Task 3 - Electromagnetic waves in guided media

Individual work

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2020 7-05
 Introducción

the present document is made in order to understand the transmission line times, the meaning of bounded
transmission line and study some parameters on the transmission line with input impedance, b. Stationary
wave ratio, physical and electrical length.
For a better understanding, two exercises were developed where one of them will also be developed with the
Smith software to validate the answers found.
Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you understand by transmission line? Mention some types.

Transmission lines are systems made up of two conductors separated by insulation, through which an
electromagnetic signal is sent, represented by a potential difference and a current. from a sending point to
another receiver
Tipos de transmission:
balanced lines: when the transmission is made by two wires, in which one is the main conductor and the
other return.
Within the balanced lines, the most used types of conductors are:
Bipolar lines: belongs to the group of local airlines or power distribution
Lines of parallel plates: they consist of two parallel conductors with or without external insulation. It
belongs to the group of some coils of rotating electrical machines.

Coaxial lines: it is constituted by an isolated internal conductor, covered by an external conductor that
acts as a juala de faraday.

2. What is a bounded transmission line?

are the cables that are tangible or have physical existence and are limited by the physical geography.
Also known as Conducted systems, wired media generally employ a metallic or glass conductor
which serves to conduct, some form of electromagnetic energy. The term bounded or guided media
refers to the fact that the signal is contained within an enclosed physical path. Finally, bounded
media refers to the fact that some form of shield, cladding, and/or insulation is employed to bind the
signal within the core medium, thereby improving signal strength over a distance and enhancing the
performance of the transmission system in the process. Twisted pair (both unshielded and shielded),
coaxial and fiber optic cable systems fall into this category

3. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

a. Input impedance Z¿ .
Se entiende como la relación entre el voltaje y la corriente total
 b. Stationary wave ratio VSWR.
VSWR is defined as the ratio of the maximum voltage to the minimum voltage in standing wave
pattern along the length of a transmission line structure. It varies from 1 to (plus) infinity and is
always positive. Unless you have a piece of slotted line-test equipment this is a hard definition to
use, especially since the concept of voltage in a microwave structure has many interpretations.
Sometimes VSWR is called SWR to avoid using the term voltage and to instead use the concept
of power waves. This in turn leads to a mathematical definition of VSWR in terms of a reflection
coefficient. A reflection coefficient is defined as the ratio of reflected wave to incident wave at a
reference plane. This value varies from -1 (for a shorted load) to +1 (for an open load), and
becomes 0 for matched impedance load. It is a complex number. This helps us because we can
actually measure power.

c. Physical length L and electrical length 𝓁.

length 𝓁: The electrical length of a transmission line is expressed either as a fraction of a

wavelength or in degrees (or radians), where a wavelength corresponds to 360◦ (or 2π
radians). So if β is the phase constant of a signal on a transmission line and ℓ is its physical
length, the electrical length of the line in radians is βℓ..

4. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of waves?
Smith's chart is a special polar diagram containing circles of constant resistance, circles of constant
reactance, circles of constant standing wave ratio, and radial curves that represent the geometric places of
lag on a line of constant value; used in troubleshooting waveguides and transmission lines.
used to relate a complex reflection coefficient to a complex impedance. It can be used for a variety of
purposes, including determining impedance, matching impedance, optimizing noise, stability, and more.
This chart is a direct graphical representation, on the complex plane, of the complex reflection
coefficient. It is a Riemann surface, in which the reflection coefficient is cyclical, repeating every half
wavelength along the line. The number of half wavelengths can be represented by a reactance value. It
can be used as an impedance or admittance calculator, simply by turning 180 degrees (symmetry with the
origin).
 microwave circuits can be represented on the Smith chart as circles, for example the noise figure and
stability regions of amplifiers. The "point at infinity" represents the limit of the very large increase in
reflection and therefore never needs to be considered for practical circuits. A simple projection of the
locus of impedance (or admittance) on the diagram onto the actual axis gives a direct reading of the
standing wave coefficient (ROE or VSWR) through the corresponding lower scale.

Application exercises:

Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that ¿ corresponds to the group number and CCC to the
first 3 digits of the identification number.

1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:

Geometric parameters: a=0.2 mm b=20 mm t=( 9+10)μm

Conductor properties: (conductivity) σ c =4.3 x 108 Sm/m

Properties of the insulator: σ d=1 x 10−13 Sm/m ϵ r=2.1 μr =1

Applied signal frequency: f =102 KHz

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

a=0.2 mm b=20 mm 19 μm

1
δ p=
√ πf σ c μ0
δ p=7.5984 x 10−5 m

R AC a2
=
R DC a
−a

2δp 2
( δp
−1+ e δ p

)
R AC (0.2 m)2
=
R DC −(0.2m)

2(7.5984 x 10 )
(0.2 m)
−5 2
−5
(7.5984 x 10 ) (
−1+ e (7.5984 x10
−5
)
)
R AC
=2.0321
R DC

a> δ p >t

1 1 R AC 1
R= (x +
π σ C a2 R DC 2 bt )
1 1 1
R= 8
π (4.3 x 10 Sm/m) (0.2 m)2 (
x 2.0321+
2(20 m)(19 μ) )
R=38.58 x 10−3
 π σd
G=
b
ln ⁡( )
a

π ( 1 x 10−13 )
G=
20 m
ln( 0.2 m )
π (1 x 10−13 )
G=
4.605

G=1.3643 x 10−13
1
δ p=
√ πf σ c μ0

μ0 b
L=
4π [
1+2 ln( )
a ]
1.257 x 10−6 20 m
L=
4π [
1+2 ln (
0.2 m
) ]
1.257 x 10−6
L= [ 10.2103 ]
4π
L=1.021 x 10−6

ε =ε r∗ε 0
ε =2.1∗(8.854 x 10−12 )
ε =1.8593 x 10−11
 2 πε
C=
b
ln ⁡( )
a
2 π (1.8593 x 10−11 )
C=
20 m
ln ⁡( )
0.2 m

2 π (1.8593 x 10−11 )
C=
4.605
C=2.5367 x 10−11

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters α , β , γ ∧Z 0 .

C=2.5367 x 10−11

L=1.021 x 10−6

R=38.58 x 10−3

G=1.3643 x 10−13

ω=2 πf
ω=2 π (102 k H Z )

ω=640.88490 x 103

γ =± √ (R+ jωL)(G+ jωC )

γ =± √ ((38.58 x 10−3 )+ j(640.8 x 10 3)(1.021 x 10−6 ))((1.3643 x 10−13 )+ j (640.8 x 103)(2.5367 x 10−11 ))
γ =± √ (38.58 x 10−3+ 0.6543 j)((1.3643 x 10−13 )+ j(640.8 x 10 3)(2.5367 x 10−11 ))
 γ =± √ (38.58 x 10−3+ 0.6543 j)((1.3643 x 10−13)+ j(640.8 x 10 3)(2.5367 x 10−11 ))

γ =± √ (38.58 x 10−3+ 0.6543 j)¿ ¿

γ =± √ (38.58 x 10−3+ 0.6543 j)¿ ¿

γ =± √ (38.58 x 10−3+ 0.6543 j)¿ ¿

γ =0.000962+ 0.00328i
a=0.000962 Np /m
B=0.00328 Rad / m

38.58 x 10−3+(640.8 x 103 )(1.021 x 10−6 )i

z 0=
√
1.3643 x 10−13+(640.8 x 103 )(2.5367 x 10−11 )i

z 0=√ 40355.73−2379.56 i

z 0=200.97−5.92i ohm
c. Calculate the propagation velocity V p, the wavelength λ and the attenuation α dB / Km.

a=0.000962 Np /m

B=0.00328 Rad / m
ω=640.88490 x 103

V 640.88490 x10 3
p=¿ ¿
0.00328Rad / m

V p=¿1.95391 x 10 ¿ 3

2π
λ=
β
 2π
λ=
0.00328 Rad /m

λ=1915.605277 m

α dB / Km=−8.68∗a

α dB / Km=−8.68∗0.000962 Np/m
α dB / Km=−0.00835016 dB/m

Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.

2. A Z o=75 Ω lossless transmission line has a Z L =35− j75 Ω. If it is ¿ m long and the wavelength is
CCC mm, Calculate:
long : 9 m
wavelength:102 mm=0.102 m
Z
a. Input impedance ¿ .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).
c. VSWR.
 2π
z l + j z 0 tan l
∂
z ¿ =z0
2π
z 0 + j z l tan l
∂
2π
(35− j75)+ j(75)tan ( 9 m)
( 0.102m )
z ¿ =75
2π
(75)+ j(35− j75)tan ( 9 m)
( 0.102m )
35+729.2 j
z ¿ =75
879.2+375.29 j
z ¿ =75∗0.33+ 0.69 j
z ¿ =24.75+51.75 j Ω

35− j75−75
τ=
35− j75+75

−45− j 75
τ=
110− j75

τ =( 0.07−0.63 j)Ω
τ =0.6338←83.6598 Ω

1+|τ|
VSWR=
1−|τ|
1+|0.6338|
VSWR=
1−|0.6338|
VSWR=4.46
3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the transmission lines, use the
"Smith 4.1" software found in the Practical Learning Environment to check the results obtained in
point 2.
a. Input impedance Z¿ .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ.
c. VSWR.
d. Find an electrical length 𝓁 where the input impedance Z¿ is real.

l
L=
∂

9
L=
0.102
L=88.23lambda
Como cada Vuelta vale 0.5 ubicamos nuestro punto en 0.23 lambda
 Conclusions

To conclude the development of this document, you can understand the importance of knowing the input
impedance value on our transmission line. since having knowledge of this value avoids many conflicts or
problem that can occur in the future. how is the connect one to connect a transmission line with a different
impedance, this could generate a reflection effect if it is greater or a very short circuit on the line, generating
loss of unwanted information.
Bibliography

Physical book.
oines, W., Bernhard, J., & Palmer, W. (2012 ). Microwave Transmission Line Circuits. Boston: Artech
House, (pp. 23-45).

Internet video.
Gutiérrez, W. (2017). The Smith Chart basics. [Video]. Recovered from http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13141