CHAPTER 10

10.1. In Fig. 10.4, let B = 0.2 cos 120t T, and assume that the conductor joining the two ends
of the resistor is perfect. It may be assumed that the magnetic eld produced by I(t) is
negligible. Find:
a) V
ab
(t): Since B is constant over the loop area, the ux is = (0.15)
2
B = 1.41
10
2
cos 120t Wb. Now, emf = V
ba
(t) = d/dt = (120)(1.41 10
2
) sin 120t.
Then V
ab
(t) = V
ba
(t) = 5.33 sin 120t V.
b) I(t) = V
ba
(t)/R = 5.33 sin(120t)/250 = 21.3 sin(120t) mA
10.2. In Fig. 10.1, replace the voltmeter with a resistance, R.
a) Find the current I that ows as a result of the motion of the sliding bar: The current is
found through
I =
1
R
_
E dL =
1
R
d
m
dt
Taking the normal to the path integral as a
z
, the path direction will be counter-clockwise
when viewed from above (in the a
z
direction). The minus sign in the equation indicates
that the current will therefore ow clockwise, since the magnetic ux is increasing with
time. The ux of B is
m
= Bdvt, and so
|I| =
1
R
d
m
dt
=
Bdv
R
(clockwise)
b) The bar current results in a force exerted on the bar as it moves. Determine this force:
F =
_
IdL B =
_
d
0
Idxa
x
Ba
z
=
_
d
0
Bdv
R
a
x
Ba
z
=
B
2
d
2
v
R
a
y
N
c) Determine the mechanical power required to maintain a constant velocity v and show
that this power is equal to the power absorbed by R. The mechanical power is
P
m
= Fv =
(Bdv)
2
R
W
The electrical power is
P
e
= I
2
R =
(Bdv)
2
R
= P
m
10.3. Given H = 300 a
z
cos(3 10
8
t y) A/m in free space, nd the emf developed in the general
a

direction about the closed path having corners at

a) (0,0,0), (1,0,0), (1,1,0), and (0,1,0): The magnetic ux will be:
=
_
1
0
_
1
0
300
0
cos(3 10
8
t y) dxdy = 300
0
sin(3 10
8
t y)|
1
0
= 300
0
_
sin(3 10
8
t 1) sin(3 10
8
t)

Wb
Then
emf =
d
dt
= 300(3 10
8
)(4 10
7
)
_
cos(3 10
8
t 1) cos(3 10
8
t)

= 1.13 10
5
_
cos(3 10
8
t 1) cos(3 10
8
t)

V
b) corners at (0,0,0), (2,0,0), (2,2,0), (0,2,0): In this case, the ux is
= 2 300
0
sin(3 10
8
t y)|
2
0
= 0
The emf is therefore 0.
10.4. Conductor surfaces are located at = 1cm and = 2cm in free space. The volume 1 cm <
< 2 cm contains the elds H

= (2/) cos(6 10
8
t 2z) A/m and E

= (240/) cos(6
10
8
t 2z) V/m.
a) Show that these two elds satisfy Eq. (6), Sec. 10.1: Have
E =
E

z
a

=
2(240)

sin(6 10
8
t 2z) a

=
480
2

sin(6 10
8
t 2z)a

Then

B
t
=
2
0
(6 10
8
)

sin(6 10
8
t 2z) a

=
(8 10
7
)(6 10
8
)

sin(6 10
8
t 2z) =
480
2

sin(6 10
8
t 2z) a

b) Evaluate both integrals in Eq. (4) for the planar surface dened by = 0, 1cm < < 2cm,
0 < z < 0.1m, and its perimeter, and show that the same results are obtained: we take
the normal to the surface as positive a

, so the the loop surrounding the surface (by the

right hand rule) is in the negative a

direction at z = 0, and is in the positive a

direction
at z = 0.1. Taking the left hand side rst, we nd
_
E dL =
_
.01
.02
240

cos(6 10
8
t) a

d
+
_
.02
.01
240

cos(6 10
8
t 2(0.1)) a

d
= 240 cos(6 10
8
t) ln
_
1
2
_
+ 240 cos(6 10
8
t 0.2) ln
_
2
1
_
= 240(ln 2)
_
cos(6 10
8
t 0.2) cos(6 10
8
t)

10.4b (continued). Now for the right hand side. First,

_
B dS =
_
0.1
0
_
.02
.01
8 10
7

cos(6 10
8
t 2z) a

d dz
=
_
0.1
0
(8 10
7
) ln 2 cos(6 10
8
t 2z) dz
= 4 10
7
ln 2
_
sin(6 10
8
t 0.2) sin(6 10
8
t)

Then

d
dt
_
B dS = 240(ln 2)
_
cos(6 10
8
t 0.2) cos(6 10
8
t)

(check)
10.5. The location of the sliding bar in Fig. 10.5 is given by x = 5t +2t
3
, and the separation of the
two rails is 20 cm. Let B = 0.8x
2
a
z
T. Find the voltmeter reading at:
a) t = 0.4 s: The ux through the loop will be
=
_
0.2
0
_
x
0
0.8(x

)
2
dx

dy =
0.16
3
x
3
=
0.16
3
(5t + 2t
3
)
3
Wb
Then
emf =
d
dt
=
0.16
3
(3)(5t +2t
3
)
2
(5+6t
2
) = (0.16)[5(.4) +2(.4)
3
]
2
[5+6(.4)
2
] = 4.32 V
b) x = 0.6 m: Have 0.6 = 5t + 2t
3
, from which we nd t = 0.1193. Thus
emf = (0.16)[5(.1193) + 2(.1193)
3
]
2
[5 + 6(.1193)
2
] = .293 V
10.6. A perfectly conducting lament containing a small 500- resistor is formed into a square, as
illustrated in Fig. 10.6. Find I(t) if
a) B = 0.3 cos(120t 30

) a
z
T: First the ux through the loop is evaluated, where the
unit normal to the loop is a
z
. We nd
=
_
loop
B dS = (0.3)(0.5)
2
cos(120t 30

) Wb
Then the current will be
I(t) =
emf
R
=
1
R
d
dt
=
(120)(0.3)(0.25)
500
sin(120t 30

) = 57 sin(120t 30

) mA
b) B = 0.4 cos[(ct y)] a
z
T where c = 3 10
8
m/s: Since the eld varies with y, the ux
is now
=
_
loop
B dS = (0.5)(0.4)
_
.5
0
cos(y ct) dy =
0.2

[sin(ct /2) sin(ct)] Wb

The current is then
I(t) =
emf
R
=
1
R
d
dt
=
0.2c
500
[cos(ct /2) cos(ct)] A
=
0.2(3 10
8
)
500
[sin(ct) cos(ct)] A = 120 [cos(ct) sin(ct)] mA
10.7. The rails in Fig. 10.7 each have a resistance of 2.2 /m. The bar moves to the right at a
constant speed of 9 m/s in a uniform magnetic eld of 0.8 T. Find I(t), 0 < t < 1 s, if the bar
is at x = 2 m at t = 0 and
a) a 0.3 resistor is present across the left end with the right end open-circuited: The ux
in the left-hand closed loop is

l
= B area = (0.8)(0.2)(2 + 9t)
Then, emf
l
= d
l
/dt = (0.16)(9) = 1.44 V. With the bar in motion, the loop
resistance is increasing with time, and is given by R
l
(t) = 0.3+2[2.2(2+9t)]. The current
is now
I
l
(t) =
emf
l
R
l
(t)
=
1.44
9.1 + 39.6t
A
Note that the sign of the current indicates that it is owing in the direction opposite that
shown in the gure.
b) Repeat part a, but with a resistor of 0.3 across each end: In this case, there will be
a contribution to the current from the right loop, which is now closed. The ux in the
right loop, whose area decreases with time, is

r
= (0.8)(0.2)[(16 2) 9t]
and emf
r
= d
r
/dt = (0.16)(9) = 1.44 V. The resistance of the right loop is R
r
(t) =
0.3 + 2[2.2(14 9t)], and so the contribution to the current from the right loop will be
I
r
(t) =
1.44
61.9 39.6t
A
10.7b (continued). The minus sign has been inserted because again the current must ow in the
opposite direction as that indicated in the gure, with the ux decreasing with time. The
total current is found by adding the part a result, or
I
T
(t) = 1.44
_
1
61.9 39.6t
+
1
9.1 + 39.6t
_
A
10.8. Fig. 10.1 is modied to show that the rail separation is larger when y is larger. Specically, let
the separation d = 0.2 + 0.02y. Given a uniform velocity v
y
= 8 m/s and a uniform magnetic
ux density B
z
= 1.1 T, nd V
12
as a function of time if the bar is located at y = 0 at t = 0:
The ux through the loop as a function of y can be written as
=
_
B dS =
_
y
0
_
.2+.02y

0
1.1 dxdy

=
_
y
0
1.1(.2 + .02y

) dy

= 0.22y(1 + .05y)
Now, with y = vt = 8t, the above becomes = 1.76t(1 + .40t). Finally,
V
12
=
d
dt
= 1.76(1 + .80t) V
10.9. A square lamentary loop of wire is 25 cm on a side and has a resistance of 125 per meter
length. The loop lies in the z = 0 plane with its corners at (0, 0, 0), (0.25, 0, 0), (0.25, 0.25, 0),
and (0, 0.25, 0) at t = 0. The loop is moving with velocity v
y
= 50 m/s in the eld B
z
=
8 cos(1.510
8
t 0.5x) T. Develop a function of time which expresses the ohmic power being
delivered to the loop: First, since the eld does not vary with y, the loop motion in the y
direction does not produce any time-varying ux, and so this motion is immaterial. We can
evaluate the ux at the original loop position to obtain:
(t) =
_
.25
0
_
.25
0
8 10
6
cos(1.5 10
8
t 0.5x) dxdy
= (4 10
6
)
_
sin(1.5 10
8
t 0.13x) sin(1.5 10
8
t)

Wb
Now, emf = V (t) = d/dt = 6.010
2
_
cos(1.5 10
8
t 0.13x) cos(1.5 10
8
t)

, The total
loop resistance is R = 125(0.25 + 0.25 + 0.25 + 0.25) = 125 . Then the ohmic power is
P(t) =
V
2
(t)
R
= 2.9 10
3
_
cos(1.5 10
8
t 0.13x) cos(1.5 10
8
t)

Watts
10.10a. Show that the ratio of the amplitudes of the conduction current density and the displacement
current density is / for the applied eld E = E
m
cos t. Assume =
0
. First, D =
E = E
m
cos t. Then the displacement current density is D/t = E
m
sin t. Second,
J
c
= E = E
m
cos t. Using these results we nd |J
c
|/|J
d
| = /.
b. What is the amplitude ratio if the applied eld is E = E
m
e
t/
, where is real? As before,
nd D = E = E
m
e
t/
, and so J
d
= D/t = (/)E
m
e
t/
. Also, J
c
= E
m
e
t/
.
Finally, |J
c
|/|J
d
| = /.
10.11. Let the internal dimension of a coaxial capacitor be a = 1.2 cm, b = 4 cm, and l = 40 cm.
The homogeneous material inside the capacitor has the parameters = 10
11
F/m, = 10
5
H/m, and = 10
5
S/m. If the electric eld intensity is E = (10
6
/) cos(10
5
t)a

V/m, nd:
a) J: Use
J = E =
_
10

_
cos(10
5
t)a

A/m
2
b) the total conduction current, I
c
, through the capacitor: Have
I
c
=
_ _
J dS = 2lJ = 20l cos(10
5
t) = 8 cos(10
5
t) A
c) the total displacement current, I
d
, through the capacitor: First nd
J
d
=
D
t
=

t
(E) =
(10
5
)(10
11
)(10
6
)

sin(10
5
t)a

=
1

sin(10
5
t) A/m
Now
I
d
= 2lJ
d
= 2l sin(10
5
t) = 0.8 sin(10
5
t) A
d) the ratio of the amplitude of I
d
to that of I
c
, the quality factor of the capacitor: This will
be
|I
d
|
|I
c
|
=
0.8
8
= 0.1
10.12. Show that the displacement current owing between the two conducting cylinders in a lossless
coaxial capacitor is exactly the same as the conduction current owing in the external circuit
if the applied voltage between conductors is V
0
cos t volts.
From Chapter 7, we know that for a given applied voltage between the cylinders, the
electric eld is
E =
V
0
cos t
ln(b/a)
a

V/m D =
V
0
cos t
ln(b/a)
a

C/m
2
Then the displacement current density is
D
t
=
V
0
sin t
ln(b/a)
a

Over a length , the displacement current will be

I
d
=
_ _
D
t
dS = 2
D
t
=
2V
0
sin t
ln(b/a)
= C
dV
dt
= I
c
where we recall that the capacitance is given by C = 2/ ln(b/a).
10.13. Consider the region dened by |x|, |y|, and |z| < 1. Let
r
= 5,
r
= 4, and = 0. If
J
d
= 20 cos(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
y
A/m
2
;
a) nd D and E: Since J
d
= D/t, we write
D =
_
J
d
dt + C =
20 10
6
1.5 10
8
sin(1.5 10
8
bx)a
y
= 1.33 10
13
sin(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
y
C/m
2
where the integration constant is set to zero (assuming no dc elds are present). Then
E =
D

=
1.33 10
13
(5 8.85 10
12
)
sin(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
y
= 3.0 10
3
sin(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
y
V/m
b) use the point form of Faradays law and an integration with respect to time to nd B and
H: In this case,
E =
E
y
x
a
z
= b(3.0 10
3
) cos(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
z
=
B
t
Solve for B by integrating over time:
B =
b(3.0 10
3
)
1.5 10
8
sin(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
z
= (2.0)b 10
11
sin(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
z
T
10.13b (continued). Now
H =
B

=
(2.0)b 10
11
4 4 10
7
sin(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
z
= (4.0 10
6
)b sin(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
z
A/m
c) use H = J
d
+ J to nd J
d
: Since = 0, there is no conduction current, so in this
case
H =
H
z
x
a
y
= 4.0 10
6
b
2
cos(1.5 10
8
t bx)a
y
A/m
2
= J
d
d) What is the numerical value of b? We set the given expression for J
d
equal to the result
of part c to obtain:
20 10
6
= 4.0 10
6
b
2
b =

5.0 m
1
10.14. A voltage source, V
0
sin t, is connected between two concentric conducting spheres, r = a
and r = b, b > a, where the region between them is a material for which =
r

0
, =
0
, and
= 0. Find the total displacement current through the dielectric and compare it with the
source current as determined from the capacitance (Sec. 5.10) and circuit analysis methods:
First, solving Laplaces equation, we nd the voltage between spheres (see Eq. 20, Chapter
7):
V (t) =
(1/r) (1/b)
(1/a) (1/b)
V
0
sin t
Then
E = V =
V
0
sin t
r
2
(1/a 1/b)
a
r
D =

r

0
V
0
sin t
r
2
(1/a 1/b)
a
r
Now
J
d
=
D
t
=

r

0
V
0
cos t
r
2
(1/a 1/b)
a
r
The displacement current is then
I
d
= 4r
2
J
d
=
4
r

0
V
0
cos t
(1/a 1/b)
= C
dV
dt
where, from Eq. 47, Chapter 5,
C =
4
r

0
(1/a 1/b)
The results are consistent.
10.15. Let = 310
5
H/m, = 1.210
10
F/m, and = 0 everywhere. If H = 2 cos(10
10
tx)a
z
A/m, use Maxwells equations to obtain expressions for B, D, E, and : First, B = H =
6 10
5
cos(10
10
t x)a
z
T. Next we use
H =
H
x
a
y
= 2 sin(10
10
t x)a
y
=
D
t
from which
D =
_
2 sin(10
10
t x) dt + C =
2
10
10
cos(10
10
t x)a
y
C/m
2
where the integration constant is set to zero, since no dc elds are presumed to exist. Next,
E =
D

=
2
(1.2 10
10
)(10
10
)
cos(10
10
t x)a
y
= 1.67 cos(10
10
t x)a
y
V/m
Now
E =
E
y
x
a
z
= 1.67
2
sin(10
10
t x)a
z
=
B
t
So
B =
_
1.67
2
sin(10
10
t x)a
z
dt = (1.67 10
10
)
2
cos(10
10
t x)a
z
We require this result to be consistent with the expression for B originally found. So
(1.67 10
10
)
2
= 6 10
5
= 600 rad/m
10.16. Derive the continuity equation from Maxwells equations: First, take the divergence of both
sides of Amperes circuital law:
H
. .
0
= J +

t
D = J +

v
t
= 0
where we have used D =
v
, another Maxwell equation.
10.17. The electric eld intensity in the region 0 < x < 5, 0 < y < /12, 0 < z < 0.06 m in free
space is given by E = C sin(12y) sin(az) cos(2 10
10
t) a
x
V/m. Beginning with the E
relationship, use Maxwells equations to nd a numerical value for a, if it is known that a is
greater than zero: In this case we nd
E =
E
x
z
a
y

E
z
y
a
z
= C [a sin(12y) cos(az)a
y
12 cos(12y) sin(az)a
z
] cos(2 10
10
t) =
B
t
10.17 (continued). Then
H =
1

0
_
E dt + C
1
=
C

0
(2 10
10
[a sin(12y) cos(az)a
y
12 cos(12y) sin(az)a
z
] sin(2 10
10
t) A/m
where the integration constant, C
1
= 0, since there are no initial conditions. Using this result,
we now nd
H =
_
H
z
y

H
y
z
_
a
x
=
C(144 + a
2
)

0
(2 10
10
)
sin(12y) sin(az) sin(2 10
10
t) a
x
=
D
t
Now
E =
D

0
=
_
1

0
H dt + C
2
=
C(144 + a
2
)

0
(2 10
10
)
2
sin(12y) sin(az) cos(2 10
10
t) a
x
where C
2
= 0. This eld must be the same as the original eld as stated, and so we require
that
C(144 + a
2
)

0
(2 10
10
)
2
= 1
Using
0

0
= (3 10
8
)
2
, we nd
a =
_
(2 10
10
)
2
(3 10
8
)
2
144
_
1/2
= 66 m
1
10.18. The parallel plate transmission line shown in Fig. 10.8 has dimensions b = 4 cm and d = 8
mm, while the medium between plates is characterized by
r
= 1,
r
= 20, and = 0. Neglect
elds outside the dielectric. Given the eld H = 5 cos(10
9
t z)a
y
A/m, use Maxwells
equations to help nd:
a) , if > 0: Take
H =
H
y
z
a
x
= 5 sin(10
9
t z)a
x
= 20
0
E
t
So
E =
_
5
20
0
sin(10
9
t z)a
x
dt =

(4 10
9
)
0
cos(10
9
t z)a
x
Then
E =
E
x
z
a
y
=

2
(4 10
9
)
0
sin(10
9
t z)a
y
=
0
H
t
So that
H =
_

2
(4 10
9
)
0

0
sin(10
9
t z)a
x
dt =

2
(4 10
18
)
0

0
cos(10
9
t z)
= 5 cos(10
9
t z)a
y
10.18a (continued) where the last equality is required to maintain consistency. Therefore

2
(4 10
18
)
0

0
= 5 = 14.9 m
1
b) the displacement current density at z = 0: Since = 0, we have
H = J
d
= 5 sin(10
9
t z) = 74.5 sin(10
9
t 14.9z)a
x
= 74.5 sin(10
9
t)a
x
A/m at z = 0
c) the total displacement current crossing the surface x = 0.5d, 0 < y < b, and 0 < z < 0.1
m in the a
x
direction. We evaluate the ux integral of J
d
over the given cross section:
I
d
= 74.5b
_
0.1
0
sin(10
9
t 14.9z) a
x
a
x
dz = 0.20
_
cos(10
9
t 1.49) cos(10
9
t)

A
10.19. In the rst section of this chapter, Faradays law was used to show that the eld E =

1
2
kB
0
e
kt
a

results from the changing magnetic eld B = B

0
e
kt
a
z
.
a) Show that these elds do not satisfy Maxwells other curl equation: Note that B as stated
is constant with position, and so will have zero curl. The electric eld, however, varies
with time, and so H =
D
t
would have a zero left-hand side and a non-zero right-hand
side. The equation is thus not valid with these elds.
b) If we let B
0
= 1 T and k = 10
6
s
1
, we are establishing a fairly large magnetic ux
density in 1 s. Use the H equation to show that the rate at which B
z
should (but
does not) change with is only about 5 10
6
T/m in free space at t = 0: Assuming
that B varies with , we write
H =
H
z

=
1

0
dB
0
d
e
kt
=
0
E
t
=
1
2

0
k
2
B
0
e
kt
Thus
dB
0
d
=
1
2

0
k
2
B
0
=
10
12
(1)
2(3 10
8
)
2
= 5.6 10
6

which is near the stated value if is on the order of 1m.

10.20. Point C(0.1, 0.2, 0.3) lies on the surface of a perfect conductor. The electric eld intensity
at C is (500a
x
300a
y
+600a
z
) cos 10
7
t V/m, and the medium surrounding the conductor is
characterized by
r
= 5,
r
= 10, and = 0.
a) Find a unit vector normal to the conductor surface at C, if the origin lies within the
conductor: At t = 0, the eld must be directed out of the surface, and will be normal to
it, since we have a perfect conductor. Therefore
n =
+E(t = 0)
|E(t = 0)|
=
5a
x
3a
y
+ 6a
z

25 + 9 + 36
= 0.60a
x
0.36a
y
+ 0.72a
z
b) Find the surface charge density at C: Use

s
= D n|
surface
= 10
0
[500a
x
300a
y
+ 600a
z
] cos(10
7
t) [.60a
x
.36a
y
+ .72a
z
]
= 10
0
[300 + 108 + 432] cos(10
7
t) = 7.4 10
8
cos(10
7
t) C/m
2
= 74 cos(10
7
t) nC/m
2
10.21. a) Show that under static eld conditions, Eq. (55) reduces to Amperes circuital law. First
use the denition of the vector Laplacian:

2
A = A+( A) = J
which is Eq. (55) with the time derivative set to zero. We also note that A = 0 in steady
state (from Eq. (54)). Now, since B = A, (55) becomes
B = J H = J
b) Show that Eq. (51) becomes Faradays law when taking the curl: Doing this gives
E = V

t
A
The curl of the gradient is identially zero, and A = B. We are left with
E = B/t
10.22. In a sourceless medium, in which J = 0 and
v
= 0, assume a rectangular coordinate system in
which E and Hare functions only of z and t. The medium has permittivity and permeability
. (a) If E = E
x
a
x
and H = H
y
a
y
, begin with Maxwells equations and determine the second
order partial dierential equation that E
x
must satisfy.
First use
E =
B
t

E
x
z
a
y
=
H
y
t
a
y
in which case, the curl has dictated the direction that H must lie in. Similarly, use the
other Maxwell curl equation to nd
H =
D
t

H
y
z
a
x
=
E
x
t
a
x
Now, dierentiate the rst equation with respect to z, and the second equation with
respect to t:

2
E
x
z
2
=

2
H
y
tz
and

2
H
y
zt
=

2
E
x
t
2
Combining these two, we nd

2
E
x
z
2
=

2
E
x
t
2
b) Show that E
x
= E
0
cos(t z) is a solution of that equation for a particular value of :
Substituting, we nd

2
E
x
z
2
=
2
E
0
cos(t z) and

2
E
x
t
2
=
2
E
0
cos(t z)
These two will be equal provided the constant multipliers of cos(t z) are equal.
c) Find as a function of given parameters. Equating the two constants in part b, we nd
=

.
10.23. In region 1, z < 0,
1
= 2 10
11
F/m,
1
= 2 10
6
H/m, and
1
= 4 10
3
S/m; in
region 2, z > 0,
2
=
1
/2,
2
= 2
1
, and
2
=
1
/4. It is known that E
1
= (30a
x
+ 20a
y
+
10a
z
) cos(10
9
t) V/m at P
1
(0, 0, 0

).
a) Find E
N1
, E
t1
, D
N1
, and D
t1
: These will be
E
N1
= 10 cos(10
9
t)a
z
V/m E
t1
= (30a
x
+ 20a
y
) cos(10
9
t) V/m
D
N1
=
1
E
N1
= (2 10
11
)(10) cos(10
9
t)a
z
C/m
2
= 200 cos(10
9
t)a
z
pC/m
2
10.23a (continued).
D
t1
=
1
E
t1
= (2 10
11
)(30a
x
+ 20a
y
) cos(10
9
t) = (600a
x
+ 400a
y
) cos(10
9
t) pC/m
2
b) Find J
N1
and J
t1
at P
1
:
J
N1
=
1
E
N1
= (4 10
3
)(10 cos(10
9
t))a
z
= 40 cos(10
9
t)a
z
mA/m
2
J
t1
=
1
E
t1
= (4 10
3
)(30a
x
+ 20a
y
) cos(10
9
t) = (120a
x
+ 80a
y
) cos(10
9
t) mA/m
2
c) Find E
t2
, D
t2
, and J
t2
at P
1
: By continuity of tangential E,
E
t2
= E
t1
= (30a
x
+ 20a
y
) cos(10
9
t) V/m
Then
D
t2
=
2
E
t2
= (10
11
)(30a
x
+ 20a
y
) cos(10
9
t) = (300a
x
+ 200a
y
) cos(10
9
t) pC/m
2
J
t2
=
2
E
t2
= (10
3
)(30a
x
+ 20a
y
) cos(10
9
t) = (30a
x
+ 20a
y
) cos(10
9
t) mA/m
2
d) (Harder) Use the continuity equation to help show that J
N1
J
N2
= D
N2
/t D
N1
/t
and then determine E
N2
, D
N2
, and J
N2
: We assume the existence of a surface charge layer
at the boundary having density
s
C/m
2
. If we draw a cylindrical pillbox whose top and
bottom surfaces (each of area a) are on either side of the interface, we may use the continuity
condition to write
(J
N2
J
N1
)a =

s
t
a
where
s
= D
N2
D
N1
. Therefore,
J
N1
J
N2
=

t
(D
N2
D
N1
)
In terms of the normal electric eld components, this becomes

1
E
N1

2
E
N2
=

t
(
2
E
N2

1
E
N1
)
Now let E
N2
= Acos(10
9
t) + B sin(10
9
t), while from before, E
N1
= 10 cos(10
9
t).
10.23d (continued)
These, along with the permittivities and conductivities, are substituted to obtain
(4 10
3
)(10) cos(10
9
t) 10
3
[Acos(10
9
t) + B sin(10
9
t)]
=

t
_
10
11
[Acos(10
9
t) + B sin(10
9
t)] (2 10
11
)(10) cos(10
9
t)

= (10
2
Asin(10
9
t) + 10
2
B cos(10
9
t) + (2 10
1
) sin(10
9
t)
We now equate coecients of the sin and cos terms to obtain two equations:
4 10
2
10
3
A = 10
2
B
10
3
B = 10
2
A + 2 10
1
These are solved together to nd A = 20.2 and B = 2.0. Thus
E
N2
=
_
20.2 cos(10
9
t) + 2.0 sin(10
9
t)

a
z
= 20.3 cos(10
9
t + 5.6

)a
z
V/m
Then
D
N2
=
2
E
N2
= 203 cos(10
9
t + 5.6

)a
z
pC/m
2
and
J
N2
=
2
E
N2
= 20.3 cos(10
9
t + 5.6

)a
z
mA/m
2
10.24. In a medium in which
v
= 0, but in which the permittivity is a function of position, determine
the conditions on the permittivity variation such that
a) E = 0: We rst note that D = 0 if
v
= 0, where D = E. Now
D = (E) = E + E = 0
or
E + E

= 0
We see that E = 0 if = 0.
b) E
.
= 0: From the development in part a, E will be approximately zero if / is
negligible.
10.25. In a region where
r
=
r
= 1 and = 0, the retarded potentials are given by V = x(z ct)
V and A = x[(z/c) t]a
z
Wb/m, where c = 1/

0
.
a) Show that A = (V/t):
First,
A =
A
z
z
=
x
c
= x

0
Second,
V
t
= cx =
x

0
so we observe that A =
0

0
(V/t) in free space, implying that the given statement
would hold true in general media.
b) Find B, H, E, and D:
Use
B = A =
A
x
x
a
y
=
_
t
z
c
_
a
y
T
Then
H =
B

0
=
1

0
_
t
z
c
_
a
y
A/m
Now,
E = V
A
t
= (z ct)a
x
xa
z
+ xa
z
= (ct z)a
x
V/m
Then
D =
0
E =
0
(ct z)a
x
C/m
2
c) Show that these results satisfy Maxwells equations if J and
v
are zero:
i. D =
0
(ct z)a
x
= 0
ii. B = (t z/c)a
y
= 0
iii.
H =
H
y
z
a
x
=
1

0
c
a
x
=
_

0
a
x
which we require to equal D/t:
D
t
=
0
ca
x
=
_

0
a
x
10.25c (continued).
iv.
E =
E
x
z
a
y
= a
y
which we require to equal B/t:
B
t
= a
y
So all four Maxwell equations are satised.
10.26. Let the current I = 80t A be present in the a
z
direction on the z axis in free space within the
interval 0.1 < z < 0.1 m.
a) Find A
z
at P(0, 2, 0): The integral for the retarded vector potential will in this case assume
the form
A =
_
.1
.1

0
80(t R/c)
4R
a
z
dz
where R =

z
2
+ 4 and c = 3 10
8
m/s. We obtain
A
z
=
80
0
4
__
.1
.1
t

z
2
+ 4
dz
_
.1
.1
1
c
dz
_
= 8 10
6
t ln(z +
_
z
2
+ 4)

.1
.1

8 10
6
3 10
8
z

.1
.1
= 8 10
6
ln
_
.1 +

4.01
.1 +

4.01
_
0.53 10
14
= 8.0 10
7
t 0.53 10
14
So nally, A =
_
8.0 10
7
t 5.3 10
15

a
z
Wb/m.
b) Sketch A
z
versus t over the time interval 0.1 < t < 0.1 s: The sketch is linearly increasing
with time, beginning with A
z
= 8.53 10
14
Wb/m at t = 0.1 s, crossing the time axis
and going positive at t = 6.6 ns, and reaching a maximum value of 7.46 10
14
Wb/m at
t = 0.1 s.