Task 3 - Electromagnetic waves in guided media

Individual work format

Student name
Brayan Emilio Arenas Ballena
Group 203058_37
Identification number
1003246313

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2021 16-01
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. What do you understand by a transmission line?
A transmission line is a physical medium through which information is
transmitted by means of frequencies and electrical impulses. Today there are
several transmission lines that, depending on their materials, use impedance
to carry different data. The most common transmission lines are the ion lines,
the fiber optic line, this transmission line is the most used for transporting data
over long distances used by the Internet operator.
- Copper: this transmission line is the most used in LAN or WAN networks,
such as UTP and STP cables.
- Coaxial or concentric transmission line: widely used for high frequency
applications to reduce losses and isolate transmission paths. - Coaxial: this
type of cable is the most widely used by urban cable operators.
- Balanced or differential signal: in balanced two-wire lines, both conductors
carry a current, one conductor carries the signal and the other is the return.
2. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.

Answer: it is understood as the relationship between total voltage and total
current.

jbx
−¿ e
V V
Z¿ = s 1 =V 1 e− jβx + +¿ e 1+ I ¿
Is1
jbx
−jβx −¿e
¿
I 1
1
¿

In terms of the impedance of the line and the load, the equation of the burial
impedance is:
Z 2 cos ( βx )+ j Z 1 sin ⁡(βx)
Z¿ =
Z 1 cos ( βx )+ j Z 2 sin ⁡(βx)

b. Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.

Answer: standing waves represent a power that is not accepted by the load
and reflected along the transmission or power line, ion line or power.
 V max 1+|Γ|
VSWR= =
V min 1−|Γ|

Although standing waves and are very important, theory and analysis can
often mask a view of what is happening. Fortunately, it is possible to get a
good overview of the topic, without going too deep in VSWR theory.

c. Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.

Answer:
Electrical length 𝓁: it is a unit of measurement that is used in the study of
transmission lines of electrical energy, which expresses the distance to the
load as a function of the wavelength.
x
l=
λ
Physical length L: the distance traveled by a periodic disturbance that
propagates through a medium in a cycle.

λ=f v λ 0

3. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the

propagation of waves?
The purpose of the smith chart is that laborious calculations with complex
numbers are avoided. Complex numbers are avoided for kwon the input
impedance to the line or the reflection coefficient, so they are reflection
coefficient, so they are very useful in the coupling of transmission lines and
in the reverse transmission lines and in the inverse calculation of a complex
number.

Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that ¿ corresponds to the
group number and CCC to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:
Geometric parameters: a=0.1 mm b=10 mm t=( 37+10 )=47 μm
6
Conductor properties: (conductivity) σ c =4.3 x 10 Sm/m

Properties of the insulator: σ d=1 x 10 Sm/m ϵ r=2.3 μr =1

−10

Applied signal frequency: f =313 KHz=313 x 103 KHz

 Magnetic permeability: μ0=1.257 x 10
−6

Empty Permittivity:ε 0=8.854 x 10

−12

Data
¿=37 CCC=313
a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.
1 1
δ p= =
a √ πf σ c μ0

1
δ p= 3
√ π∗313 x 10 KHz∗4.3 x 106 Sm/m∗1.257 x 10−6
δ p=0.0004269941606
−4
δ p=4.269941606 x 10

We calculate R.

1 1 1
R=
( +
π σ c a2 2 bt )
We replace.

1 1 1
R= 6 (
∗ −3 2
+
π (4.3∗10 ) (0.1∗10 ) 2(10∗10 )( 47∗10 6)
−3 )
 ohm
R=7.4813060829936
m

We calculate G.

2π σd
G=
b
ln
a

We replace.

2 π 1∗10−10
G=
(10∗10−3 )
ln
(0.1∗10−3 )

Sm
G=1.36∗10−10
m

We calculate L

μ0 b
L=
2π[ ( )]
1+ln
a

We replace
 L=
1.257 x 10−6
2π
1+ln
[ (
10∗10−3
0.1∗10
−3 )]
H
L=1.2∗10−6
m

We calculate C

2 πε
C=
b
ln()a

We replace

2 π ( 2.3∗8.854∗10−12 )
C=
10∗10−3
ln
( 0.1∗10−3 )
F
C=2.78∗10−11 We check in GeoGebra.
m

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters

α , β , γ ∧Z 0 .

First, we calculate ωC

ωC=2 πfC

We replace.
 F
(
ωC=2 π ( 313 x 103 KHz ) 2.78∗10−11
m )
ωC=0.00005467251

First, we calculate ωL

ωL=2 πfL

We replace.

H
(
ωL=2 π ( 313 x 103 KHz ) 1.2∗10−6
m )
ωL=2.35996440138

Now with those values we find Z 0

R+ jωL
Z 0=
√ G+ jωC
 We replace.

ohm

√
7.4813060829936 + j(2.35996440138)
m
Z 0=
−10 Sm
1.36∗10 + j( 0.00005467251)
m

Z 0=2.0671899865626−1.8092192900731 i

Then we calculate α y β

γ =± √ ( R+ jωL ) ( G+ jωC ) =α + j β

We replace.

γ =± (√ 7.4813060829936 ohm
m
+ j( 2.35996440138) )( 1.36∗10 −10 Sm
m
+0.00005467251 )
γ =1.8092192903418+2.0671899863274 j

Then we have

Np
α =1.8092192903418
m

Rad
β=2.0671899863274
m

We check in Geogebra
c. Calculate the propagation velocity V p, the wavelength λ and the
attenuation α dB / Km.

Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.

2 πf
V p=
β

We replace.

2 π 313 x 103 KHz

V p=
Rad
2.0671899863274
m

m
V p=9.51∗107
s

Then we calculate the wavelength

2π
λ=
β
We replace.

2π
λ=
Rad
2.0671899863274
m
λ=3.0394813 m
 And finally, we will calculate the attenuation.

α dB /m=−8.68 α

We replace.

α dB /m=−8.68 α (1.8092192903418)

dB
α dB /m=−0.0499628095089
m

We check in GeoGebra.

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning
of the value obtained for V p, λ and α dB / Km.

2. A Z o=75 Ω lossless transmission line has a Z L =35− j75 Ω. If it is ¿ m long and

the wavelength is CCC mm, Calculate:
Data
Z L =35− j75 Ω

Z o=75 Ω
L=37 m
λ=313 mm
a. Input impedance Z¿ .
L
l=
λ
we changed the unit of measure.
1m
313 mm= =0.313 m
1000 mm
we replace values.
37 m
l= =118.210 Lambda
0.313 m
jZ L + Z 0 tan(2 π l)
z ¿ =z0
z 0 + j Z L tan(2 π l)

( 35− j 75 Ω ) + j 75 Ω tan ( 2 π∗118.210 )

Z¿ =75 Ω
75 Ω+ j ( 35− j 75 Ω ) tan ( 2 π∗118.210 )
Z¿ =1.7667845307907+0.6992415327735 j Ohm

Tests on specialized software

b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

Z L −ZO
Γ=
Z L +Z O

we replace values.
( 35− j 75 Ω )−75 Ω
Γ=
( 35− j75 Ω ) +75 Ω
Γ =0.0691114245416−0.6346967559944 j Ω
 we went from rectangular to a polar
Γ =0.63845 ∢−83.7857 ° Ohm

c. VSWR.

Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.

1+| Γ|
VSWR=
1−|Γ|

we replace values
1+|0.63845|
VSWR=
1−|0.63845|
VSWR=4.5317

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning
of the value obtained for Z¿ , Γ and VSWR.
3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the
transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software to check the results
obtained in point 2.
a. Input impedance Z¿ .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ .
c. VSWR.
 Application example

Example:

We have the case of the application of conductive guided waves, which are
used to designate tubes of a conductive material of rectangular, circular, or
elliptical section, in which the direction of the electromagnetic energy must be
mainly conducted along the guide and limited at its borders, which allow the
transmission of electromagnetic waves from one point to another.

Video link

URL: https://youtu.be/09XSS2rWBCQ
 References

 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston:

Academic Press, (pp. 525-551). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_525

 Joines, W., Bernhard, J., & Palmer, W. (2012). Microwave Transmission

Line Circuits. Boston: Artech House, (pp. 23-68). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=753581&lang=es&site=eds-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_23

 Hierauf, S. (2011). Understanding Signal Integrity. Boston: Artech

House, Inc. Chapter 6, 7, 11. Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=345692&lang=es&site=eds-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

 Impedance Matching Networks. (2001). Radio-Frequency & Microwave

Communication Circuits, (pp. 146-188). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aci&AN=14528229&lang=es&site=eds-live