Task 3 - Electromagnetic waves in guided media

Individual work format

Student name
Milton Rojas Espinosa
Group 203058A_951
Identification number
1017131821

Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia - UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. What do you understand by transmission line?
A transmission line is a material structure of uniform geometry used to
efficiently transport radio frequency energy from one point to another; such
as from one transmission equipment to another, from a transmitter to the
antenna, among other applications,
the parameter that commonly defines it is its impedance.
2. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.
It is the input resistance as it is often called, it is an important
parameter in the design of a transistor amplifier and it allows to
characterize the amplifiers according to their effective input and output
impedances, as well as their powers and current ratings.
b. Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.
VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio.
It refers to the geometric ratio between the maximum value and the
minimum value of the voltage amplitude observed in an electric
standing wave condition such as it would be along a transmission line.
c. Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.
Physical quantity that expresses the distance between two points, and
whose unit in the international system is the meter.
Electrical length is a unit of measurement used in the study of electrical
power transmission lines. This quantity is usually designated by the
letter θ. It is defined as the product between the phase constant of the
wave and the distance at which they are separated from the load. Thus:
θ=β
3. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of
waves?
The Smith chart is a graphical tool used to relate a complex reflection
coefficient to a complex impedance. The Smith chart can be used for a variety
of purposes including impedance determination, impedance matching, noise
optimization, stability etc. The Smith chart is an ingenious graphical
technique that avoids virtually all tedious operations with complex numbers.
For example, the input impedance to a transmission line can be determined
by giving its electrical length and its load impedance.
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to
the group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:
Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.1𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 10𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = (46 + 10)𝜇𝑚 = 56𝜇𝑚
Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎𝑐 = 4.3𝑥106 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
Properties of the insulator: 𝜎𝑑 = 1𝑥10−10 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖𝑟 = 2.3 𝜇𝑟 = 1
Applied signal frequency: 𝑓 = 821 𝐾𝐻𝑧
a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.
we found 𝛿𝜌=
1 1
𝛿𝜌 = = = 0.0002678
√𝜋 ∗ 𝑓 ∗ 𝑑𝑐 ∗ 𝑢𝑜 √𝜋 ∗ 821𝑘ℎ𝑧 ∗ 4.3𝑥106 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 ∗ 4 𝜋 ∗ 10^(−7)𝑚

The verification is carried out and delta of p is greater than t for ene
is of low frequency
we found R:

1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑅: ( 2+ )= ( 2
+ ) = 7.468𝑚
𝜋𝑑𝑐 𝑎 2𝑏𝑡 𝜋𝑑𝑐 0,0001𝑚 2(0.01𝑚)(0.000056𝑚)

we found L

𝑢0 𝑏 0.00000125𝐻 0.01𝑚
𝐿: [1 + ln( )] = [1 + ln( )] = 0.000001121𝐻/𝑚
2𝜋 𝑎 2𝜋 0.0001𝑚

we found G

2𝜋𝑑𝑑 2𝜋(0.001𝑠𝑚/𝑚 )
𝐿= = = 0.000000001364𝑠𝑚/𝑚
𝑏 0.001𝑚
ln(𝑎) ln(0.0001𝑚 )

we found C

2𝜋𝜀 2𝜋(0.0000000000204𝑐 2 /𝑁𝑚2 )

𝐿= = = 0.00000000278𝐹/𝑚
𝑏 0.001𝑚
ln(𝑎) ln(0.0001𝑚 )
 b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters
𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0 .

𝑦 = ±√(𝑅 + 𝑗𝑤𝐿)(𝐺 + 𝑗𝑤𝐶) = 𝑎 + 𝑗𝛽

±√(7.468𝑚 + 𝑗(2)(𝜋)(821000𝐾ℎ)(0.00000000278𝐹/𝑚))(0.000000001364𝑠𝑚/𝑚 + 𝑗(2)(𝜋)(821000𝐾ℎ)(0.00000000278𝐹/𝑚))
= 0.0162016 + 𝑗0.033035

dimming constant
𝐶𝑎 = −8.68 ∗ 0.0162016 𝑑𝐵/𝑚
Characteristic impedance

c. Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑉𝑝 , the wavelength 𝜆 and the

attenuation 𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .
𝜔 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 821000
𝑉𝑝 = = = 156151430.78281𝑚/𝑠
𝛽 0.033035

2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜆= = = 190.196627𝑚
𝛽 0.033035

Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.

 Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the
meaning of the value obtained for 𝑉𝑝 , 𝜆 and 𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .

2. A 𝑍𝑜 = 75Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍𝐿 = 35 − 𝑗75Ω. If it is 46 𝑚 long

and the wavelength is 821 𝑚𝑚, Calculate:
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan( 𝐿) 35 + 𝑗75Ω + 𝑗(75Ω)tan(0.826𝑚 46𝑚)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 𝜆 = 75Ω =
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan( 𝐿) 75Ω + j(35 − 𝑗75Ω)tan(0.826𝑚 46𝑚)
𝜆
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟔𝟒𝟗 𝛀 + 𝐣𝟐𝟔. 𝟐𝟒𝟒𝛀

Magnitude:
𝑴𝒈 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝛀
Direction:

b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0 35 − 𝑗75Ω − 75Ω
Γ= = = 0.0691 − 0.6346𝑗
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0 35 − 𝑗75Ω + 75Ω

Magnitude:

Direction:

Coefficient transmission=
𝜏 = 1 + Γ = 1 + 0.0691 − 0.6346𝑗 = 1.0691 − 0.6346𝑗
c. VSWR.
1 + |Γ| 1 + |0.0691 − 0.6346𝑗|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = = = 4.5317
1 − |Γ| 1 − |0.0691 − 0.6346𝑗|

Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the
meaning of the value obtained for 𝑍𝑖𝑛 , Γ and VSWR.
According to the result of 4.5 we can say that approximately the
System passes 38% of the reflected power and 58% of the reflected
voltage.
3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the
transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software to check the results
obtained in point 2.
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ.
c. VSWR.
 Application example

Example: Cable TV.

Cable TV begins at the antenna farm. The networks transmit their programs
via satellite to the local cable company, where the different feeds are
received from different satellites. Then the feeds are modulated on 200
different 600 MHz channels. The 200 channels are then transmitted over a
coaxial cable.

The television signal then travels the cable way to your home.

Multiple television shows from around the world are broadcast after they are
produced. These programs are then transmitted to satellites in orbit around
the Earth. These signals are transmitted back to earth, and then, via radio
frequencies, to television sets via coaxial cable or fixed fiber optic.

Cable service providers will then make sure the signals are transmitted
through a coaxial cable to the cable outlet in your home. The cable company
connects coaxial cables or an RF cable from the wall directly to your television
set. Your cable-ready television set can be programmed to receive
broadcasts from cable channels.
 Video link

URL: https://youtu.be/GNP36T5uErM
 References

 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press,

(pp. 525-551).
 Joines, W., Bernhard, J., & Palmer, W. (2012). Microwave Transmission Line
Circuits. Boston: Artech House, (pp. 23-68).
 Hierauf, S. (2011). Understanding Signal Integrity. Boston: Artech House, Inc.
Chapter 6, 7, 11.
 Impedance Matching Networks. (2001). Radio-Frequency & Microwave
Communication Circuits, (pp. 146-188).
 Gutiérrez, W. (2017). The Smith Chart basics [Video]. Recovered
from http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13141