EEN-206 Mid Term Examination (Solution)

1. For the circuit given in figure. Find out (4 p.)

a. The total real & reactive powers and power factor at the source.
b. Value of capacitor required to connect parallel to the source to improve the overall
power factor to unity.
Solutions:
220
a. 𝐼 = 110+𝑗20 = 1.936 − 𝑗0.352 = 1.967∠ − 10.304∘ 𝐴
Power at source = 𝑉𝐼 ∗ = 220(1.936 + 𝑗0.352) = 425.92 + 𝑗77.44 𝑉𝐴
Power factor = 0.983
b. Add a capacitor parallel to source to make it unity power factor.
𝑉2
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 77.44𝑉𝐴𝑟 =
𝑋𝑐
2 2
𝑉 220 1
𝑋𝑐 = = = 625Ω =
77.44 77.44 2πfC
1
𝐶= = 5.09𝜇𝐹
2𝜋 × 50 × 625

2. Find the loop inductance and reactance per kilometer of single-phase overhead line consisting
of two conductors, each having diameter of 2 cm. The spacing between conductors is 3 meters
and the frequency is 50 Hz. If the diameter of one of the conductor is increased by 1.5 times
then what will be the new loop inductance per kilometer. (3 p.)
1 300 𝐻
Solution: Loop inductance, 𝐿 = 2 (2 + 2 × ln ( 1
10−7 = 2.381 × 10−3 𝑘𝑚
)) ×
Ω
𝑋 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 0.748
𝑘𝑚
If the diameter of one of the conductor is increased by 1.5 times, i.e., 3 cm
New loop inductance,
1 300 1 300 𝐻
𝐿 = [( + 2 × ln ( )) + ( + 2 × ln ( ))] × 10−7 = 2.3 × 10−3
2 1 2 1.5 𝑘𝑚
Ω
𝑋 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 0.723
𝑘𝑚

3. Find the mutual GMD and self GMR for phase b after transposition. Conductors are having
radius of 2 cm. (6 p.)
 Solution: We can calculate the various distances
𝐷𝑎𝑏 = 𝐷𝑏𝑐 = 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ = 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ = √32 + 32 = 4.243𝑚
𝐷𝑎𝑎′ = 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ = √42 + 62 = 7.211𝑚
𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ = 𝐷𝑏𝑎′ = 𝐷𝑐𝑏′ = 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ = √32 + 72 = 7.616𝑚
Mutual GMD of phase b in position-1
4
𝐺𝑀𝐷1 = 4√𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ = √4.243 × 4.243 × 7.616 × 7.616 = 5.685𝑚
Self GMR of phase b in position-1
2 2
𝐺𝑀𝑅1 = √𝑅′𝐷𝑏𝑏′ = √0.7788 × 0.02 × 10 = 0.395𝑚
Mutual GMD of phase b in position-2
4
𝐺𝑀𝐷2 = 4√𝐷𝑐𝑏 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑏′ 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ = √4.243 × 6 × 7.616 × 4 = 5.277𝑚
Self GMR of phase b in position-2
2 2
𝐺𝑀𝑅2 = √𝑅′𝐷𝑐𝑐′ = √0.7788 × 0.02 × 7.211 = 0.335𝑚
Mutual GMD of phase b in position-3
𝐺𝑀𝐷3 = 4√𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ = 5.277𝑚
Self GMR of phase b in position-3
2
𝐺𝑀𝑅3 = √𝑅′𝐷𝑎𝑎′ = 0.335𝑚
Equivalent mutual GMD is
𝐷𝑚 = 3√𝐺𝑀𝐷1 × 𝐺𝑀𝐷2 × 𝐺𝑀𝐷3 = 5.410𝑚
Self-GMR is
𝐷𝑠 = 3√𝐺𝑀𝑅1 × 𝐺𝑀𝑅2 × 𝐺𝑀𝑅3 = 0.354𝑚

4. In Indian 3-phase transmission line connected in a triangular fashion, determine the

capacitance per phase per km and reactance per phase per km (𝐷𝑎𝑏 = 5𝑚, 𝐷𝑏𝑐 = 4𝑚, 𝐷𝑐𝑎 =
6𝑚). Diameter of conductors is 2.5 cm. Assume the line is transposed. (3 p.)
Solution: The arrangement of conductors of the 3-phase line is in triangular fashion.
The equivalent equilateral spacing is
3
𝑑 = 3√𝑑𝑎𝑏 𝑑𝑏𝑐 𝑑𝑐𝑎 = √5 × 4 × 6 = 4.93𝑚
Conductor radius, r = 2.5/2 = 1.25 cm
Conductor spacing, d = 4.93 m = 493 cm
2𝜋𝜖0 𝐹 2𝜋 × 8.854 × 10−12 𝜇𝐹
𝐶𝑎𝑛 = = = 9.3 × 10−3
𝑑 493
ln ( 𝑟 ) 𝑚 ln (
1.25
) 𝑘𝑚
1 1 Ω
𝑋= = −9
= 3.42 × 105
2𝜋𝑓𝐶 2𝜋 × 50 × 9.3 × 10 𝑘𝑚

5. A 3-phase, 50 Hz transmission line 100 km long delivers 20 MW at 0.9 pf lagging and at 110
kV. The resistance and reactance of the line per phase per km are 0.2 Ω and 0.4 Ω respectively,
while capacitance admittance is 2.5 × 10−6siemen/km/phase. Load is connected in Y-
connection. (6 p.)
a. Calculate the line-to-line magnitude of current and voltage at the sending end under
nominal T-representation.
 b. Calculate the voltage regulation.
Solution: Total resistance/phase, R = 0.2 × 100 = 20 Ω
Total reactance/phase, XL = 0.4 × 100 = 40 Ω
Total capacitance admittance/phase, Y = 2.5 × 10−6 × 100 = 2.5 × 10−4 S
Phase impedance, Z = 20 + j40
Receiving end voltage/phase, VR = 110 × 103 /√3 = 63508 V
20×106
Load current, IR = = 116.6 𝐴
√3×110×103 ×0.9
cos φ = 0.9; sin φ = 0.435
Taking receiving end voltage as the reference phasor, we have,
VR = VR + j0 = 63508 V
Load current, IR = IR (cos φ − j sin φ) = 116.6 (0.9 − j 0.435) = 105 − j50.7
Voltage across C, V1 = VR+ IR Z/2 = 63508 + (105 − j 50.7) (10 + j 20) = 63508 + (2064 + j1593)
= 65572 + j1593
Charging current, IC = j YV1 = j 2.5 × 10−4 (65572 + j1593) = − 0.4 + j 16.4 = 16.4 A
Sending end current, IS = IR + IC = (105 − j 50.7) + (− 0.4 + j16.4) = (104.6 − j 34.3) = 110
∠−18.150 A
∴ Sending end current = 110 A
Sending end voltage, VS = V1 + IS Z/2 = (65572 + j1593) + (104.6 − j34.3) (10 + j20) = 67304 + j
3342
∴ Magnitude of VS = √(67304)2 + (3342)2 = 67387 V
∴ Line value of sending end voltage = 67387 × √3 = 116717 V = 116.717 kV
116.717−110
Voltage regulation = 110
× 100 = 6.1%

6. A transmission line has a span of 150 m between level supports. The conductor has a cross-
sectional area of 2𝑐𝑚2 . The tension in the conductor is 2000 kg. If the specific gravity of the
𝑔𝑚
conductor material is 9.9 2 and wind pressure is 1.5 kg/m length, calculate the sag? (2 p.)
𝑐𝑚
Solution: Span length, l = 150 m;
Working tension, T = 2000 kg
Wind force/m length of conductor, ww = 1.5 kg/m
Wt. of conductor/m length, w = Sp. Gravity × Volume of 1 m conductor = 9.9 × 2 × 100 = 1980
gm = 1.98 kg/m
Total weight of 1 m length of conductor is wt = √𝑤 2 + 𝑤𝑤 2 = √1.982 + 1.52 = 2.48 kg/m
𝑤𝑡𝑙 2 2.48×1502
∴ Sag, S = 8𝑇
= 8×2000
= 3.48 𝑚

7. A 3-phase transmission line is being supported by three disc insulators. The potentials across
top unit (i.e., near to the tower) and middle unit are 8 kV and 11 kV respectively. Calculate: (3
p.)
a. Line-to-line voltage
b. String efficiency
Solution: It is given that V1 = 8 kV and V2 = 11 kV.
a. Let K be the ratio of capacitance between pin and earth to self capacitance. If C farad is
the self capacitance of each unit, then capacitance between pin and earth = KC. Applying
Kirchoff’s current law to Junction A (top),
I2 = I1 + i1 or V2 ω C = V1 ω C + V1 K ω C or V2 = V1 (1 + K)
𝑉 −𝑉 11−8
∴ K = 2𝑉 1 = 8 = 0.375
1
Applying Kirchoff’s current law to Junction B (middle),
I3 = I2 + i2 or V3 ω C = V2 ω C + (V1 + V2) K ω C or V3 = V2 + (V1 + V2) K = 11 + (8 + 11) ×
0.375 = 18.12 kV
Voltage between line and earth = V1 + V2 + V3 = 8 + 11 + 18.12 = 37.12 kV
 ∴ Line Voltage = 3 × 37.12 = 64.28 kV
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 37.12
b. 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = No.of insulators×V3
× 100 = 3×18.12 × 100 = 68.28%

8. A 132 kV line with 1.956 cm diameter conductors is built so that corona takes place if the line
voltage exceeds 210 kV (rms). If the value of potential gradient at which ionisation occurs can
be taken as 30 kV (peak) per cm, find the spacing between the conductors. Assume smooth
conductors (irregularity factor 𝑚𝑜 = 1) and standard pressure and temperature for which air
density factor 𝛿 = 1. (2 p.)
Solution: Assume the line is 3-phase.
Conductor radius, r = 1.956/2 = 0.978 cm
30
Dielectric strength of air, 𝑔𝑜 = 2 = 21.2 kV (r.m.s.) per cm
√
210
Disruptive voltage/phase, 𝑉𝑐 = = 121.25 kV
√3
Let d cm be the spacing between the conductors.
∴ Disruptive voltage (r.m.s.) per phase is
𝑑 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑚𝑜 𝑔𝑜 𝛿 𝑟 log 𝑒 𝑘𝑉 = 1 × 21.2 × 1 × 0.978 × log 𝑒
𝑟 𝑟
𝑑
121.25 = 20.733 log 𝑒
𝑟
𝑑 121.25
= 𝑒 20.733 = 346.5977
𝑟
∴ Conductor spacing, 𝑑 = 346.5977 × 0.978 = 338.97 𝑜𝑟 339 𝑐𝑚

9. The insulation resistance of a single-core cable is 495 MΩ per km. If the core diameter is 2.5
cm and resistivity of insulation is 4.5 × 1014 ohm-cm, find the insulation thickness. (2 p.)
Solution: Length of cable, l = 1 km = 1000 m
Cable insulation resistance, R = 495 MΩ = 495 × 106 Ω
2.5
Conductor radius, 𝑟1 = 2 = 1.25 𝑐𝑚
Resistivity of insulation, 𝜌 = 4.5 × 1014 𝛺 − 𝑐𝑚 = 4.5 × 1012 𝛺𝑚
Let 𝑟2 cm be the internal sheath radius.
𝜌 𝑟
Now, 𝑅 = 2𝜋𝑙 log 𝑒 𝑟2
1
𝑟2 2𝜋𝑙𝑅 2𝜋 × 1000 × 495 × 106
log 𝑒 = = = 0.69
𝑟1 𝜌 4.5 × 1012
𝑟2 = 𝑒 0.69 × 1.25 = 2.49 𝑜𝑟 2.5 𝑐𝑚
∴ Insulation thickness = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 = 2.5 − 1.25 = 1.25 𝑐𝑚

10. A 3-phase, 50 Hz, 66 kV overhead line conductors are placed in a horizontal plane in the order
a-b-c (𝐷𝑎𝑏 = 2𝑚, 𝐷𝑏𝑐 = 2.5𝑚, 𝐷𝑐𝑎 = 4.5𝑚). The conductor diameter is 1.25 cm. Assuming
complete transposition of the line. If the line length is 100 km, calculate (3 p.)
a. Capacitance per phase
b. Charging current per phase
Solution: The arrangement of conductors of the 3-phase line is in horizontal plane in the order
a-b-c.
The equivalent equilateral spacing is
3 3
𝑑 = √𝑑𝑎𝑏 𝑑𝑏𝑐 𝑑𝑐𝑎 = √2 × 2.5 × 4.5 = 2.82𝑚
Conductor radius, r = 1.25/2 = 0.625 cm
Conductor spacing, d = 2.82 m = 282 cm
2𝜋𝜖0 𝐹 2𝜋×8.854×10−12 𝐹 𝜇𝐹
a. Line to neutral capacitance = 𝑑 = 282 = 0.0091 × 10−9 𝑚 = 0.0091 𝑘𝑚
ln( ) 𝑚 ln(
0.625
)
𝑟
∴ Line to neutral capacitance for 100 km line is
C = 0.0091 × 100 = 0.91 μF
b. Charging current per phase is
𝑉𝑝ℎ 66000 66000
𝐼𝐶 = = × 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 = × 2𝜋 × 50 × 0.91 × 10−6 = 10.9𝐴
𝑋𝐶 √3 √3