Problem 2.

31 A voltage generator with

vg (t) = 5 cos(2π × 109t) V

and internal impedance Zg = 50 Ω is connected to a 50-Ω lossless air-spaced

transmission line. The line length is 5 cm and the line is terminated in a load with
impedance ZL = (100 − j100) Ω. Determine:
(a) Γ at the load.
(b) Zin at the input to the transmission line.
(c) The input voltage Vei and input current I˜i.

Solution:
(a) From Eq. (2.59),
ZL − Z0 (100 − j100) − 50 ◦
Γ= = = 0.62e− j29.7 .
ZL + Z0 (100 − j100) + 50
(b) All formulae for Zin require knowledge of β = ω /up . Since the line is an
air line, up = c, and from the expression for vg (t) we conclude ω = 2π × 109 rad/s.
Therefore
2π × 109 rad/s 20π
β= = rad/m.
3 × 108 m/s 3
Then, using Eq. (2.79),
µ ¶
ZL + jZ0 tan β l
Zin = Z0
Z0 + jZL tan β l
" ¡ ¢#
(100 − j100) + j50 tan 203π rad/m × 5 cm
= 50 ¡ ¢
50 + j(100 − j100) tan 203π rad/m × 5 cm
" ¡ ¢#
(100 − j100) + j50 tan π3 rad
= 50 ¡ ¢ = (12.5 − j12.7) Ω.
50 + j(100 − j100) tan π3 rad
◦
(c) In phasor domain, Veg = 5 Ve j0 . From Eq. (2.80),

Veg Zin 5 × (12.5 − j12.7) ◦

Vei = = = 1.40e− j34.0 (V),
Zg + Zin 50 + (12.5 − j12.7)
and also from Eq. (2.80),
◦
Vei 1.4e− j34.0 ◦
Iei = = = 78.4e j11.5 (mA).
Zin (12.5 − j12.7)
Problem 2.36 At an operating frequency of 300 MHz, it is desired to use a section
of a lossless 50-Ω transmission line terminated in a short circuit to construct an
equivalent load with reactance X = 40 Ω. If the phase velocity of the line is 0.75c,
what is the shortest possible line length that would exhibit the desired reactance at its
input?
Solution:
(2π rad/cycle) × (300 × 106 cycle/s)
β = ω /up = = 8.38 rad/m.
0.75 × (3 × 108 m/s)

On a lossless short-circuited transmission line, the input impedance is always purely

sc = jX sc . Solving Eq. (2.84) for the line length,
imaginary; i.e., Zin in
µ sc ¶ µ ¶
1 −1 Xin 1 −1 40 Ω (0.675 + nπ ) rad
l = tan = tan = ,
β Z0 8.38 rad/m 50 Ω 8.38 rad/m

for which the smallest positive solution is 8.05 cm (with n = 0). Since up = 0.75c,
µ ¶2
c
εeff = = 1.777.
up

From Module 2.5, Z(d) = j40 Ω when

d = 0.107388λ .

But
up 0.75 × 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.75 m.
f 3 × 108
Hence,
d = 0.107388 × 0.75 = 0.0805 m = 8.05 cm.
Problem 2.40 A 100-MHz FM broadcast station uses a 300-Ω transmission line
between the transmitter and a tower-mounted half-wave dipole antenna. The antenna
impedance is 73 Ω. You are asked to design a quarter-wave transformer to match the
antenna to the line.
(a) Determine the electrical length and characteristic impedance of the quarter-
wave section.
(b) If the quarter-wave section is a two-wire line with D = 2.5 cm, and the wires
are embedded in polystyrene with εr = 2.6, determine the physical length of
the quarter-wave section and the radius of the two wire conductors.
Solution:
(a) For a match condition, the input impedance of a load must match that of the
transmission line attached to the generator. A line of electrical length λ /4 can be
used. From Eq. (2.97), the impedance of such a line should be
√ √
Z0 = Zin ZL = 300 × 73 = 148 Ω.

(b)
λ up c 3 × 108
= = √ = √ = 0.465 m,
4 4f 4 εr f 4 2.6 × 100 × 106
and, from Table 2-2,
 
µ ¶ sµ ¶2
120 D D
Z0 = √ ln  + − 1  Ω.
ε d d

Hence,  
µ ¶ sµ ¶2 √
 D D  148 2.6
ln + −1 = = 1.99,
d d 120

which leads to
µ ¶ sµ ¶2
D D
+ − 1 = 7.31,
d d
and whose solution is D/d = 3.73. Hence, d = D/3.73 = 2.5 cm/3.73 = 0.67 cm.