Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work

Student name
Milton Rojas Espinosa
Group 203058A_951
Identification number
1017131821

Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia - UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
 Exercises development
Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
2
1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?
The modes of propagation are each of the possible configurations adopted
by the electromagnetic waves that travel through the waveguide, these
depend on the wavelength, its polarization and the dimensions of the guide.
2. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic
wave?
This occurs when the
side of the boundary and the angle of incidence is greater than the critical
angle, the wave cannot pass and is fully reflected. The critical angle is the
angle of incidence above which total internal reflection occurs. This is
particularly common as an optical phenomenon, where light waves are
involved, but it occurs with many types of waves, such as electromagnetic
waves in general or sound waves.
3. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic
wave?
Refraction of lightis the most commonly observed phenomenon, but other
waves such as soundwaves and water waves also experience
refraction. How much a wave isrefracted is determined by the change
in wave speed and the initial direction ofwave propagation relative to the
direction of change in speed.
4. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation
of waves?
Snell's law (also known as Snell-Descartes law and the law of refraction) is
aformula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence
andrefraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a
boundarybetween two different isotropic media, such as water, glass, or air.
In optics, the law is used in ray tracing to compute the angles of incidence
orrefraction, and in experimental optics to find the refractive index of a
material.The law is also satisfied in metamaterials, which allow
light to be bent"backward" at a negative angle of refraction with a
negative refractive index.
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to 3
the group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 46 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 100𝑚𝑊/𝑚2, incident from
the air (𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic
impedance 𝜂2 = (821 + 10)𝛺 = 831𝛺. Calculate the reflected power 𝑃1− and
the transmitted power 𝑃2+ to the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

Solution:
η2 −η1 831𝛺−377𝛺
Reflection coefficient: Γ= = = 0,37582 < 0°
η2 +η1 831𝛺+377𝛺

The wave when reflected is in phase with the incident

we find the reflectance: 𝑅 = |Γ|2 = 0,375822 = 0.14124 = 14.124%
we find the transmittance:
𝑇 = 1 − |Γ|2 = 1 − 0.141242 = 0,85875 = 85.875%
4

we find the reflected power:

100𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
|𝑃1 − | = 𝑅 ∗ 𝑃1 + = 0.14124 ∗ 2
= 14.12465 2
𝑚 𝑚

we find the transmitted power:

100𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
|𝑃2 + | = 𝑇 ∗ 𝑃1 + = 0,85875 ∗ = 85.875
𝑚2 𝑚2

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 46 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 100𝑚𝑊/𝑚2, coming
from a wave generator located 12𝑐𝑚 from the wall, which impinges from
the air (𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺) = 377𝛺 perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic
impedance 𝜂2 = (821 + 10)𝛺 = 831𝛺 and 20𝑐𝑚 thick. The wall is made of a
non-magnetic and non-dissipative material. On the other side of the wall 5
is a receiver located 20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection Ґ and transmission 𝜏 seen by the
generator.
Calculate Constant de face:
𝝎𝒏𝟏 𝟐𝝅 ∗ 𝟒𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑯𝒛 ∗ 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝜴
𝜷= = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟕𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒎
𝑪𝒐 𝒏𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎
𝟑 ∗ 𝒔 ∗ 𝟖𝟑𝟏𝜴

Calculate impedance de entrada:

𝑛3 + 𝑗𝑛2 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛽𝑥) 377𝛺 + 𝑗831𝛺 ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛(0.43707𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚 ∗ 0.20𝑚)
𝑛𝑖𝑛 = 𝑛2 ∗ = 831𝛺 ∗
𝑛2 + 𝑗𝑛3 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛽𝑥) 831𝛺 + 𝑗377𝛺 ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛(0.43707𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚 ∗ 0.20𝑚)
𝒏𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑𝟕𝟗. 𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟗𝟔 + 𝟓𝟕. 𝟕𝟒𝟕𝟏𝟕𝒊𝜴
 6

coefficient of reflection Ґ𝟏
𝒏𝒊𝒏 − 𝒏𝟏 𝟑𝟕𝟗. 𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟗𝟔 + 𝟓𝟕. 𝟕𝟒𝟕𝟏𝟕𝒊𝜴 − 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝜴
Ґ𝟏 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟖𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓𝟔𝟖𝒊
𝒏𝒊𝒏 + 𝒏𝟏 𝟑𝟕𝟗. 𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟗𝟔 + 𝟓𝟕. 𝟕𝟒𝟕𝟏𝟕𝒊𝜴 + 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝜴

Transmittance T1:
Ґ𝟏 = 𝟏 − |Ґ|𝟐 = 𝟏 − |𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟖𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓𝟔𝟖𝒊| 𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟏𝟗 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟏%

𝑹𝟏 = 𝟏 − 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎% − 𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟏% = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗%

coefficient of transmission T1:

Ґ𝟏 = 𝟏 + Ґ𝟏 = 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟖𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓𝟔𝟖𝒊 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟖𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓𝟔𝟖𝒊
coefficient of reflection Ґ𝟐
𝒏𝟑 − 𝒏𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝜴 − 𝟖𝟑𝟏𝜴
Ґ𝟐 = = = −𝟎, 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟖𝟐
𝒏𝟑 + 𝒏𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝜴 + 𝟖𝟑𝟏𝜴

find the transmittance Ґ𝟐 :

Ґ𝟐 = 𝟏 − |Ґ|𝟐 = 𝟏 − |−𝟎, 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟖𝟐|𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟖𝟕𝟓 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟖𝟕𝟓%

b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ] the power 𝑃𝑡 that is transmitted to the

receiver.

Transmittance total:

𝑻 = 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟏𝟗 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟖𝟕𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟑𝟕𝟔 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟑𝟕𝟓%

Potency transmitted receptor:

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝑾 𝟖𝟓. 𝟑𝟕𝒎𝑾

𝑷𝟏 = 𝑻 ∗ 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟑𝟕𝟔 ∗ =
𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟐
Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
8
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in
the graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point
B, forming an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = 50°. Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step
the total path of the wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each
layer is (821 + 10) = 831 𝑚𝑚 thick.
Dates:
𝑛1 = 1.31
𝑛2 = 1.0002926
𝑛3 = 1.50
Point b:
𝑛1 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝜃𝑎 ) = 𝑛2 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝜃𝑏 )
𝑛1
𝜃𝑏 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )sin(𝜃𝑎 )
𝑛2
1.31
𝜃𝑏 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( sin(40°)) = 57.33°
1.0002926
 9

Point c:
𝑛2
𝜃𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )sin(𝜃𝑏 )
𝑛3
1.0002926
𝜃𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( sin(57.33°)) = 34.15°
1.50

We Calculate dBC:
𝑑𝐵𝐶
tan(𝜃𝑏 ) =
0.831𝑚

𝑑𝐵𝐶
dBC = tan(57.33°) =
0.831𝑚

𝑑𝐵𝐶 = 0.831𝑚 ∗ tan(57.33°) = 1.2959𝑚

We Calculate dCD:
𝑑𝐶𝐷
𝑑𝐶𝐷 = tan(34.15°) =
0.831𝑚
 𝑑𝐶𝐷 = 0.831𝑚 ∗ tan(34.15°) = 0.5636𝑚

10

We calculate total d:
𝑑𝐵𝐶 + 𝑑𝐶𝐷 = 3.7093𝑚 + 0.7121𝑚 = 1.8596𝑚

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
 Application example

Example: Control remote tv.

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remote controls work through these low-frequency light waves that send
signals that are decoded by different devices, pressing each of the buttons
on a remote control activates a small processor that turns on a light, called
a diode, in the front of the remote control.
The diode emits a wave of infrared light that, despite being invisible to the
human eye, passes through space and reaches the television.
The television, audio equipment or air conditioner has a small screen that
receives the light wave and decodes it in such a way that it performs the
action for which the control button was programmed.
The main limitation of the use of low frequency waves for remote controls is
that these waves cannot be used in ranges greater than ten meters, we also
know that this type of signal is not capable of crossing walls or obstacles and
when it encounters something in its path of this type stops the signal and
does not reach the final destination.
We also know that if the control signal is pointed to a wall that there are no
marine obstacles to reach the receiver, the signal will be reflected and it will
continue on its way until it reaches its final destination.

Video link

URL: https://youtu.be/zrjUV69fdBY
 References

 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press, (pp.
519-524).
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 Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband
Wireless. (pp. 25-70). Recovered

 Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Snell Law [Video]. Recovered from

http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13140