Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work

Jorge Armando Figueredo

Group 10

74082282

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2020 16-01
 Introduction

The following work comes in order to cover concepts of the propagation of electromagnetic
waves through the different media and thus demonstrate their behavior such as the tangents
of losses, parameters of propagation of wave media and the relationship between the electric
wave and magnetic wave.

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you mean propagation medium open for electromagnetic waves?

It means that it is a medium in which the waves do not have or will not encounter
any type of obstacles and that it does not suffer any alteration when traveling
through that medium.

2. Within the propagation mediums, what is mean by the tangent of losses?

It is what defines how the behavior of a wave is when it is propagated in a given

medium, it is the relationship that exists between the conduction current and the
displacement current, its value depends on the parameters of the medium and
the frequency of the signal applied.

3. Of what physical variables does the value of the tangent of losses depend?

depends on the medium, conductivity and frequency.

4. How are the propagation medium classified from the tangent of losses?

Perfect dielectrics: there is no loss in the propagation of the wave since it does
not have a conductive bearing.
 Good insulators: also called electric low losses, have low conduction current
almost negligible.
Dissipative dielectrics: this type of dielectric if it presents losses and not in a
negligible way.
Good conductors: it presents polarization current and accumulate electric
charges.
Perfect conductors: it does not present polarization current or accumulate loads.

5. What are the propagation parameters of the waves through a medium?

is the calculation of each parameter to determine how a wave behaves in the

middle when it propagates. These parameters are:
Gama (), alta (), beta () y eta ()

Application exercises:

Table 1: Conductivity 𝛔 and electrical permittivity 𝛆𝐫 of some media.

Media 𝛔 [𝐒⁄𝐦] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
1. Copper 5.80𝑥107 1
2. Sea water 4 80
3. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10−2 14
4. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10−4 3
5. Sweet water 1.00𝑥10−3 80
−12 2 2
𝛆𝐨 = 8.8542x10 𝐶 /N𝑚
1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the medium
chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E of frequency
𝑓 = 282 𝑀𝐻𝑧. Note that 𝐶𝐶𝐶 are the first 3 digits of your identification number:

𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜

We replace the values

𝜎 5.80 ∗ 107
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = = 1.5707
𝜔𝜀 8.8542x10−12 𝐶2
2𝜋(282000000)(1) ( 2 )
N𝑚

𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 90°
 2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the chosen
medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:

Table 2: Classification of propagation media.

Media Tan(δ) δ [°]

1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°
2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°
3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°
4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°
5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

3. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3 shown below,
calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the chosen
medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).
d. Intrinsic impedance  (Eta).

Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.

Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good

Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors
 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

 0 𝜎𝜂⁄2 𝑅𝑒() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝐼𝑚() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

 √𝜇⁄𝜀 √𝜇⁄𝜀 √𝑗𝜔𝜇⁄(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎

a. Propagation constant  (gamma).

√𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

So

𝜔 = 2π𝑓
𝜔 = 2π ∗ 282000000
𝜔 = 1.7719 ∗ 109

 = √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜 = √𝑗1.7719 ∗ 109 ∗ 5.8 ∗ 107 ∗ 1.2566𝑥10−6 𝑁⁄𝐴2

 = 2.54107 ∗ 105 + 2.54105 ∗ 105 𝑖

b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).

√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

So

 = √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜 = √𝜋 ∗ 282000000 ∗ 5.8 ∗ 107 ∗ 1.2566𝑥10−6 𝑁⁄𝐴2

 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒𝟏𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟓

c. Phase constant  (Beta).

√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜
So
  = √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜 = √𝜋 ∗ 282000000 ∗ 5.8 ∗ 107 ∗ 1.2566𝑥10−6 𝑁⁄𝐴2
 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒𝟏𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟓

d. Intrinsic impedance  (Eta).

√𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎

So

𝑗1.7719 ∗ 109 ∗ 1.2566𝑥10−6 𝑁⁄𝐴2

 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎 = √
5.8 ∗ 107

 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟕 ∗ √𝒊𝟏. 𝟕𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟗

4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following equations,
calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
b. Wavelength 𝝀.
c. Speed factor 𝒇𝒗 .
d. Refractive index 𝒏.

𝜔 1.7719 ∗ 109
𝑣𝑝 = = 5
= 6.9730 ∗ 1013
𝛽 2.54104 ∗ 10
 2∗𝜋 2∗𝜋
𝜆= = 5
= 2.4727 ∗ 105
𝛽 2.54104 ∗ 10

𝑣𝑝 6.9730 ∗ 1013
𝒇𝒗 = = 8
= 2.0919 ∗ 1022
𝐶0 3 ∗ 10

1 1
𝒏= = 13
= 1.4341 ∗ 10−14
𝒇𝒗 6.9730 ∗ 10

5. According to the parameters obtained in the previous points and knowing that the
maximum value of the E wave is 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝑽/𝒎, calculate:
e. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.

1 1
δp: = = 3.9354 ∗ 10−6
|𝛼| |2.54104 ∗ 105 |

f. The power 𝑷𝒐 transmitted by the wave in the medium.

2
|𝐸𝑥0 | 120
𝐏𝐨: cos 𝜃𝜂 = ∗ cos(90)
2|𝜂| −14
2 |1.4341 ∗ 10 |

𝐏𝐨 = 0

g. The %𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 of wave amplitude per unit length.

 Conclusions

Conclusion 1:
In conclusion, electromagnetic waves have been a fundamental element in the development of
technologies and the benefit of man, we see that an electric field produces a magnetic field and
in turn a magnetic field produces an electric field and that they travel in certain ways in a
means, medium.

Conclusion 2:
As a second conclusion we could show the behavior of the waves when they propagate through
a medium, we see the relationship that shares electricity and magnetism, and that is
determined by the propagation parameters in a medium since the waves propagate differently
according to Be your element.

Bibliography

Bibliography 1:

➢ Quesada, M., & Maroto, J. (2014). Plane electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves
in free space. From Maxwell's Equations to Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An
Introduction for First-year Undergraduates. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (pp.
49-60). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.
aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-
live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

➢ Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press. (pp.
513-519). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.
aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513