Step 4 - to analyze the waves behavior in guided mediums and radiation

Individual work

Carlos Holmes Fernández Rivera

Group 203058_12

Identification number:

1061742069

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2019 23-11
 Introduction

In introducing the document's usually described, and a brief explanation or summary thereof is
given. A reader to read the introduction should be able to get an idea about the content of the
text before reading itself. (4 to 10 lines).

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you understand by transmission line? Mention some types.

A transmission line is a physical means by which information is transmitted by

means of electrical frequencies and pulses. Currently there are several
transmission lines depending on their materials and impedance are used to
transport different data. The most common transmission lines are as follows:
Fiber Optic Line: this transmission line is the most used for the transport of data
over long distances used by the Carrier of the internet.
Copper: This transmission line is the most used in small LAN or WAN networks
such as UTP, STP cables.
Coaxial. This type of cable is the most used by urban cable operators.

2. What is a bounded transmission line?

3. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 : It is emitted by a generator and is understood as
the ratio between total voltage and total current.

b. Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅: Standing waves represent power that is not
accepted by the load and reflected along the transmission or feeder line.
Although standing waves and VSWR are very important, VSWR theory and
analysis can often mask a vision of what is really happening. Fortunately,
it is possible to get a good view of the subject, without delving too deeply
into the VSWR theory.
 c. Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁: In physics, the distance recorded
by a periodic disturbance that propagates through a medium in a cycle is
known as wavelength. The wavelength, also known as the spatial period,
is the inverse of the frequency. The wavelength is usually represented
with the Greek letter λ.
Generally, the concept of wavelength is associated with sine waves,
although it can be extended to any periodic wave. The magnitude of the
wavelength can be determined as the distance between two consecutive
maximums of the disturbance. For example, in an electromagnetic wave,
the wavelength corresponds to the distance between two maxima of the
electric field. In the case of sea waves, the wavelength coincides with the
separation between two consecutive crests

4. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of waves?

Smith's letter is a graphical tool used to relate a complex reflection coefficient to

a complex impedance. It can be used for a variety of purposes, including
impedance determination, impedance adaptation, noise optimization, stability
and others. Smith's letter is an ingenious graphic technique that virtually avoids
all operations with complex numbers. For example, the input impedance to a
transmission line can be determined by giving its electrical length and its load
impedance.

The important result is the fact that the voltage reflection coefficient and the input
Application exercises:
impedance to the normalized line at the same point on the line, are related by Smith's
letter. On the outside of the letter there are several scales. On the outside of the chart
is a scale called "angle of reflection coefficient in degrees," from which you can directly
obtain the value of the argument of the reflection coefficient.

1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:

Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.35𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 30𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = (12 + 10)𝜇𝑚
Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎𝑐 = 5.8𝑥107 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
Properties of the insulator: 𝜎𝑑 = 1𝑥10−16 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖𝑟 = 2.25 𝜇𝑟 = 1
Applied signal frequency: 𝑓 = 106 𝐾𝐻𝑧.
Developing

We found the depth of penetration in the conductor wave.

1
𝛿𝑝 =
√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝑐 𝜇𝑜
1
𝛿𝑝 = = 202.97𝝁𝒎
√(3.1415)(106𝑥103 )(5.8𝑥107 𝑆𝑚/𝑚) (4п𝑥10−7 )

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

It has the following geometric parameters:

Geometric parameters: a=0.35mm, b=30mm, t=(12+10)μm

We find the resistivity relationship between alternating and direct current:

2
𝑅𝐴𝐶 (0.35𝑋10−3 )
𝑅𝐷𝐶
= 0.35𝑋10−3
=0.015
0.35𝑋10−3 −
𝛿𝑝
2(𝛿𝑝 )2 [ −1+𝘦 ]
𝛿𝑝

1 1 1
𝑅= 7
( 𝑥0.0150 + )
𝜋𝑥(5.8𝑥10 ) 0.35𝑚𝑚 2𝑥30𝑚𝑚𝑥22𝜇𝑚

𝑹 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟒𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝐎𝐡𝐦/𝐦

2(𝜋)(1𝑥10−16 )
𝐺= =𝟎
30𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝑛 ( )
0.35𝑚𝑚
 4п𝑥10−7 30𝑥10−3
𝐿= [1 + 2𝐿𝑛( )]
4п 0.35𝑋10−3
4п𝑥10−7 30𝑥10−3
𝐿= [1 + 2𝐿𝑛( )]
4п 0.35𝑋10−3

𝐿 = 9.902× 10−2 H/m

2(3.1415)(2.25)
𝐶=
30𝑥10−3
𝐿𝑛( )
0.35𝑋10−3

𝐶 = 2.8122 × 10−11 F/m

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters

𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0 .

we have to:
𝜔𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑥106𝑥103 𝑥2.8122x10−11 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟐𝟗𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐒𝐦/𝐦 ≫ 𝐆

we find

𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑥101𝑥103 𝑥𝟎 = 6.660176𝑚Ω/𝐦 ≅ 𝐑

𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑥101𝑥103 𝑥𝟗. 𝟗𝟎𝟐𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟎𝟕 = 0.6283𝑚Ω/𝐦 ≅ 𝐑

 c. Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑉𝑝 , the wavelength 𝜆 and the attenuation
𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .

2. A 𝑍𝑜=50Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍𝐿=45−𝑗75Ω. If it is 𝐺𝐺 𝑚 long and

the wavelength is 𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑚𝑚. Find and probe with the smith chart:
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.
b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).
c. VSWR.

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.

(45 − 𝑗75Ω) + j(50) tan(2п × 106𝑥103 )
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 50Ω
50 + 𝑗(45 − 𝑗75Ω) tan(2п × 106𝑥103 )

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 45 -75 j

b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

2(45 − 𝑗75Ω)
ɼ=
(45 − 𝑗75Ω) + 50

ɼ = 1.351535 − 0.51194 𝑖
 ɼ = 1.4452 < −20.7° >

c. VSWR.

1 + 1.4452
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1 − 1.4452
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = −5.492362

2. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the

transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software found in the practical learning
environment to check the results obtained in point 2.

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛. 45 -75 j

b. Reflection coefficient Γ. 1.4452
c. VSWR. =−5.492362
d. Find an electrical length 𝓁 where the input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 is real.
…
 Conclusions

 The depth of penetration of a signal in a transmission medium was learned

through mathematical calculations.
 The area where the signal works in the transmission medium is analyzed in a
practical way by the Smith software.
 Bibliography

Chen, W. (2005). El manual de ingeniería eléctrica. Boston: Academic Press. (págs.

525-537). Recuperado
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Joines, W., Bernhard, J. y Palmer, W. (2012). Circuitos de línea de transmisión de

microondas. Boston: Artech House, (págs. 23-45). Recuperado
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Boglione, L. y Webster, R. (2011). Interpretación unificadora del coeficiente de reflexión

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1479-1487. Recuperado
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