Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded media

Individual work

Student name
Group xx
Identification number

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2023 16-01
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. . What are the propagation mechanisms of electromagnetic
waves?

Waves are disturbances that propagate through a medium, transporting

energy without displacing matter itself. Some examples of wave propagation
mechanisms are:
• Propagation of mechanical waves in material media: They propagate
through material media such as solids, liquids or gases, these waves generate
disturbances in the particles of the medium, causing them to move in a specific
direction and transferring the energy of sound waves, the air molecules are
compressed and expand in the direction of propagation of the wave,
transmitting acoustic energy.
• Propagation of electromagnetic waves: Like visible light, radio waves or
electromagnetic waves used in wireless communications, they propagate
through a vacuum or free space without the need for a material medium. This
is due to the fact that electromagnetic waves are generated by oscillation of
electric and magnetic fields and do not require material particles for their
propagation.
• Propagation of surface waves: Referring to water waves or Rayleigh
waves in seismology, they propagate along the interface between two media
with different properties, such as the surface of a liquid or the surface of the
earth. These waves generate disturbances in the interface between the two
media, producing circular movements or undulations on the surface.

2. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic

wave?

It is a phenomenon in which a wave is completely reflected upon finding an

interface between two media with different properties such as air, water, and
glass. This occurs when the wave hits at an angle greater than the so-called
limit angle, which is the minimum angle of incidence necessary for total
reflection to occur. Total reflection is based on the laws of light reflection,
which reinforces that when a wave hits a surface, part of the energy is
reflected and part is refracted if the speed of the wave changes as it passes
and one medium to another. If the angle of incidence is greater than the angle
limit, all the energy of the wave is reflected and none is refracted, giving lugar
to total reflection. This phenomenon is used in various technological
applications, such as fiber optics, where light is completely reflected in the
fiber core, allowing data transmission over long distances without signal loss.

3.What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic

wave?
The phenomenon of a total refraction of an electromagnetic wave refers to a
situation in which an electromagnetic wave is not refracted when passing from
one medium to another, but is completely reflected at the interface between
the two media, this occurs when the angle of incidence of the wave at the
interface is greater than the so-called limit angle or critical angle. The limit
angle is the minimum angle of incidence necessary for refraction to occur at an
interface between two media with different refractive indices. If the Angle of
incidence is greater than the Angle limit, the electromagnetic wave will be
completely reflected at the interface, instead of being refracted. This
phenomenon is known as total refraction.

4. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation

of waves?
It is a fundamental law in optics that describes how the refraction of a wave
occurs when passing from one medium to another with a different refractive
index. The main purpose of Snell's law in the study of wave propagation is to
describe and predict the change in the direction of a wave when it propagates
from one medium to another, which is of great importance in the study of
optics and in various practical applications. Snell's law establishes
mathematically how the angles of incidence and refraction of an
electromagnetic wave are related when passing from one medium to another,
the law can be expressed as follows.

𝑛1 ∗ 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃1) = 𝑛2 ∗ 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃2)

Where n1 and n2 are the refractive indices of the first and second medium
respectively, θ1 is the angle of incidence of the wave in the first medium and
θ2 is the angle of refraction of the wave in the second medium.
Application exercise:

For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to

the group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 travels

through the air (𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺 ≅ 377𝛺) and collides perpendicularly on a
plane wall of intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 20)𝛺. Calculate the
reflected power 𝑃1− and the transmitted power 𝑃2+ at the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Write the answer with your units.
3. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
4. Paste the calculator image into the report.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: According to the power concepts, explain the meaning
of the value obtained for 𝑃1− and 𝑃2+ .

Exercise data:

𝑮𝑮 = 79 𝑀ℎ𝑧

𝒏𝟐 = 268 + 20 = 288𝛺

Reflection coefficient:

𝑛2 − 𝑛1
Г=
𝑛2 + 𝑛1
 288𝛺 − 377𝛺 89
Г= =− = −0,1338
288𝛺 + 377𝛺 665

Reflectance:

𝑹 = |Г|2 = | − 0,1338|2 = 0,0179 ∗ 100% = 1,79%

Transmittance:

𝑻 = 𝟏 − |Г|𝟐 = 100% − 𝑅 = 100% − 1,79% = 98,20%

Reflecte Powers:

|𝑷− + 2
𝟏 | = 𝑅 ∗ 𝑃1 = 1,79% ∗ 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚 = 4,2988𝑊/𝑚
2

Transmitted power:

|𝑷+ + 2
𝟐 | = 𝑇 ∗ 𝑃1 = 98,20% ∗ 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚 = 235,7011𝑊/𝑚
2

Exercise in GeoGebra:
 For our exercise, we can conclude that our reflection power is not very
good, since when it hits the wall most of its force is lost and it does not
manage to reflect as much, on the contrary, our transmission power
manages to cross the wall in its entirety. that his power mostly manages
to enter the wall and pass through it with almost no problem.

2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 is

emitted by a generator through the air (𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 120𝜋 𝛺 ≅ 377𝛺) and
collides perpendicularly on a wall of intrinsic impedance 𝜂𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
(𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 20 )𝛺 and 30𝑐𝑚 thick.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection 𝚪 and transmission 𝝉 seen by the

generator.
b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ] the power 𝑷𝒕 that is transmitted to
the receiver.

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Write the answer with your units.
3. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
4. Paste the calculator image into the report.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

Interpretation: according to the concepts explored, explain the

meaning of the value obtained for Γ, 𝜏 and 𝑃𝑡 .

Exercise data:

𝑓 = 79 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (268 + 20) = 288Ω

First, we find β:

𝑤𝑛1 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 288 ∗ 106 ℎ𝑧 ∗ 377𝛺

𝜷= =
𝑐𝑜 𝑛2 3 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠 ∗ 288𝛺
 𝜷 = 7,3475 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚
Now find the impedance:

𝑛3 + 𝑗𝑛2 tan (𝛽𝑥)

𝑛𝑖𝑛 = 𝑛2 =Ω
𝑛2 + 𝑗𝑛3 tan (𝛽𝑥)

377𝛺 + 𝑗 ∗ 288𝛺 ∗ tan (7,3475 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚 ∗ 0,30𝑚)

𝒏𝒊𝒏 = 288𝛺 =Ω
288𝛺 + 𝑗 ∗ 377𝛺 ∗ tan (7,3475 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚 ∗ 0,30𝑚)

𝑛𝑖𝑛 = 257,5968Ω + 66,9919𝑗Ω

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection 𝚪 and transmission 𝝉 seen by the

generator.

Now we find the reflection coefficient:

𝑛𝑖 − 𝑛1 257,5968Ω + 66,9919𝑗Ω − 377𝛺

Г= =
𝑛𝑖𝑛 + 𝑛1 257,5968Ω + 66,9919𝑗Ω + 377𝛺

Г = −0,1750 + 0,1240𝑗

Now we find the transmittance:

𝑇1 = 1 − |Г|2 = 1 − | − 0,1750 + 0,1240𝑗|2 = 0,9539 = 95,39%

Transmission coefficient:

𝝉 = 1 + 𝑇1 = 1 + −0,1750 + 0,1240𝑗

𝝉 = 0,8249 + 0,1240𝑗

We find the reflectance:

𝑅1 = 1 − 𝑇1 = 1 − 0,9539 = 0,4603 = 4,60%

Face 2:

reflection coefficient 2
𝑛3 − 𝑛2 377𝛺 − 288𝛺
Г2 = = = 0,1338
𝑛3 + 𝑛2 377𝛺 + 288𝛺
Transmittance 2:

𝑇2 = 1 − |Г2 |2 = 1 − |0,1338|2 = 0,9820 = 98,20%

Reflectance 2:

𝑅2 = 1 − 𝑇2 = 1 − 0,9820 = 0,0179 = 1,79%

Power transmitted by the receiver:

𝑇𝑡 = 𝑇1 ∗ 𝑇2 = 0,9539 ∗ 0,9820 = 0,9368 = 93,68%

Transmitted power:

𝑚𝑤
|𝑃3+ | = 𝑇𝑡 ∗ 𝑃1+ = 0,9368 ∗ 200 = 187,3758𝑚𝑤/𝑚2 = 0,1873𝑤/𝑚2
𝑚2
 For the exercise carried out, we can conclude that most of the power that
we transmit goes through the wall and reaches the receiver without any
problem, we see that the signal that is reflected is very little, which
means that the transmission has almost no attenuation or loss, perhaps
it influences in a real exercise that the material may be made of since it
may be an important factor, but in this situation we can see that on the
face of the receiver the signal is also transmitted in its entirety and even
with more power than the original signal.

3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several mediums as shown

in the graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

 Initially the wave travels through the air and strikes the surface of the
𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑜
sweet water at an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = ( + 20) with the surface. Using
20
Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the wave until you
find the value of the angle 𝜃𝑏 .

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Write the answer with your units.
3. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
4. Paste the calculator image into the report.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

Video link

URL:

References

Reference 1:

Examples of reference formats:

Physical book.
Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). City,
Country: Editorial.

Chapter of a physical book.

Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of
the book (pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial.

EBook.
Surname, A. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). Country: Editorial. http: //
...

Chapter of an electronic book.

Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of
the book (pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial. http: // ...
Internet video.
Surname, N. (Year). Title of the video Video server [Video]. http: // ...