Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work format

Danny Martinez Marin

Group 203058_56
93237123

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2020 16-04
 Exercises development

Activity
Questions: (write with your own words)
1. What do you mean propagation medium open for electromagnetic
waves?
Electromagnetic waves do not need a material medium to propagate. They
include, among others, visible light and radio, television and telephone waves.
They all propagate in a vacuum. These propagate through an oscillation of
electric and magnetic fields.

2. Within the propagation mediums, what is mean by the tangent of

losses

In the wave propagation media the loss tangent, we can say that it is the
measure that defines and determines the behavior in the wave medium which
will be affected or will have a loss in its quality of isolation where it will be greater
or less according to its lost.

3. How is the propagation medium classified from the tangent of

losses?
The greater the angle of losses, the greater the component of the conduction
current versus the polarization or displacement current, that is, the more
conductive the medium.
This observation makes it possible to establish a basic classification for media
based in the loss tangent as follows:

Perfect dielectrics: they have no conduction current, therefore, they do not

have Joule effect losses.

Perfect conductors: they do not have polarization current, therefore, they do

not have capacitive or charge accumulation effects.

Good insulators: they have a conduction current and they have losses due to
the Joule effect, but this effect is almost negligible compared to the capacitive
effect, they are also called “dielectrics of low losses”.
Good conductors: they have polarization current, therefore, they have
capacitive or charge accumulation effects, but the conduction current and losses
due to Joule effect are much more significant.

Dissipative dielectrics: they have both effects and neither is negligible compared
to the other.

4. What are the propagation parameters of the waves through a

medium?
The propagation, attenuation and phase constants, as well as the intrinsic
impedance of a medium, are called propagation parameters. a summary of the
propagation parameters in open media is shown according to the classification
based on the tangent of losses.

Application exercise:
The following 5-step exercise describes the method to characterize an
electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment, for which,
each student must choose 1 propagation media of the 5 proposed in Table 1
and announce it within the Task 1 forum to avoid repetition.
Table 1: Conductivity 𝛔 and electrical permittivity 𝛆𝐫 of some media.

Media 𝛔 [𝐒⁄𝐦] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
1. Copper 5.80𝑥107 1
2. Sea water 4 80
3. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10−2 14
4. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10−4 3
5. Sweet water 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝟖𝟎
𝜀 = εr ε𝑜 ; εo = 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the
medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E of
frequency 𝑓 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10) 𝑀𝐻𝑧. Note that 𝐶𝐶𝐶 are the last 3 digits of your
identification number.
𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜
Example:

Identification number: 93237123, then 𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 123

Then: 𝑓 = (123 + 10) 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 133 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 133𝑥106 𝐻𝑧

Selected propagation medium: Sweet water

Copper conductivity: 𝛔 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑆/𝑚

Copper electrical permittivity: 𝛆𝐫 = 80

𝜎 𝜎 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑆/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜 2𝜋 ∗ 133𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 80 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
Note that 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 and 𝜀 = εr ε𝑜

Calculation:

Figure 1: operation 1 on a virtual scientific calculator.

𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿 ) = = = 1.689 × 10−3
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜
2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the chosen
medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:
Media Tan(δ) δ [°]
1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°

2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°

3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°

4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°

5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

Table 2: Classification of propagation media.

Interpretation: According to the concept of Tangent of losses, explain the

meaning of the value obtained for 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿).
• It can be seen from the results that fresh water is a good
insulating dielectric medium.

3. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3 shown

below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the
chosen medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta)
 Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good
Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors
𝜸 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜶 0 𝜎𝜂 ⁄2 𝑅𝑒() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝐼𝑚() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜷
𝜼 √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 √𝑗𝜔𝜇⁄(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎
Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.

𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇𝑜 ; 𝜇𝑟 = 1 (𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎) ; 𝜇𝑜 = 1.2566x10−6 T m/A

Note that 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓, 𝜇 = μr μ𝑜 and 𝜀 = εr ε𝑜

𝜸 = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 = 𝑗𝟐𝝅𝒇√𝝁𝒓 𝝁𝒐 𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝒐

𝜸 = 𝒊𝟐𝝅 ∗ 𝟏𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑯𝒛√𝟏 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑻𝒎/𝑨 ∗ 𝟖𝟎 ∗ 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
𝜸 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟗𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟑𝟖𝟏𝟑𝟑𝒊
Calculation:

Figure 2: operation 2 on a virtual scientific calculator.

𝜶 = 𝜎𝜂 ⁄2
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟔𝟕𝟗𝟒𝟔𝟓𝟗𝟐𝟐𝟐° ∗ 𝟒𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟕𝟗𝒐𝒉𝒎/𝟐
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟑𝟗𝟓𝑵𝒑/𝒎
 𝜷 = 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇√𝝁𝒓 𝝁𝒐 𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝒐

𝜷 = 𝟐𝝅 ∗ 𝟏𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑯𝒛√𝟏 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑻𝒎/𝑨 ∗ 𝟖𝟎 ∗ 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2

𝜷 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟗𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟑𝟖𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝑹𝒂𝒅/𝒎

𝜼 = √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 = √𝝁𝒓 𝝁𝒐 /𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝒐

𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑻𝒎
𝟏 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟔 ×
𝜼=√ 𝑨
𝟖𝟎 ∗ 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
−𝟏𝟐

𝜼 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟕𝟗 𝑶𝒉𝒎

4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following equations,
calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
b. Wavelength 𝝀.
c. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.

Propagation speed
𝜔
𝑉𝑝 =
𝛽
2𝜋 ∗ 133 × 106 𝐻𝑧
𝑉𝑝 =
𝟐𝟒. 𝟗𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟑𝟖𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚

𝑉𝑝 = 3.351828 × 107 𝑚/𝑠

Wavelength

𝟐𝝅
𝝀=
𝜷

𝟐𝝅
𝝀=
𝟐𝟒. 𝟗𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟑𝟖𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚

𝝀 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟓 𝒎
The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.
1
𝛿𝑝 =
|𝛼|

1
𝛿𝑝 =
|0.0210595321944𝑁𝑝/𝑚|

𝛿𝑝 = 46.2991953118368 𝑚
 Figure 4 results tester

Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning of the

value obtained for each of the propagation characteristics 𝑉𝑝 , 𝜆 and 𝛿𝑝 .

• 𝑉𝑝 the speed of propagation depends on the medium in this case sweet

water has greater ranges due to its permeability that is why the wave
travels greater distances.

• 𝜆 the wavelength varies according to the physical property is the

distance of the sinusoidal curve in this case given in meters.

• 𝛿𝑝 according to the data obtained We can describe the depth of

propagation that the wave can penetrate in the magnetic field according
to the conductor in the middle.
 Application example

Example: Connectivity in wireless networks can be applied in a daily example,

in my case I work with a telecommunications company that provides connectivity
in homes where equipment that distributes these signals such as modem or
router is used when providing that service, there are many difficulties that make
The wave signals vary, this depends on the site and the location of the
equipment, if the equipment is in this case modem is located in very hidden
places, its range decreases since there are obstructions that limit that range
such as walls, glass, wood, etc. a good range to certain places in the houses
where the signal is weak, so for a good wireless signal to reach almost all places
it has to be located in intermediate places and distribute the signal evenly
throughout the house, offering better stability.

Video link

URL:
 References

Reference 1:

Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed

Broadband Wireless. (pp. 25-70). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscoh
ost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-
live

Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent [Video]. Recovered

from http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139

Quesada, M., & Maroto, J. (2014). Plane electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic waves in free space. From Maxwell's Equations to Free and
Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction for First-year Undergraduates.
New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (pp. 49-60). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.co
m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-
live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49