Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work format

Fraiber Za,brano

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2023
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. This means that electromagnetic waves can travel not only through air and
solid materials, but also through the vacuum of space.
2. The loss tangent allows to identify the amount of power lost in a wave when
propagated through a medium

3. According to the loss Tangent, the mediums could be characterized as follow:

• Good Conductor 𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝜹) ≥ 𝟏𝟎 𝜹 ≥ 𝟖𝟒º

• Good Insolator 𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝜹) < 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝜹 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔º
• Disipative dielectric 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 < 𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝜹) < 𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟔º < 𝜹 < 𝟖𝟒º

4. the attenuation coefficient and the phase coefficient.

• Intrinsic impedance
• Phase
Application exercise:
The following 5-step exercise describes the method to characterize an
electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment, for which,
each student must choose 1 propagation media of the proposed in Table 1 and
announce it within the Task 1 forum to avoid repetition.
Table 1: Conductivity 𝛔 and electrical permittivity 𝛆𝐫 of some media.

Media 𝛔 [𝐒⁄𝐦] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
1. Copper 5.80𝑥107 1
2. Sea water 4 80
3. Air 5.5𝑥10−15 1.0005
4. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10−2 14
5. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10−4 3
6. Sweet water 1.00𝑥10−3 80
7. Vacuum 0 1
𝜀 = εr ε𝑜 ; εo = 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2

1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the
medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E of
frequency 𝑓 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10) 𝑀𝐻𝑧. Note that 𝐶𝐶𝐶 are the last 3 digits of your
identification number.
𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿 ) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜

𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿 ) = = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜
𝜎 4
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿 ) = = = 4,91
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋(183 𝑀𝐻𝑧)(80)(8.8541878176x10⁻¹² F/m)
𝛿 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 (4,91) = 78.49°
 2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the chosen
medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:

Media Tan(δ) δ [°]

1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°
2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°
3. Dissipative (Dielectrics with 0,1 < Tan(δ) <=
6° < δ <= 84°
dielectrics losses) 10
4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°
5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

3. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3 shown

below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the
chosen medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).

Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.

Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good

Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors
𝜸 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 √𝒋𝝎𝝁(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜶 0 𝜎𝜂 ⁄2 𝑹𝒆() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜷 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑰𝒎() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜼 √𝜇⁄𝜀 √𝜇⁄𝜀 √𝒋𝝎𝝁⁄(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎

𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇𝑜 ; 𝜇𝑟 = 1 (𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎) ; 𝜇𝑜 = 1.2566x10−6 T m/A
 √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) = √𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝜇r 𝜇𝑜 (𝜎 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜 )

= √𝑗2𝜋(183 ∗ 106 )(1.26 ∗ 10−7 )(4 + 𝑗2𝜋(186 ∗ 106 )(80)(7.08 ∗ 10−10 )) =

√144,88𝑗(4 + 66,19𝑗) = √579,52𝑗 + 9589,61𝑗 2 = √579,52𝑗 − 9589,61

The wave in media is a dissipative dielectrics with losses between 0.1 and 10 or 6°
to 84°

a. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).

 = 38.6281 Np/m
The angule of attenuation its 38.63 Np/m

b. Phase constant  (Beta).

 = 43.4492 Rad/m

c. Intrinsic impedance  (Eta).

𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝜇 𝜇
r 𝑜
=√
(𝜎+𝑗𝜔𝜀)
= √(𝜎+𝑗2𝜋𝑓ε = 10.7876 + 9.590612𝑖 𝛺
ε ) r 𝑜

4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following equations,
calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
b. Wavelength 𝝀.
c. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.

Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator, paste the image of the
operation on the report, then write the final result including the units.
 a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
𝝎 1149822911 𝒉𝒛
𝒗𝒑 = = = 𝟐𝟔𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟏𝟓, 𝟐𝟑 𝒎/𝒔
𝜷 𝟒𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟗𝟐𝐑𝐚𝐝/𝐦

b. Wavelength 𝝀.
𝟐𝝅
𝝀= = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟔𝒎
𝜷

a. Speed factor 𝒇𝒗 .

𝒗𝒑 𝟐𝟔𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟏𝟓, 𝟐𝟑 𝒎/𝒔
𝒇𝒗 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟖𝟐 𝑯𝒛
𝒄𝒐 𝟑. 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔

b. Refractive index 𝒏.
𝟏 𝟏
𝒏= = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟒
𝒇𝝂 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟖𝟐

In the sea water the wave moves with a frecuency of 0.0882 Hz, this move its more
fast than in the normal water.

Interpretation

a. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.

1 1
𝛿𝑝 = = = 0.02588𝑚
|𝑎| 𝟑𝟖. 𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟏 𝐍𝐩/𝐦

the angle of penetration of a wave is the factor that indicates what its

attenuation factor will be in the middle and the angle of regulation

 References
• Quesada, M., & Maroto, J. (2014). Plane electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic waves in free space. From Maxwell's Equations
to Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction for
First-year Undergraduates. New York: Nova Science Publishers,
Inc. (pp. 49-60). Recovered from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebsc
ohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=
es&site=eds-live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49
• Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent [Video]. Recovered
from http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139