ( 0.757 ) ( 1 )( 0.85 ) ( 72.22 )2

q z =2057.27 N /m 2
At panel 5:

q z =0.613 ( 0.807 ) ( 1 )( 0.85 ) ( 72.22 )2

q z =2193.15 N /m2
At panel 6:

q z =0.613 ( 0.850 ) (1 ) ( 0.85 ) ( 72.22 )2

q z =2310.01 N /m2
At panel 7:

q z =0.613 ( 0.888 ) (1 ) ( 0.85 ) ( 72.22 )2

q z =2413.28 N /m2
At panel 8:

q z =0.613 ( 0.923 ) (1 ) ( 0.85 ) ( 72.22 )2

q z =2508.40 N /m2
Velocity pressure for panels

Structure Z(m) Kz
Components qz
( mN )
2

Panel 1 3.00 0.510 1386.004

Panel 2 6.00 0.621 1687.66
Panel 3 9.00 0.697 1894.21
Panel 4 12.00 0.757 2057.27
Panel 5 15.00 0.807 2193.15
Panel 6 18.00 0.850 2310.01
Panel 7 21.00 0.888 2413.28
Panel 8 24.00 0.923 2508.40

Design wind force, F, on the billboard solid sign

The design force for the solid sign is given by
F=q z G f C f A f ∈N
Where:

q z = value as determined previously

G = gust effect factor to be calculated by Equation 207A.9−14 because n1 < 1 Hz

A s = gross area of solid sign

A f = area projected normal to wind

C f = force coefficient value for Figure 207D.4−1

Determine the force coefficient, C f , for solid sign as follows, for the values of
 s = 15 m
h = 24.5 m
B = 9.15 m
Evaluate:
s 15
= =0.612
h 24.5
B 9.15
= =0.61
s 15

Interpolation ,
0.5
0.5 1.75
0.612 X
0.7 1.70

0.5−0.612 0.5−0.7
=
1.75−x 1.75−1.70
x=C f 1=1.722

1
0.5 1.75
0.612 X
0.7 1.65

0.5−0.612 0.5−0.7
=
1.75−x 1.75−1.65
x=C f 2=1.694

0.5 1.722
0.61 X
1 1.694

0.5−0.61 0.5−1
=
1.722−x 1.722−1.694
x=C f =1.716

Two load cases shall be considered for determination of wind forces of billboard components as:
Case A: Tarp is not considered. (Tarp is assumed folded)
Case B: Tarp is partially not considered. (Exposed area of tarp is taken as 35% to 50% of the billboard surface)
 Case C: Tarp is considered.

For the problem:

Case A: Tarp is not considered.

F=q h G f C f A f
At panel 4

F z 4 =( 2057.27 ) ( 1.179 ) (1.716 ) (11.401)

F z 4 =47453.18 N
At panel 5

F z 5= (2193.15 )( 1.179 ) ( 1.716 ) (11.401)

F z 5=50587.40 N
At panel 6

F z 6 =( 2310.01 )( 1.179 ) ( 1.716 ) (11.401)

F z 6 =53282.90 N
At panel 7

F z 7= ( 2413.28 )( 1.179 ) ( 1.716 ) (11.401)

F z 7=55664.94 N
At panel 8

F z 8= ( 2508.40 )( 1.179 ) ( 1.716 ) (11.401)

F z 8=57858.99 N

Case C: Tarp is considered.

F=q h G f C f A f
At panel 4

F z 4 =( 2057.27 ) ( 1.179 ) (1.716 ) (27.45)

F z 4 =114252.24 N
At panel 5

F z 5= (2193.15 )( 1.179 ) ( 1.716 ) (27.45)

F z 5=121798.45 N
At panel 6

F z 6 =( 2310.01 )( 1.179 ) ( 1.716 ) (27.45)

F z 6 =128288.37 N
At panel 7

F z 7= ( 2413.28 )( 1.179 ) ( 1.716 ) (27.45)

F z 7=134023.56 N
At panel 8

F z 8= ( 2508.40 )( 1.179 ) ( 1.716 ) (27.45)

F z 8=139306.13 N

Wind force acting on the structure for both cases

Panel Case A Case C

(Tarp is not considered) (Tarp is considered)
4 47453.18 N 114252.24 N
5 50587.40 N 121798.45 N
6 53282.90 N 128288.37 N
7 55664.94 N 134023.56 N
8 57858.99 N 139306.13 N