SAPITULA, JERICHO ALFRED R.

SEPTEMBER 25, 2021

CE ELECT 2S – 7:30 AM – 9:30 AM Requirement 2

• Analysis Procedure
Wind load provisions for MWFRS of other structures and building appurtenances are given in section
207D of NSCP 2015. Section 207D.4 provides requirements for solid freestanding walls and solid signs. Section
207D.4 of the standard does not have requirements for C & C for the sign structures.
Reference: Section 207D

• Occupancy Category
The billboard sign is located away from a populated area. It is very likely that structure failure represents
low hazard to human life but it can cause damage to properties such as vehicles and structures adjacent to it; thus,
Standard Occupancy Category IV is deemed appropriate.
Reference: Table 103-1

• Basic Wind Speed, V

The billboard is located at SM Baguio. The basic wind speed may be taken as 260 kph.
𝒎
𝑽 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟐𝟐
𝑺𝟐

Reference: Fig.207A.5-1
• Exposure Category
The sign is located in SM Baguio which is a urban Area, therefore exposure category shall be
taken as, Exposure B
Reference: Table 207.6-1

• Topographic Factor, 𝑲𝒛𝒕

Since the billboard is assumed that is on a flat terrain. 𝑲𝒛𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟎

Reference: Section 207A.8.2

• Wind Directionality Factor, 𝑲𝒅

For solid free-standing walls and solid freestanding and attached signs, 𝑲𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
Reference: Table 207.6-1

• Velocity Pressure, 𝒒𝒛 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒𝒉

The velocity pressures are computed using the following equation.
𝑵 𝒎
𝒒𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑𝑲𝒛 𝑲𝒛𝒕 𝑲𝒅 𝑽𝟐 𝒊𝒏 𝟐 , 𝑽 𝒊𝒏
𝒎 𝒔
Where:

𝒒𝒛 = the velocity pressure evaluated at height z and V is the basic wind speed in m/s. Similarly,
𝑵 𝒎
𝒒𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑𝑲𝒛 𝑲𝒛𝒕 𝑲𝒅 𝑽𝟐 𝒊𝒏 𝟐 , 𝑽 𝒊𝒏
𝒎 𝒔

𝒒𝒉 = the velocity pressure evaluated at height z and V is the basic wind speed in m/s.
Through interpolation, the velocity pressure exposure,

𝑲𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟔 𝒎

𝑲𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒉 = 𝟏𝟔 𝒎

15 0.807
16 X
18 0.85

15 − 16 15 − 18
=
0.807 − 𝑥 0.807 − 0.85
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟏 = 𝑲𝒛 = 𝑲𝒉 @ 𝟏𝟔 𝒎

𝑞𝑧 = 0.613(0.821)(1)(0.85)(72.22)2
𝑵
𝒒𝒛 = 𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟏. 𝟏𝟗𝟓
𝒎𝟐
Values for 𝐾𝑧 and the resulting pressures are computed shown in the table.
Velocity pressure calculated for pole supports 𝑍𝑔 = 365.76 ∶ 𝑎 = 7.0
 z(m) 𝑲𝒛 𝑵
𝟐 𝒒𝒛 = ( 𝟐 )
𝒂 𝒎
𝒛
𝑲𝒛 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟏 ( )
𝒁𝒈
0-4.5 0.572 1554.5
4.5-6.0 0.621 1687.7
6.0-10.0 0.717 1948.6

• Gust Effect Factor, G

It is required to determine the natural frequency to assess whether a structure should be considered as
flexible or rigid. The frequency for the billboard sign can be determined using structural properties and
deformational characteristics of the sign.

For simplicity, a value of 𝑛1 = 0.7Hz and the critical damping ratio of β = 0.01 is assumed for this
billboard sign structure.
Since the frequency is less than 1 Hz, the billboard sign structure is considered flexible.

1 + 1.7𝐼𝑧 √ 𝑔𝑄2 𝑄 2 + 𝑔𝑅2 𝑅 2

𝐺𝑓 = 0.925
1 + 1.7𝑔𝑣 𝐼𝑧
( )
Where:

𝑔𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑣 shall be taken as 3.4 and 𝑔𝑅 is given by equation

0.577
𝑔𝑅 = √ 2𝑙𝑛(3600𝑛1 ) +
√ 2𝑙𝑛(3600𝑛1 )

Substituting 𝑛1 = 0.7 𝐻𝑧 in the above equation

0.577
𝑔𝑅 = √ 2𝑙𝑛(3600(0.7) ) +
√ 2𝑙𝑛(3600(0.70 )

𝒈𝑹 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟎𝟒
The intensity turbulence 𝐼𝑧 , at height z̅ shall be determined as;
1
10 6
𝐼𝑧 = 𝑐 ( )
𝑧
Where z̅ is the equivalent height of the structure defined as 0.6h, but not less than 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 for all building heights

h. 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 and c are tabulated for each exposure. Therefore,

𝑧̅ = 0.6(16) = 9.6 𝑚 (𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠)

𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 9.14 𝑚
Then

𝑐 = 0.30
Substituting to the equation
1
10 6
𝐼𝑧 = 0.3 ( )
9.6
𝑰𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟐
The background response Q shall be computed as

𝟏
𝑸=
√ 𝑩 + 𝒉 𝟎.𝟔𝟑
𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑 ( )
𝐿𝑧

Where,
Where:

𝐵 = The horizontal dimension measured normal to the wind direction, m

ℎ = The mean height, m
In this problem

𝐵 = 18 m

ℎ = 16 m
𝐿𝑧 =The internal length scale of turbulence at the equivalent height m, determined by the equation
𝑧̅ ε
𝐿𝑧 = 𝑙 ( )
10
Where

𝑙 = 97.54
1
ε =
3
1
9.6 3
𝐿𝑧 = 97.54 ( )
10
𝐿𝑧 = 96.222 𝑚
Solve for Q

1
𝑄=
√ 18 + 16 0.63
1 + 0.63 ( )
96.222

𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟖
The response resonant, R, factor shall be determined as,

1
𝑅 = √ 𝑅𝑛 𝑅ℎ 𝑅𝐵 (0.53 + 0.47𝑅𝐿 )
𝛽

Where

𝑅𝑛 = resonance response factor for n

7.47𝑁𝑖
𝑅𝑛 = 5
(1 + 10.3𝑁𝑖 )3

In which

𝑛1 𝐿𝑧
𝑁𝑖 =
𝑉𝑧̅

𝑧̅ 𝑎̅
𝑉̅𝑧 = 𝑏̅ ( ) 𝑉
10
Where 𝑏̅ and 𝑎̅ are constants, and V is the basic wind speed in m/s

𝑏̅ = 0.45
 1
𝑎̅ =
4
Solving for 𝑉̅𝑧 ,
1
9.6 4
𝑉̅𝑧 = 0.45 ( ) (72.22)
10
𝑽̅𝒛 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟔𝟗 𝒎/𝒔

Solving for 𝑁𝑖 ,
0.7(96.222)
𝑁𝑖 =
32.169
𝑵𝒊 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟒

Solving for 𝑅𝑛 ,
7.47(2.094)
𝑅𝑛 = 5
(1 + 10.3(2.094))3

𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟕

For 𝑅ℎ ,
1 1
𝑅ℎ = − 2 (1 − 𝑒 −2𝑛 )𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 > 0
𝑛 2𝑛
𝑅ℎ = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0
ℎ
𝑛 = 4.6𝑛1 ̅ , 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅ℎ
𝑉𝑧

ℎ = 16 𝑚

solving for 𝑛,
𝑛 = 1.602 > 0
Therefore use the equation
1 1
𝑅ℎ = − 2 (1 − 𝑒 −2𝑛 )
𝑛 2𝑛
Solving for 𝑅ℎ
1 1
𝑅ℎ = − (1 − 𝑒 −2(1.602) )
1.602 2(1.602)2

𝑹𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟕
For 𝑅𝐵
1 1
𝑅𝐵 = − 2 (1 − 𝑒 −2𝑛 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 > 0
𝑛 2𝑛
𝑅𝐵 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0
𝐵
𝑛 = 4.6𝑛1 ̅ , 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝐵
𝑉𝑧
Solving for n,
18
𝑛 = 4.6(0.7)
32.169
𝑛 = 1.802 > 0
Therefore use the equation
1 1
𝑅𝐵 = − 2 (1 − 𝑒 −2𝑛 )
𝑛 2𝑛
 Solving 𝑅𝐵 ,
1 1
𝑅𝐵 = − (1 − 𝑒 −2(1.802) )
1.802 2(1.802)2
𝑹𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟓

For 𝑅𝐿 ,
1 1
𝑅𝐿 = − 2 (1 − 𝑒 −2𝑛 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 > 0
𝑛 2𝑛
𝑅𝐿 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0
𝐿
𝑛 = 15.4𝑛1 ̅ , 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑧
Solving for n,
L = horizontal dimension of the building/structure parallel to the wind direction, m
L = 2.0 m
2
𝑛 = 15.4(0.7)
32.169
𝑛 = 0.670 > 0
Therefore use the equation
1 1
𝑅𝐿 = − 2 (1 − 𝑒 −2𝑛 )
𝑛 2𝑛

Solving for 𝑅𝐿 ,
1 1
𝑅𝐿 = − (1 − 𝑒 −2(0.670) )
0.670 2(0.670)2

𝑹𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟎
Solving for R,

𝛽 = 0.01 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)

1
𝑅 = √ 𝑅𝑛 𝑅ℎ 𝑅𝐵 (0.53 + 0.47𝑅𝐿 )
𝛽

1
𝑅=√ (0.087)(0.437)(0.405)(0.53 + 0.47(0.670))
0.01

𝑹 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟏
Solving for 𝐺𝑓

1 + 1.7𝐼𝑧 √ 𝑔𝑄2 𝑄 2 + 𝑔𝑅2 𝑅 2

𝐺𝑓 = 0.925
1 + 1.7𝑔𝑣 𝐼𝑧
( )

1 + 1.7(0.302)√ (3.4)2 (0.868)2 + (4.104)2 (1.141)2

𝐺𝑓 = 0.925 ( )
1 + 1.7(3.4)(0.302)

𝑮𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝟒

Design wind force, F, on the pole supports

The design force for the solid sign is given by
 𝐹 = 𝑞ℎ 𝐺𝑓 𝐶𝑓 𝐴𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑁

The design force for the support poles (Section 207D.5 of the NSCP 2015) is given by:

𝐹 = 𝑞𝑧 𝐺𝑓 𝐶𝑓 𝐴𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑁

Where:

𝑞𝑧 = value as determined previously

𝑞ℎ = value as determined previously

𝐺 = gust effect factor to be calculated by Equation 207A.9−14 because 𝑛1 < 1 Hz

𝐴𝑠 = gross area of solid sign

𝐴𝑓 = area projected normal to wind

𝐶𝑓 = force coefficient value for Figure 207D.4−1

Determine the force coefficient, Cf, for the pole supports which are round:

𝐷 √𝑞𝑧 = (1)√1948.6 = 44.142

𝐷 = diameter of the pole supports m

𝑁
𝑞𝑧 = calculated velocity pressure at height 𝑧,
𝑚2

Since the support is considered moderately smooth

ℎ 10
𝐷 √𝑞𝑧 = 44.142 > 5.3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = 10
𝐷 1
Interpolation,

7 0.6
10 X
25 0.7

7 − 10 7 − 25
=
0.6 − 𝑥 0.6 − 0.7
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟕 = 𝑪𝒇

Therefore, compute the design force on the pole supports. The wind force, F, for pole supports shall be
determined as
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑧 𝐺𝑓 𝐶𝑓 𝐴𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑁

Solving for F,
@ z = 4.5 m

𝐹 = (1554.5)(1.294)(0.617)(1)
𝐹 = 1241 𝑁/𝑚

𝑭 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟒𝟏 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
@z=6m

𝐹 = (1687.7)(1.294)(0.617)(1)
𝐹 = 1348 𝑁/𝑚

𝑭 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
@ z = 10 m

𝐹 = (1948.6)(1.294)(0.617)(1)
𝐹 = 1556 𝑁/𝑚

𝑭 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
 Wind Force Distribution on the pole Support

Design wind force, F, on the billboard solid sign

Determine the force coefficient, 𝐶𝑓 , for solid sign as follows, for the values of

s=6m
h = 16 m
B = 18 m
Evaluate:
𝑠 6
= = 0.375 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
ℎ 16
𝐵 18
= = 3.0
𝑠 6
Therefore, case C must also be considered
Interpolation ,
2

0.3 1.80
0.375 X
0.5 1.70

0.3 − 0.375 0.3 − 0.5

=
1.80 − 𝑥 1.80 − 1.70
𝒙 = 𝑪𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝟑

0.3 1.80
0.375 X
0.5 1.70

0.3 − 0.375 0.3 − 0.5

=
1.80 − 𝑥 1.80 − 1.70
 𝒙 = 𝑪𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝟑

2 1.763
3 X
4 1.763

0.3 − 0.375 0.3 − 0.5

=
1.80 − 𝑥 1.80 − 1.70
𝒙 = 𝑪𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝟑

Where,
Case A: the resultant force acts normal to the face of the sign through the geometric center.
Case B: the resultant force acts normal to the face of the sign at a distance from the geometric center towards the
windward edge equal to 0.2 times the average width of the sign.

𝐶𝑓 = 2.60 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶, 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑠 (ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒0

𝐶𝑓 = 1.70 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶, 𝑠 𝑡𝑜 2𝑠

𝐶𝑓 = 1.15 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶, 2 𝑡𝑜 3𝑠

Case C: the resultant forces act normal to the face of the sign through the geometric center of each region.
Then the wind force, F, for Cases A and B shall be determined as
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑧 𝐺𝑓 𝐶𝑓 𝐴𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑁

Where,

𝑞𝑧 = 2231.195 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐺𝑓 = 1.294

𝐶𝑓 = 1.763 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵, 𝐴𝑠 = 108 𝑚2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵

𝐶𝑓 = 2.60 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶, 0 𝑡0 𝑠 (ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒)

𝐶𝑓 = 1.70 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶, 𝑠 𝑡𝑜 2𝑠

𝐶𝑓 = 1.15 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶, 2𝑠 𝑡𝑜 3𝑠, 𝐴𝑠 = 36 𝑚2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶

The wind force, F, for case A and B shall be computed as

𝐹 = (2.231)(1.294)(1.763)(108)

𝑭 = 𝟓𝟑𝟕. 𝟎𝟓𝟑 𝒌𝑵
𝑒 = 0.2(18) = 3.6(𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐵)
The wind force, F, for Case C shall be computed as
𝐶𝑓 = 2.60 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶, 0 𝑡0 𝑠

𝐹 = (2.231)(1.294)(2.60)((36)

𝑭 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑵

𝐶𝑓 = 2.60 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶, 𝑠 𝑡𝑜 2𝑠

𝐹 = (2.231)(1.294)(1.70)((36)

𝑭 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟗 𝒌𝑵
𝐶𝑓 = 2.60 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶, 2𝑠 𝑡𝑜 3𝑠

𝐹 = (2.231)(1.294)(1.15)((36)

𝑭 = 𝟏𝟏𝟗. 𝟓𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝑵