OHELEN, Jarren Lis B CE ELECT 2S Plate 103

BSCE 3 WSat 7:30 – 9:30 a.m.

Instruction: Calculate/solve the following problems. NO SOLUTION NO CREDIT.

Problem
Determine the design wind forces for the billboard solid sign supported by a flexible pole as shown in accordance
with Analytical Procedure on wind load calculation stipulated on the NSCP-2015. (See typical plan).***Assume other
considerations needed.

Location: Pico, La Trinidad, Benguet

Terrain: Flat terrain (assumed)

TYPICAL PLAN
SOLUTION:
ANALYSIS PROCEDURE: Ref. Section 207D
Wind load provisions for MWFRS of other structures are given in Section 207D of NSCP 2015. Section 207D.4 provides
requirements for solid freestanding walls and solid signs.
Section 207D.4 of the Standard does not have requirements for C&C for sign structures.

OCCUPANCY CATEGORY: Ref. Table 103-1

The billboard sign is located in a place where it can cause damage to properties such as vehicles and structures
adjacent to it. Thus, the occupancy category used is
Standard Occupancy (Category IV).

BASIC WIND SPEED: Ref. Figure 207A.5-1A

The billboard is located in Pico, La Trinidad, Benguet. From the
wind hazard map, the basic wind speed is taken as 265 kph or
V = 73.61 m/s.

EXPOSURE CATEGORY: Ref. Section 207A.7

The sign is located in a suburban area. Thus, it is under
Exposure B.

TOPOGRAPHIC CATEGORY, Kzt: Ref. Section 207A.8.2

The billboard is on a flat terrain, thus
Kzt= 1.0

WIND DIRECTIONALITY FACTOR Kd: Ref. Table 207A.6-1

For solid free-standing walls and solid free-standing and attached signs.
Kd = 0.85.

VELOCITY PRESSURE, qz and qh: Ref. Equation 207D.3-1

The velocity pressure, qz and qh , shall be determined ad
𝑁
𝑞𝑧 = 0.613𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2 𝑖𝑛 ,𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚2
where
q z = the velocity pressure evaluated at height z and V is the basic wind speed in m/s
Similarly,
𝑁
q h = 0.613𝐾ℎ 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2 𝑖𝑛 ,𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚2
where
q h = the velocity pressure evaluated at height z and V is the basic wind speed in m/s

Through interpolation, the velocity pressure exposure, K z and Kh are

*** Interpolation for z=h=7.8 m Ref. Table 207D.3-1

7.5 − 7.8 7.5 − 9

Height Coeff. =
(Exposure B) 0.662 − 𝑥 0.662 − 0.697
(−1.5)(0.662 − 𝑥) = 0.0105
7.5 0.662 1.5𝑥 = 0.0105 + 0.993
7.8 x 𝑥 = 0.669
9.0 0.697
𝑲𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟗 𝑎𝑡 ℎ = 7.8 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑲𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟗 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 = 7.8 𝑚
Substituting the values,
𝑞𝑧 = 0.613(0.669)(1.0)(0.85)(73.612 )
𝒒𝒛 = 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟗 𝑵/𝒎𝟐

Values for Kz and the resulting velocity pressure are

Z (m) Kz Ref. Table 207D.3-1 qz (N/m2)

0 – 4.5 0.572 1615
4.5 – 4.8 0.582 1643

GUST FACTOR, G: Ref. Section 207A.9.2

It is required to determine the natural frequency to assess whether a structure should be considered as flexible or
rigid. The frequency for the billboard solid sign can be determined using structural properties and deformational
characteristics of the sign.

For simplicity, a value of n1 = 0.7 Hz and the critical damping ratio β = 0.01 is assumed for this billboard sign structure.

Since the frequency is less than 1 Hz, the billboard sign structure is considered flexible.

1+1.7𝐼𝑧 √𝑔𝑄 2 𝑄2 +𝑔𝑅 2 𝑅 2

𝐺𝑓 = 0.925 ( ) Equation 207A.9-10
1+1.7𝑔𝑣 𝐼z̅

where,

• 𝑔𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑉 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 3.4

• 𝑔𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
0.577
𝑔𝑅 = √2ln (3600𝑛1 ) + 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 207𝐴. 9 − 11
√2ln (3600𝑛1 )

Substituting n1 = 0.7Hz = 0.7(7.8) = 5.46

0.577
𝑔𝑅 = √2ln (3600 𝑥 0.7) +
√2ln (3600 𝑥 0.7)
𝒈𝑹 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟎𝟒

• The intensity turbulence Iz, at height 𝑧̅ shall be determined as

10 1/6
𝐼𝑧̅ = 𝑐 ( ) 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 207𝐴. 9 − 7
𝑧̅
Where 𝑧̅ is the equivalent height of the structure defined as 0.6h, but not less than Z min for all building heights
h. Zmin and c are tabulated for each exposure. Therefore, (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 207𝐴. 9 − 1)

z̅ = 0.6h = 0.6(7.8) = 4.68 m

Zmin = 9.14 m (governs)
and
c = 0.30

substituting to the equation,

10 1/6
𝐼𝑧̅ = 0.30 ( )
9.14
𝑰𝒛̅ = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟓

• The background response Q shall be computed as

1
𝑄=√ 0.63 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 207𝐴. 3 & 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 207𝐴. 9 − 8
𝐵+ℎ
1+0.63 ( ) 𝐿𝑧̅
where,
B = the horizontal dimension measured normal to the wind direction, m
h = the mean height, m
in this problem
B=6m
h = 7.8 m
and
Lz̅ = the integral length scale of turbulence at the equivalent height, m, determined by the equation
𝑧̅ 𝑒̅
Lz̅ = ℓ ( ) 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 207𝐴. 9 − 9 & 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 207𝐴. 9 − 1
10
where,
ℓ = 97.54 m
𝑒̅ = 1/3
Substituting in the equation,
9.14 1/3
Lz̅ = 97.54 ( )
10
𝐋𝐳̅ = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟔𝟔 𝐦

Solving for Q,
1
𝑄=
√ 6 + 7.8 0.63
1 + 0.63 ( )
94.66

𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟖

• The response resonant, R, factor shall be determined as

1
𝑅 = √ 𝑅𝑛 𝑅ℎ 𝑅𝐵 (0.53 + 0.47𝑅𝐿 ) 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 207𝐴. 9 − 12
ᵝ

Where,
7.47𝑁1
▪ 𝑹𝒏 = ( 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 207𝐴. 9 − 13
1+10.3𝑁1 )5/3
𝑛1 𝐿𝑧̅
Where, 𝑁1 = ̅𝑧̅
------- 𝐋𝐳̅ = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟔𝟔 𝐦
𝑉
𝑎̅
𝑧̅
-------- 𝑉̅ 𝑧̅ = 𝑏̅ ( ) 𝑉 ; 𝑏̅ = 0.45 , 𝑎̅ = 1/4, 𝑉 = 73.61𝑚/𝑠
10
9.14 1/4
𝑉̅𝑧̅ = 0.45 ( ) (73.61)
10
̅ 𝒛̅ = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟑𝟗 𝒎/𝒔
𝑽
Substituting it, we have,
𝑁1 = 0.7(94.66)/ 32.39
N1 = 2.046

Thus, Rn is equal to,

𝑅𝑛 = (7.47 𝑥 2.046)/ [1 + 10.3(2.046)]5/3
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟖

1 1
▪ Rh: 𝑅ℎ = − (1 − 𝑒 −2𝜂 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜂 > 0 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 207𝐴. 9 − 15𝑎
𝜂 2𝜂2
𝑅ℎ = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜂 = 0

**where
ℎ 7.8
𝜂 = 4.6𝑛1 (𝑉̅ 𝑧̅) = 4.6 (0.7) 32.39 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟓; 𝜂 > 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, use the equation

1 1
𝑅ℎ = 𝜂 − 2𝜂2 (1 − 𝑒 −2𝜂 )
 Substituting values,
1 1
𝑅ℎ = 0.775 − 2(0.775)2 [1 − 𝑒 −2(0.775) ]
𝑹𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟓

1 1
▪ RB: 𝑅𝐵 = −
𝜂 2𝜂2
(1 − 𝑒 −2𝜂 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜂 > 0 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 207𝐴. 9 − 15𝑎
𝑅𝐵 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜂 = 0

**where
𝐵 6
𝜂 = 4.6𝑛1 (𝑉̅ 𝑧̅) = 4.6 (0.7) 32.39 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟔 ; 𝜂 > 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, use the equation
1 1
𝑅𝐵 = 𝜂 − 2𝜂2 (1 − 𝑒 −2𝜂 )

Substituting values,
1 1
𝑅𝐵 = − [1 − 𝑒 −2(0.596)]
0.596 2(0.596)2
𝑹𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟖

1 1
▪ RL: 𝑅𝐿 = 𝜂 − 2𝜂2 (1 − 𝑒 −2𝜂 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜂 > 0 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 207𝐴. 9 − 15𝑎
𝑅𝐿 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜂 = 0

**where
𝐿
𝜂 = 15.4𝑛1 ( ̅ ̅)
𝑉𝑧
L = horizontal dimension of the building/structure parallel to the win direction, m
L = 0.25 m

0.25
𝜂 = 15.4 (0.7) 32.39 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑 ; 𝜂 > 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, use the equation
1 1
𝑅𝐿 = − (1 − 𝑒 −2𝜂 )
𝜂 2𝜂2

Substituting values,
1 1
𝑅𝐿 = − [1 − 𝑒 −2(0.083) ]
0.083 2(0.083)2
𝑹𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟕

Solving for R,
𝛽 = 0.01 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚)
1
𝑅 = √ 𝑅𝑛 𝑅ℎ 𝑅𝐵 (0.53 + 0.47𝑅𝐿 )
ᵝ

1
𝑅=√ (0.088)(0.635)(0.698)(0.53 + 0.47(0.947))
0.01
𝑹 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟓

Now, solving for Gf, substituting all values,

1 + 1.7𝐼𝑧 √𝑔𝑄 2 𝑄 2 + 𝑔𝑅 2 𝑅 2
𝐺𝑓 = 0.925 ( )
1 + 1.79𝑔𝑣 𝐼z̅

1 + 1.7(0.305)√(3.4)2 (0.918)2 + (4.104)2 (1.95)2

𝐺𝑓 = 0.925 ( )
1 + 1.7(3.4)(0.305)
𝑮𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟑
 DESIGN WIND FORCE, ON THE POLE SUPPORTS:
The design force for the solid sign is given by

𝐹 = 𝑞ℎ 𝐺𝑓 𝐶𝑓 𝐴𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑁 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 207𝐷. 4 & 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 207𝐷. 4 − 1

The design force for the support poles (section 207D.5 of the NSCP 2015) is given by

𝐹 = 𝑞𝑧 𝐺𝑓 𝐶𝑓 𝐴𝑓 𝑖𝑛 𝑁 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 207𝐷. 5 & 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 207𝐷. 5 − 1

where,

q z = value as determined previously

q h = value determined at the top of the sign
𝐺 = gust effect factor to be determined by Equation 207A. 9 − 14 because n1 < 1 𝐻𝑧
A𝑠 = gross area of solid sign
A𝑓 = area projected normal to wind
𝐶𝑓 = force coefficient value from Figure 207D. 4 − 1

Determine the force coefficient, Cf, for pole supports which are round
𝐷√𝑞𝑧 = (0.25)√1643 = 10.13

In which
D = the diameter of the pole supports, m
q 𝑧 = calculated velocity pressure at height z, N/m2

ℎ 4.8
Since the support is considered moderately smooth, 𝐷√𝑞𝑧 = 10.13 > 5.3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = 19.2
𝐷 0.25
Performing linear interpolation, the force coefficient is taken as

Height Cf
7 0.6
19.2 x
25 0.7

7 − 19.2 7 − 25
=
0.6 − 𝑥 0.6 − 0.7
(−18)(0.6 − 𝑥) = 1.22
18𝑥 = 1.22 + 10.8
𝑥 = 0.668

𝑪𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟖

Therefore, compute the design force on the pole supports. The wind force, F, for pole supports shall be determined
as
𝐹 = 𝑞ℎ 𝐺𝑓 𝐶𝑓 𝐴𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑁
Solving for F and substituting in the equation

At z = 4.5 m
F = (1615)(1.83)(0.668)(0.25)
F = 494 N/m
𝐅 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟒 𝐤𝐍/𝐦

At z = 4.8 m
F = (1643)(1.83)(0.668)(0.25)
F = 502 N/m
𝐅 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟐 𝐤𝐍/𝐦
 DESIGN WIND FORCE, F, ON THE BILLBOARD SOLID SIGN:
Determine the force coefficient, Cf, for solid sign as follows, for the values of

s=3m
h = 7.8 m
B=6m

Evaluate
s/h = 3/7.8 = 0.385 for Case A and Case B
B/s = 6/3 = 2
Therefore, Case C must also be considered

Then,
***Linear Interpolation for Case A and B
s/h B/s (2)
0.3 1.8
0.385 x
0.5 1.7

0.3 − 0.385 0.3 − 0.5

=
1.8 − 𝑥 1.8 − 1.7
(−0.2)(1.8 − 𝑥) = −0.0085
0.2𝑥 = −0.0085 + 0.36
𝑥 = 1.758

𝑪𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟖

where,
Case A: The resultant force acts normal to the face of the sign through the geometric center.
Case B: The resultant force acts normal to he face of the sign at a distance from the geometric center toward the
windward edge equal to 0.2 times the average width of the sign.

*** Case C @ B/s = 2

0 to s = 2.25
s to 2s = 1.50

Case C: The resultant forces act normal to the face of the sign through the geometric center of each region.
Then the wind force, F, for Cases A and B shall be determined as
𝐹 = 𝑞ℎ 𝐺𝑓 𝐶𝑓 𝐴𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑁
in which
q z = 1889 N/m2
Gf = 1.83
Cf = 1.758 for Case A and B, As = 18 m2 for Case A and B
Cf = 2.25 for Case C, 0 to s (horizontal distance from windward edge)
Cf = 1.5 for Case C, s to 2s, As = 1.5 m2 for Case C

The wind force, F, for Case A and Case B shall be computed as

F = (1.889)(1.83)(1.758)(18)
𝐅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟑𝟖𝟗 𝐤𝐍
𝑒 = 0.2(6) = 1.2 𝑚 (𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐵)

The wind force, F for Case C shall be computed as

Cf = 2.25 for Case C, 0 to s, substituting in the equation

F = (1.889)(1.83)(2.25)(1.5)
𝐅 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 𝐤𝐍

Cf = 1.5 for Case C, s to 2s, substituting in the equation

F = (1.889)(1.83)(1.5)(1.5)
𝐅 = 𝟕. 𝟕𝟖 𝐤𝐍