Task 3 - Electromagnetic waves in guided media

Individual work format

WENDY JOHANNA MORENO DIAZ

Grupo: 203058_85

CC 1023937645
(Estudiante)

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2022 16-01
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. What do you understand by transmission line?

The transmission lines group the electronic energy in a space limited by physical
means that create the lines themselves, instead the waves propagate in the air
without obstacles.

Figura 1 trasmición

(Personales, s.f.)
2. . Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.

It is the equivalent impedance given by a power source connected to the network, if the source
delivers a known value of voltage or current, the impedance can be calculated using ohm's law,
the impedance can model a combination of resistance and capacitance with values that respond
to the network.

Figura 2 Impedancia

(Teoria, s.f.)
b. Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.

The standing wave ratio is a measure of adaptation of load impedances to the transmission line that
guides the waves, it is like the definition between the amplitude of the partial standing wave at an
old node and the amplitude at a node, where can be better validated is how in amateur radio stations
the transmitter is connected to a power line that is connected to an antenna, the voltage travels
through the lines to the end with a forward wave and the voltage can be reflected in the antenna
and is propagated down the reverse line to the transmitter.

𝓁.
 c. Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.

electrical length (or phase length) refers to the length of an electrical conductor
in terms of the phase shift introduced by the transmission
Length is a definable metric concept for geometric entities on which a distance
has been defined.

Figura 3 Longitud

(Teoria, s.f.)

3. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of waves?

The purpose of Smityh's letter was to present a graphical way so that the
parameters of transmission lines can be determined much easier than a
mathematical analysis where the mathematics that could be obtained with
a calculation rule are related graphically. can simplify impedance matching
in transmission line
 Figura 4 Carta

Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the
group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics: cc 1023937645

 Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.1𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 10𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = (85 + 10)𝜇𝑚

 Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎𝑐 = 4.3𝑥106 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
 Properties of the insulator: 𝜎𝑑 = 1𝑥10−10 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖𝑟 = 2.3 𝜇𝑟 = 1
 Applied signal frequency: 𝑓 = 645 𝐾𝐻𝑧
 agnetic permeability: 𝜇0 = 1.257 ∗ 10−6
 Empty Permittivity:𝜀0 = 8.854 ∗ 10−12

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

𝐺𝐺 = 85
𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 645

 Calculators profundidad con la siguiente ecuacion

1
𝛿𝜌 =
|𝛼|

1 1
𝛿𝜌 = =
𝑎 √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝑐𝜇𝑜
 Remplazamos
1
𝛿𝜌 =
6
√𝜋 ∗ 645𝑘ℎ𝑍 ∗ 4.3𝑥10 𝑆𝑚 ∗ 1.257 ∗ 10 − 6
𝑚

1
𝛿𝜌 =
6
√𝜋 ∗ 645𝑘ℎ𝑍 ∗ 4.3𝑥10 𝑆𝑚 ∗ 1.257 ∗ 10 − 6
𝑚
 Calculamos R
1 1 1
𝑅= ( 2+
𝜋𝜎𝑐 𝑎 2𝑏𝑡
Remplazamos

1 1 1
𝑅 = 𝜋(4.3∗106 ) ∗ ((0.1∗10−3 )2 + 2(10∗10−3 )(3∗10−5 )

𝑅 = 166.6674ohm ⁄ m

 Calculamos g
2𝜋𝜎𝑑
𝐺=
(10 ∗ 10−3 )
𝑙𝑛 𝑎

2𝜋1 ∗ 10 − 10−10
𝐺=
10 ∗ 10−3
𝑙𝑛
0.1 ∗ 10−3

2𝜋1 ∗ 10 − 10−10
𝐺= = 1.36 ∗ 10−10 𝑠𝑚/𝑚
10 ∗ 10−3
𝑙𝑛
0.1 ∗ 10−3
 Calculamos L

1.257∗10−6 10∗10−3
𝐿= {1 + ln(0.1∗10−3 )} =1.2*10−6H/m
2𝜋

 Calculamos C

2πε
𝐶=
𝑏
ln(𝑎)

2π(2.3 ∗ 8.854 ∗ 10 − 12)

𝐶=
10 ∗ 10−3
ln( )
0.1 ∗ 10−3

𝐶 = 2.78 ∗ 10−11 𝑓/𝑚

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters
𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0 .
 Calculamos 𝜔𝑐

𝜔𝑐 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝜔𝑐 = 2𝜋 (645)(2.78 ∗ 10−11 ) = 0.0000

 Calculamos 𝜔𝑙

𝜔𝑙 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑙
𝜔𝑙 = 2𝜋 (645)(1.12 ∗ 10−6 )=0.453

𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝑙
𝑧0 = √
𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝑐

16.6 + 𝑗(0.453)
𝑧0 = √
1.36 ∗ 10−10 + 𝑗(0.0000)
 γ = ±√(R + jωL)(G + jωC) = α + j β

𝛾 = ±√ (16.6 + 𝑗0.453) (1.36 ∗ 10−10 + 0.00000)

𝛾 = 0.0057560840448 + 0.00864582434𝑗

𝑁𝑝
𝛼=0.0098660840448 /m

𝛽 = 0.00864582434𝑗 𝑅𝑎𝑑⁄𝑚
c. Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑉𝑝 , the wavelength 𝜆 and the attenuation
𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .

Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.

Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.

2𝜋𝑓
𝑣𝑝 =
𝛽

2𝜋 ∗ 645
𝑣𝑝 =
0.00864582434j

𝑣𝑝 = 4.68 ∗ 107 𝑚/𝑠

a. Wavelength 𝝀.

2𝜋
𝜆=
𝛽

2𝜋
𝜆=
0.00864582434j 1

𝜆 = 726.73𝑚
 Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning
of the value obtained for 𝑉𝑝 , 𝜆 and 𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .

2. A 𝑍𝑜 = 75Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍𝐿 = 35 − 𝑗75Ω. If it is 𝐺𝐺 85𝑚 long

and the wavelength is 𝐶𝐶𝐶 645𝑚𝑚, Calculate:

Datos

 𝑍𝐿 = 35 − 𝑗75Ω
 𝑍𝑜 = 75Ω
 𝑙 = 85𝑚
 𝜆 = 645𝑚 − 0.645𝑚

a. Input impedance𝑍𝑖𝑛 .

2𝜋
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan( 𝑙)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍𝑜 𝜆
2𝜋
𝑍𝑜 + 𝑗𝑍𝑙 tan( 𝑙)
𝜆

2𝜋
(35 − 𝑗75Ω) + 𝑗75Ωtan( 85𝑚)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 75Ω 0.645𝑚
2𝜋
75Ω + 𝑗(35 − 𝑗75Ω)tan( 85𝑚)
0.645
b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).
𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍𝑜
𝑟=
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝑜

(35 − 𝑗75Ω) − 75Ω

𝑟=
(35 − 𝑗75Ω) + 75Ω
 c. VSWR.

Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.

3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the

transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software to check the results obtained
in point 2.
 Application example

Example: Of Application, we evidence it in the transmission of data by means of

cables in the area of telecommunications that can be directed towards homes or
in business work areas
The guided transmission means are made up of cables that are responsible for conducting (or guiding)
the signals from one end to the other. The main characteristics of guided media are the type of conductor
used, the maximum transmission speed, the maximum distances that can be offered between repeaters,
immunity against electromagnetic interference, ease of installation and the ability to support different
technologies of level of transmission. link. The transmission speed depends directly on the distance
between the terminals, and on whether the medium is used for a point-to-point link or a multipoint link.
Because of this, different transmission media will have different connection speeds to accommodate
disparate usages.

 cable coaxial
 fibra óptica

Medio de transmisión Razón de datos total Ancho de banda (Km)

Cable de par trenzado 8 Mbps 2 MHz 2 a 10

Cable coaxial 10 Mbps 350 MHz 1 a 10

Cable de fibra óptica 2 Gbps 2 GHz 10 a 100

Video link

URL: https://www.loom.com/share/c17943f026854213919e2157e709a62e

References

Reference 1:
Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic
Press, (pp. 525-551). Recovered

from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://searc
h.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang
=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_525

Joines, W., Bernhard, J., & Palmer, W. (2012). Microwave Transmission Line
Circuits. Boston: Artech House, (pp. 23-68). Recovered

from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true
&db=nlebk&AN=753581&lang=es&site=eds live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_23

Hierauf, S. (2011). Understanding Signal Integrity. Boston: Artech House,

Inc. Chapter 6, 7, 11. Recovered

from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true
&db=nlebk&AN=345692&lang=es&site=eds live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

Impedance Matching Networks. (2001). Radio-Frequency & Microwave

Communication Circuits, (pp. 146-188). Recovered

from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true
&db=aci&AN=14528229&lang=es&site=eds-liv