Post task - Final activity

Individual work format

Student name Alexander Ordoñez Chavez

Group 27
Identification number 1113629916

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2021 16-01
 Exercises development

Activity
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the
group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 916 𝑀𝐻𝑧 is transmitted from the bottom of a
ship to a receiver located at 𝑝 = 1 𝐾𝑚 depth. The wave is emitted with an
advance angle of 𝑎 = (5 + 27)°. Determine the time it takes for the wave to
reach the receiver.
Data
𝑓 = 916𝑀𝐻𝑧 → 𝐻𝑧 = 916 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧
𝑝 = 1 𝑘𝑚
𝑎 = 32°

Figure 1: wave propagation in open media.

Image recovered from https://www.ee.co.za/article/new-economics-marine-
environmental-monitoring.html
For development, follow the following steps:
A. Calculate the tangent of losses 𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝜹) = 𝝈/𝝎𝜺.
Propagation medium: 𝑺𝒆𝒂 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
Conductivity 𝝈 = 4 𝑆/𝑚

Electrical permittivity: 𝛆𝐫 = 𝟖𝟎

𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜
Note that 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 and 𝜀 = εr ε𝑜

Replacing
𝜎 4 𝑆/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋(916 ∗ 106 )(80)(8,8542 ∗ 10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2 )

𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝜹) = 0,9811724259292
𝝓 = 44,45
B. Classify the behavior of the medium.

Classification: Dissipative dielectrics

C. Calculate the propagation parameters of the wave 𝜸, 𝜶 and 𝜷.

Constant of propagation. Parameter that contains the attenuation coefficient

and the phase coefficient.
Note that 𝝎 = 2𝜋𝑓, 𝝁 = μr μ𝑜 and 𝜺 = εr ε𝑜

𝝎 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 2𝜋(926 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧) =

𝝈 = 4 𝑆/𝑚
𝝁𝟎 = 1.2566x10−6 T m/A
𝝁 = 𝜇𝑟 ∗ 𝜇0 = 1 ∗ 1.2566x10−6 T m/A
𝝁 = 1.2566x10−6 T m/A

𝜸 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) = √𝒋(𝟐𝝅𝒇)(𝝁𝒓 𝝁𝟎 )(𝝈 + 𝒋(𝟐𝝅𝒇)(𝜺𝝉 ∗ 𝜺𝒐)

𝜸 = √𝑗(2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 926 ∙ 106 𝐻𝑧)1.2566x10−6 T m/A(4 𝑆/𝑚 + 𝑗(2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 926 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧)((80)(8,8542 ∗ 10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2 ))

𝒚 = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟏 + 𝟏𝟖𝟖. 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟕𝒋

Attenuation constant
𝜶 = 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍(𝒚)
𝜶 = 𝟕𝟔, 𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟏𝑵𝒑/𝒎

Phase constant
𝜷 = 𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂(𝒚)
𝜷 = 𝟏𝟖𝟖, 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟕𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒎

D. Calculate the propagation speed of the 𝑽𝒑 wave. 𝑽𝒑 = 𝝎/𝜷

Propagation velocity
𝝎 2𝜋(926 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧)
𝑽𝒑 = =
𝜷 188,1357𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚
𝑽𝒑 = 𝟑𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖, 𝟑𝟕𝟑𝟖𝒎/𝒔
 E. Calculate the distance 𝒅 between the ship and the receiver. 𝒅 = 𝑷/𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒂).

𝑷 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎
𝒅= = =
𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒂) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝟐° 𝟎, 𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟎

𝒅 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟗𝒎

F. Based on 𝑽𝒑 and 𝒅 determine the time 𝒕 of the route. 𝒅 = 𝒕 ∗ 𝑽𝒑

𝒅 = 𝒕 ∗ 𝑽𝒑

Clearing time
𝑑 1179𝑚
𝑡= =
𝑉𝑝 30591728,3738𝑚/𝑠

𝑡 = 3,854 ∗ 10−5 𝑠𝑒𝑔

Interpretation: according to the concepts explored, explain the meaning

of the value obtained for 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) and 𝑡.
The tangent of losses Tan (δ) for the electromagnetic wave that is
transmitted from the bottom of a ship to the receiver is through the open
medium of seawater whose conductivity and permittivity of this medium is
already defined and according to the calculations the Tan ( δ) is less than
84 ° which characterizes the medium as a dielectric with low losses, which
translates as a medium that is not a good conductor but is not a good
dielectric either.
The time it takes for the electromagnetic wave to get from the ship to
the receiver is one millionth of a second, which for the exercise is 38,54 ∗
 10−6 𝑠𝑒𝑔 obviously it is not the time with which the speed travels of the light.
This means that the wave transmitted by this means, according to the
depth and frequency with which it was emitted, takes microseconds to
reach its destination.

2. From an airplane, which is ℎ1 = 1250 𝑚 high, a communication signal 𝑓 =

916 𝑀𝐻𝑧 is emitted to a submarine that is ℎ2 = 800 𝑚 deep, the angle of
incidence of the signal on the sea surface is 𝑎 = (5 + 27)°. Determine the time
it takes for the signal to reach the submarine. Note that 𝐶𝑜 = 3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠.

Data
ℎ1 = 1250𝑚
ℎ2 = 800𝑚
𝑓 = 916𝑀𝐻𝑧 → 𝐻𝑧 = 916 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧
𝑎 = 32°
𝐶𝑜 = 3 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠

Figure 2: wave propagation in bounded open media.

Image recovered from https://byjus.com/physics/characteristics-of-sound-
wavesamplitude/
For development, follow the following steps:
a. Calculate the distance between the plane and the point of incidence at sea
𝑑1 = ℎ1 /𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑎).
ℎ1 1250𝑚
𝑑1 = =
𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑎) 𝑠𝑒𝑛(32°)
𝒅𝟏 = 2358,84𝑚
The distance between the plane and the point of incidence in the sea
is:2358,84m
b. Calculate the velocity of propagation of the wave 𝑉𝑝1 in the air (𝑉𝑝1 = 𝐶𝑜/𝑛),
where 𝑛 is the refractive index of air.

Refractive indices of the media

𝜂 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 = 1,0002926
𝐶𝑜 = 3 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶𝑜 3 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑝1 = =
𝑛 1,0002926
𝑉𝑝1 = 299912245,67𝑚/𝑠

c. Using Snell's Law, calculate the angle of refraction of the wave in the sea.
Refractive indices of the media

𝑛2 𝑚𝑎𝑟 = 9,8065
𝜂1 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 = 1,0002926
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 𝜃𝑎 = 32°
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = 𝜃𝑎′ = 58°

Using the velocity of propagation of the wave from exercise 1

𝑽𝒑 = 𝟑𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖, 𝟑𝟕𝟑𝟖𝒎/𝒔

Then
 𝑪𝒐 3 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠
𝒏𝟐 = =
𝑽𝒑 30591728,3738𝑚/𝑠

𝑛2 = 9,8065

The Angle of Refraction is taken with the normal 𝜃𝑎′ = 58°

𝜼𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒏(𝜽𝒂′ ) = 𝜼𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒏(𝜽𝒃 )

𝜂1 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃𝑎′ )
𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃𝑏 ) =
𝜂2
𝜂1 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃𝑎′ )
𝜃𝑏 = sin−1
𝜂2
1,0002926𝑠𝑒𝑛(58°)
𝜃𝑏 = sin−1 = 4,96°
9,8065
d. Calculate the distance between the point of incidence in the sea and the
submarine.

𝒅𝟑
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝝓) =
𝟖𝟎𝟎𝒎
the distance d3 is:
𝑑3 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜙) ∗ 800𝑚
𝑑3 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(4,96) ∗ 800𝑚
𝒅𝟑 = 𝟔𝟗, 𝟒𝟔𝒎

The distance between the point of incidence in the sea and the
submarine is
ℎ2 800𝑚
𝑑2 = =
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜙) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(4,96°)
𝒅𝟐 = 803𝑚
e. Calculate the propagation speed of the wave 𝑉𝑝2 at sea (take 𝑉𝑝 from
exercise 1).

𝝎 2𝜋(926 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧)

𝑽𝒑 = =
𝜷 188,1357𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚
𝑽𝒑 = 𝟑𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖, 𝟑𝟕𝟑𝟖𝒎/𝒔

f. Based on 𝑉𝑝1 and 𝑑1 determine the time 𝑡1 of the first path (𝑡1 = 𝑑1 /𝑉𝑝1).
𝑑1 2358,84𝑚
𝑡1 = =
𝑉𝑝1 299912245,67𝑚/𝑠

𝑡1 = 7,86 ∗ 10−6 𝑠𝑒𝑔

g. Based on 𝑉𝑝2 and 𝑑2 determine the time 𝑡2 of the second path (𝑡2 =
𝑑2 /𝑉𝑝2).
𝑑2 803𝑚
𝑡2 = =
𝑉𝑝2 30591728,3738𝑚/𝑠

𝑡2 = 2,62 ∗ 10−5 𝑠𝑒𝑔

h. Calculate the total time of the route 𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 .

𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2
𝑡 = 7,86 ∗ 10−6 𝑠𝑒𝑔 + 2,62 ∗ 10−5 𝑠𝑒𝑔
𝑡 = 3,411 ∗ 10−5 𝑠𝑒𝑔
Interpretation: according to the concepts explored, explain the meaning
of the value obtained for 𝑉𝑝1 , 𝑉𝑝2 and 𝑡.

The velocity of propagation 𝑉𝑝1 corresponds to the signal emitted from the
plane to the point of incidence in the sea, that is to say that this first
velocity propagates through the air and its calculated value is approximately
close to the speed of light.
The propagation speed 𝑉𝑝2 corresponds to the same signal that continues its
transmission when passing from one medium to another. For the exercise,
this medium is seawater and its speed is no longer close to the speed of
light in one digit, but it is still a very considerable speed.
The same happens with the time that for the signal emitted from the plane
to the point of incidence in the sea is a time six times less than one second
and after it passes into the middle of the sea water it is also considered less
than six times the second . The sum of these two times is around 34,11 ∗
10−6 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑠
3. A lossless transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 𝑍0 = 75Ω, a
length of 𝐿 = 5𝑚 and is excited by a signal of 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝐻𝑧. The line is
connected to an antenna with load impedance 𝑍𝐿 = (45 + 𝑗45)Ω. Taking into
account that 𝑉𝑝 = 3𝑥107 𝑚/𝑠, calculate:

𝑍0 = 75Ω
𝑍𝐿 = 45 + 𝑗45Ω
𝐿 = 5𝑚
𝑓 = 500𝑀𝐻𝑧 → 𝐻𝑧 = 500000000𝐻𝑧
𝑉𝑝 = 3 ∗ 107 𝑚/𝑠

a. Wavelength 𝜆.
𝑉𝑝 3 ∗ 107 𝑚/𝑠
𝜆= =
𝑓 500000000𝐻𝑧
𝜆 = 0,06𝑚

b. Electrical length ℓ.
𝐿 5𝑚
𝜄= =
𝜆 0,06𝑚
𝜄 = 83,33𝑚

c. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .

2𝜋
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan ( 𝐿)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 𝜆
2𝜋
𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan ( 𝐿)
𝜆
2𝜋
45 + 𝑗45𝛺 + 𝑗75𝛺tan (83,33 5𝑚)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 75𝛺 = 34,36 − 24,12𝑗Ω
2𝜋
75𝛺 + 𝑗45 + 𝑗45𝛺tan (83,33 5𝑚)
 Polar coordinates
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 41,98∠ − 35.07°

d. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0
𝚪=
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0
Replacing

45 + 45𝛺 − 75𝛺
𝚪= = −0,095 + 0,410𝑖𝛺
45 + 𝑗45𝛺 + 75𝛺

Polar coordinates
𝚪 = 0,42 ∠ 103.13
e. VSWR.
1 + |Γ|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1 − |Γ|
Replacing
1 + 0,42∠ 103.13°
𝐕𝐒𝐖𝐑 = = 2,46
1 − 0,42∠ 103.13°

f. Check the results c, d and e with the Smith 4.1 software.

 Figure 3: Transmission line.

Interpretation: according to the concepts explored, explain the meaning

of the value obtained for 𝑍𝑖𝑛 , Γ and 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.
The input impedance, which is the vector sum between the characteristic
impedance of the line and the load, is still not equal enough for the
standing wave ratio to be below 1.5, which is the maximum limit where
the wave reflection equals at 20% and 80% of the wave propagates
through the antenna.
 References

Reference 1:

• Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press.

(pp. 513-519). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513
• Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press,
(pp. 519-524). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519
• Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press,
(pp. 525-551). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_525