Physics Sample Papers 2022-23

CBSE Physics Class 12
Sample Paper 4 Page 1
CBSE Sample Paper 1

Class XII Exam 2022-23
Physics
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions:
1. There are 35 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section
E. All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains eighteen MCQ of 1 mark each, Section B contains seven questions of two
marks each, Section C contains five questions of three marks each, section D contains three
long questions of five marks each and Section E contains two case study based questions of 4
marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D
and E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.
SECTION-A
1. Three point charges are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle as shown in figure.
Assuming only electrostatic forces are acting, the system
(a) Can never be in equilibrium.

(b) Will be in equilibrium if charges rotate about the centre of the triangle.
(c) Will be in equilibrium if charges have same magnitude but different signs.
(d) Will be in equilibrium if charges have different magnitudes and different signs.
2. A parallel plate air capacitor is charged to a potential difference of V . If distance between the
plates is increased, then potential difference between the plates.
(a) decreases (b) increases
(c) becomes zero (d) does not change
1
3. A battery of 12 V and internal resistance 0.5 Ω is connected across a variable resistance R. The
value of R, for which the power delivered is maximum is equal to
(a) 0.25 Ω (b) 0.5 Ω
(c) 1.2 Ω (d) 2.4 Ω
4. A current-carrying loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field. The torque acting on it does not
depend upon
(a) area of loop
(b) shape of loop
(c) number of turns in loop
(d) strength of current and magnetic field
5. A circular loop of area 0.01 m2 carrying a current of 10 A , is held perpendicular to a magnetic

field of intensity 0.1 T. The torque acting on the loop is
(a) zero (b) 0.01 N-m
(c) 0.1 N-m (d) 0.8 N-m
6. A diamagnetic material in a magnetic field moves

(a) from weaker to stronger parts
(b) perpendicular to the field
(c) from stronger to weaker parts
(d) in none of the above directions
7. A small piece of metal wire is dragged across the gap between the poles of a magnet in 0.4 s . If
change in magnetic flux in the wire is 8 # 10-4 Wb , then E.M.F. induced in the wire is
(a) 8 # 10-3 V (b) 6 # 10-3 V
(c) 4 # 10-3 V (d) 2 # 10-3 V
8. According to the Maxwell’s displacement current law, a changing electric field is source of
(a) an e.m.f. (b) magnetic field
(c) pressure gradient (d) all of these
2
9. A 2 m long solenoid with radius 2 cm and 2000 turns has a another solenoid of 1000 turns
wound closely near its mid-point. The mutual inductance of solenoids is
(a) 0.8 mH (b) 1.6 mH
(c) 3.2 mH (d) 6.4 mH
c and diffraction
10. A single slit of width 0.5 mm is illuminated by parallel light of wavelength 5000 A
pattern is observed on a screen 1 m from the slit. The width of the central maxima is
(a) 500 mm (b) 600 mm
(c) 700 mm (d) 800 mm
11. In photoelectric effect, the number of electrons ejected per second is proportional to
(a) intensity of light (b) wavelength of light
(c) frequency of light (d) frequency of the metal
12. If the energy of hydrogen atom in ground state is - 13.6 eV , then its energy in the first excited
state will be
(a) - 3.4 eV (b) - 6.8 eV
(c) - 27.2 eV (d) - 52.4 eV
13. As the mass number A increase which of the following quantities related to a nucleus does not
change?
(a) Mass (b) Volume
(c) Density (d) Binding energy
14. Internal resistance of a cell of e.m.f. 12 V is 0.05 Ω . It is connected to an unknown resistance.

Voltage across the cell, when a current of 60 A is drawn from it, is
(a) 15 V (b) 12 V
(c) 9 V (d) 6 V
15. Two capacitors of capacitances 3 µF and 6 µF are charged to a potential of 12 V each. They are
now connected to each other, with the positive plate of each joined to the negative plate of the
other. The potential difference across each capacitor will be
(a) 6 V (b) 4 V
(c) 3 V (d) Zero
3
16. Assertion : If the temperature of a semiconductor is increased then it’s resistance decreases.
Reason : The energy gap between conduction band and valence band is very small.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
17. Assertion : A white source of light during interference forms only white and black fringes.
Reason : Width of fringe is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the light used.
Assertion.
Assertion.
18. Assertion : Photoelectric saturation current increases with the increase in frequency of incident
light.
Reason : Energy of incident photons increases with increase in frequency and as a result
photoelectric current increases.
Assertion.
Assertion.
SECTION-B
19. Write an expression for the momentum carried by an electromagnetic wave.
20. The motion of copper plate is damped when it is allowed to oscillate between the two poles of
a magnet. What is the cause of this damping?
4
21. 1. Write the β -decay or tritium in symbolic form.
2. Why is it experimentally found difficult to detect neutrinos in this process?
o
In β -decay, the experimental detection of neutrino is found to be difficult.
22. A ray of light incident on an equilateral glass prism (µ g = 3 ) moves parallel to the base line
of the prism inside. it Find the angle of incidence for this ray.
23. The circuit shown in the figure has two oppositely connected ideal diodes connected in parallel.
Find the current flowing through each diode in the circuit.
o
What do you mean by doping ? What is the dopants ?
24. In Young’s experiment, the width of the fringes obtained with light of wavelength 6000 A c is
2.0 mm . Calculate the fringe width if the entire apparatus is immersed in a liquid medium of
refractive index 1.33.
25. Two metallic spheres of exactly equal masses are taken. One is given a positive charge q
coulomb and the other an equal negative charge by friction. Art their masses after charging
equal?
SECTION-C
26. Considering the case of a parallel plate capacitor being charged, show how one is required to
generalise Ampere’s circuital law to include the term due to displacement current.
5
27. Write the generalised expression for the Ampere’s circuital law in terms of the conduction
current and the displacement current. Mention the situation when there is
(i) only conduction current and no displacement current.
(ii) only displacement current and no conduction current.
28. Sketch a graph to show how the reactance of (1) a capacitor (2) an inductor varies as a function
of frequency.
o
In a series L - C - R circuit, obtain the conditions under which (i) the impedance of circuit is
minimum and (ii) wattless current flows in the circuit.
29. (i) Describe briefly three experimentally observed features in the phenomenon of photoelectric
effect.
(ii) Discuss briefly how wave theory of light cannot explain these features.
o
The given graph shows the variation of photoelectric current (I) with the applied voltage (V)
for two different materials and for two different intensities of the incident radiations. Identity
and explain using Einstain’s photoelectric equation for the pair of curves that correspond to (i)
different materials but same intensity of incident radiation, (ii) different intensities but same
materials.
30. Using Rutherford model of the atom, derive the expression for the total energy of the electron
in hydrogen atom. What is the significance of total negative energy possessed by the electron?
SECTION-D
31. Explain, using suitable diagram, the difference in the behaviour of a
1. Conductor
2. Dielectric in the presence of external electric field. Define the terms polarisation of a
dielectric and write its relation with susceptibility.
6
o
(i) Derive the expression for the energy stored in parallel plate capacitor. Hence, obtain the
expression for the energy density of the electric field.
(ii) A fully charged parallel plate capacitor is connected across an uncharged identical
capacitor. Show that the energy stored in the combination is less than stored initially in
the single capacitor.
32. (a) State Kirchhoff’s rules for an electric network. Using Kirchhoff’s rules, obtain the balance
condition in terms of the resistances of four arms of Wheatstone bridge.
(b) In the meter bridge experimental set up, shown in the figure, the null point D is obtained
at a distance of 40 cm from end A of the meter-bridge wire. If a resistance of 10 Ω is
connected in series with R1 , null point is obtained at AD = 60 cm. Calculate the values of
R1 and R2 .
o
(i) Plot a graph showing variation of voltage Vs the current drawn from the cell. How can one
get information from this plot about the emf of the cell and its internal resistance?
(ii) Two cells of emf is E1 and E2 internal resistance r1 and r2 are connected in parallel. Obtain
the expression for the emf and internal resistance of a single equivalent cell that can
replace this combination?
33. (a) In Young’s double slit experiment, deduce the conditions for (i) constructive and (ii)
destructive interference at a point on the screen. Draw a graph showing variation of the
resultant intensity in the interference pattern against position X on the screen.
(b) Compare and contrast the pattern which is seen with two coherently illuminated narrow
slits in Young’s experiment with that seen for a coherently illuminated single slit producing
diffraction.
o
(i) Describe briefly how a diffraction pattern is obtained on a screen due to a single narrow
slit illuminated by a monochromatic source of light. Hence, obtain the conditions for the
angular width of secondary maxima and secondary minima.
(ii) Two wavelengths os sodium light of 590 nm and 596 nm are used in turn to study the
diffraction taking place at a single slit of aperture 2 # 10-6 m . The distance between the
slit and the screen is 1.5 m. Calculate the separation between the positions of first maxima
of the diffraction pattern obtained in the two cases.
7
SECTION-E
34. A glass window has been broken into tiny particles of glass in a robbery case. Some of there
tiny Particles are found at the scene of crime and some in the robbers clothing If the police can
both particles found from the places are similar. They have a strong case. Being a responsible
person Deepak helped the police to prove such case.
(a) Which phenomenon is responsible for proving Such case?

(b) How do you prove such case?
(c) What do you mean by refraction of light?
o
(d) What is the cause of refraction ?
35. p-n junction is a semiconductor diode. It is obtained by bringing p-type semiconductor in close
contact with n - type semiconductor. A thin layer is developed at the p-n junction which is
devoid of any charge carrier but has immobile ions. It is called depletion layer. At the junction a
potential barrier appears, which does not allow the movement of majority charge carriers across
the junction in the absence of any biasing of the junction. p-n junction offers low resistance
when forward biased and high resistance when reverse biased.
8
1. Does current flow when diode is reverse biased?
2. What is meant by reverse bias?
3. What is the value of electric current in the middle of the depletion layer of reverse biased
p-n junction? why?
o
4. Explain how a potential barrier is developed in a p-n junction diode.

******
9
CBSE Physics Class 12 Sample Paper 4 Solutions Page 1
Sample Paper 1 Solutions

Class XII 2022-23
Physics
marks each.
are placed at the corners of an equilateral

SECTION-A triangle, then some electrostatic forces will
act on the system. As a result of this, the
1. Three point charges are placed at the system can never be in equilibrium.
corners of an equilateral triangle as shown
in figure. Assuming only electrostatic forces
are acting, the system
2. A parallel plate air capacitor is charged

to a potential difference of V . If distance
between the plates is increased, then
potential difference between the plates.
(a) Can never be in equilibrium. (a) decreases (b) increases
(b) Will be in equilibrium if charges rotate (c) becomes zero (d) does not change
about the centre of the triangle. Ans : (b) increases
(c) Will be in equilibrium if charges have Given,
same magnitude but different signs. Initial potential difference of capacitor,
(d) Will be in equilibrium if charges have V1 = V
different magnitudes and different We know that charge on the plates of a
signs. parallel plate air capacitor always remains
Ans : (a) Can never be in equilibrium. constant after increasing or decreasing the
We know that when three point charges distance between the plate.
10
i.e., Q = Constant (where, I = current, A = area of loop, B =
We also know that capacitance of a parallel magnetic field, n = no. of turns in loop
plate capacitor, and θ = Angle between magnetic field and
normal to the surface of coil)
C = ε 0 A
d
We also know that charge on the plates of 5. A circular loop of area 0.01 m2 carrying a
capacitor, current of 10 A , is held perpendicular to
a magnetic field of intensity 0.1 T. The
Q = CV = ε 0 A # V torque acting on the loop is
d
or V \ d (a) zero (b) 0.01 N-m
Since distance between the plates is (c) 0.1 N-m (d) 0.8 N-m
increases, therefore potential difference V
Ans : (a) zero
between the plates also increases.
Given,
Area of circular loop,
3. A battery of 12 V and internal resistance
0.5 Ω is connected across a variable A = 0.01 m2
resistance R. The value of R, for which the Current in the loop, I = 10 A
power delivered is maximum is equal to Angle between the magnetic field and
(a) 0.25 Ω (b) 0.5 Ω normal to the surface of coil,
(c) 1.2 Ω (d) 2.4 Ω θ = 0c
Ans : (b) 0.5 Ω Magnetic field, B = 0.1 T
Given, We know that torque acting on the loop,
Voltage of battery, V = 12 Volt τ = IAB sin θ
Internal resistance, r = 0.5 Ω and = 10 # 0.01 # 0.1 # sin 0c

Variable resistance = R =0

We know that for maximum power, the
value of variable resistance is equal to the
internal resistance of the battery,
i.e., R = r = 0.5 Ω
4. A current-carrying loop is placed in a

uniform magnetic field. The torque acting
on it does not depend upon 6. A diamagnetic material in a magnetic field
(a) area of loop moves
(b) shape of loop (a) from weaker to stronger parts
(c) number of turns in loop (b) perpendicular to the field
(d) strength of current and magnetic field (c) from stronger to weaker parts
Ans : (b) shape of loop (d) in none of the above directions
We know that torque acting on a current- Ans : (c) from stronger to weaker parts
carrying loop in a uniform magnetic field, We know that diamagnetic materials are
τ = nIAB sin θ magnetised in the opposite direction of the
Therefore, torque does not depend on the magnetising field. Therefore diamagnetic
shape of loop. material moves from stronger to weaker
11
parts of the magnetic field. N1 = 2000
No. of turns in second solenoid,
7. A small piece of metal wire is dragged across N2 = 1000
the gap between the poles of a magnet in We know that area of solenoid,
0.4 s . If change in magnetic flux in the wire
is 8 # 10-4 Wb , then E.M.F. induced in A = πr2 = π # ^0.02h2
the wire is = 4π # 10−4 m2
(a) 8 # 10-3 V (b) 6 # 10-3 V Therefore, mutual inductance of two
(c) 4 # 10-3 V (d) 2 # 10-3 V solenoids,
Ans : (d) 2 # 10-3 V µ NNA
M = 0 1 2
l
Given,
Time-taken dt = 0.4 s and change in ^4p #10 h # 2000 # 1000 # ^4p #10−4h
−7
=
magnetic flux dφ = 8 # 10−4 Wb . 2
We know that E.M.F. induced in the wire, = 1.6 # 10−3 H = 1.6 mH
−4
dφ
E = = 8 # 10
dt 0.4
−3
= 2 # 10 V
8. According to the Maxwell’s displacement

current law, a changing electric field is
source of
(a) an e.m.f. 10. A single slit of width 0.5 mm is illuminated
(b) magnetic field by parallel light of wavelength 5000 Ac and
(c) pressure gradient diffraction pattern is observed on a screen
(d) all of these 1 m from the slit. The width of the central
maxima is
Ans : (b) magnetic field (a) 500 mm (b) 600 mm
We know according to the Maxwell’s (c) 700 mm (d) 800 mm
displacement current law that a changing
electric field is a source of magnetic field. Ans : (d) 800 mm
Given,
9. A 2 m long solenoid with radius 2 cm and Width of slit, a = 0.5 mm = 0.5 # 10−3 m
2000 turns has a another solenoid of 1000
Wavelength of light,
turns wound closely near its mid-point.
The mutual inductance of solenoids is c
λ = 5000 A
(a) 0.8 mH (b) 1.6 mH = 5000 # 10−10 m
(c) 3.2 mH (d) 6.4 mH and distance between slit and screen,
Ans : (b) 1.6 mH D = 1 m
Given, We know that width of central maxima,
Length of each solenoid, l = 2 m β = 2λD
a
Radius of first solenoid, r = 2 cm
2 # (5000 # 10−10) # 1
= 0.02 m =
0.5 # 10−3
No. of turns in first solenoid,
= 500 # 10−3 m = 500 mm
12
11. In photoelectric effect, the number of 13. As the mass number A increase which of
electrons ejected per second is proportional the following quantities related to a nucleus
to does not change?
(a) intensity of light (a) Mass (b) Volume
(b) wavelength of light (c) Density (d) Binding energy
(c) frequency of light Ans : (c) Density
(d) frequency of the metal Density of nuclear matter is the ratio of
Ans : (a) intensity of light mass of nucleus and its volume. It is given
We know that in photoelectric effect by,
for a given photosensitive material and ρ = 3m 3
frequency of incident light above the 4πR 0
threshold frequency of the material, the no. Hence density is not depends on the mass
of electrons ejected per second is directly number therefore when mass number A
proportional to the intensity of light. increase than density remains constant.
14. Internal resistance of a cell of e.m.f. 12 V

is 0.05 Ω . It is connected to an unknown
resistance. Voltage across the cell, when a
current of 60 A is drawn from it, is
(a) 15 V (b) 12 V
(c) 9 V (d) 6 V
Ans : (c) 9 V
Given,
E.m.f. of cell, E = 12 Volt
Internal resistance of cell,
12. If the energy of hydrogen atom in ground
state is - 13.6 eV , then its energy in the r = 0.05 Ω
first excited state will be Current drawn from the cell,
(a) - 3.4 eV (b) - 6.8 eV I = 60 A
(c) - 27.2 eV (d) - 52.4 eV We know that voltage across the cell,
Ans : (a) - 3.4 eV V = E − Ir
Given, = 12 − (60 # 0.05)

Energy of hydrogen atom in ground state,
= 12 − 3 = 9 Volt

E1 =− 13.6 eV
We know that energy level of a hydrogen 15. Two capacitors of capacitances 3 µF and
atom in its first excited state, 6 µF are charged to a potential of 12 V
n = 2 each. They are now connected to each other,
Therefore energy of hydrogen atom in first with the positive plate of each joined to the
excited state, negative plate of the other. The potential
difference across each capacitor will be
E2 = E21 (a) 6 V (b) 4 V
n
(c) 3 V (d) Zero
=− 13.62 =− 3.4 eV
^2 h

Ans : (d) Zero
13
Given, the conduction band). Thus conductivity
Capacitance of first capacitor, increases and hence resistance decreases.
C 1 = 3 µF
Capacitance of second capacitor, 17. Assertion : A white source of light during
interference forms only white and black
C2 = 6 µF fringes.
Potential difference, Reason : Width of fringe is inversely
V = 12 Volt proportional to the wavelength of the light
We know that when the capacitors are used.
connected to each other with the positive (a) Both Assertion and Reason are
plate of each joined to the negative plate correct and the Reason is a correct
of the other, then the potential difference explanation of the Assertion.
across each capacitor will be zero. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct but Reason is not a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are
incorrect.
Ans :
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason
16. Assertion : If the temperature of a
are incorrect.
semiconductor is increased then it’s
resistance decreases. A white source of light during interference
Reason : The energy gap between will form coloured fringes.
conduction band and valence band is very Fringe width is given by β = λdD i.e., it is
small. directly proportional to wavelength.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct and the Reason is a correct 18. Assertion : Photoelectric saturation current
explanation of the Assertion. increases with the increase in frequency of
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are incident light.
correct but Reason is not a correct Reason : Energy of incident photons
explanation of the Assertion. increases with increase in frequency and as
a result photoelectric current increases.
incorrect.
correct and the Reason is a correct
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are explanation of the Assertion.
incorrect.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are
Ans : (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct
correct and the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
explanation of the Assertion. (c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
In semiconductors the energy gap between incorrect.
conduction band and valence band is small (d) Both the Assertion and Reason are
(. 1 eV). Due to temperature rise, electron incorrect.
in the valence band gain thermal energy and
Ans : (d) Both the Assertion and Reason
may jumpy across the small energy gap, (to
are incorrect.
14
Photoelectric saturation current is 21. 1. Write the β -decay or tritium in symbolic
independent of frequency. It only depends form.
on intensity of light. 2. Why is it experimentally found difficult
to detect neutrinos in this process?
SECTION-B Ans :
β− 3
1. 31H 2 He + −0 1 e + ν + Q .
19. Write an expression for the momentum 2. It is due to very weak interaction with
carried by an electromagnetic wave. matter.
Ans : o
An electromagnetic wave transports linear In β -decay, the experimental detection of
momentum as it travels through space. If neutrino is found to be difficult.
an electromagnetic wave transfers a total Ans :

energy U to a surface in time t , then total Neutrinos are neutral particles with very
linear momentum delivered to the surface small mass compared to electrons. They
is, have only weak interaction with other
p = U particles. They are, therefore, very difficult
c to detect, since they can penetrate a large
[For complete absorption of energy U ]
quantity of matter without any interaction.
If the wave is totally reflected, the
momentum delivered will be 2U/c , because 22. A ray of light incident on an equilateral
the momentum of the wave will change glass prism (µ g = 3 ) moves parallel to the
from p to - p . base line of the prism inside. it Find the
angle of incidence for this ray.
Ans :
The reflection of light through prism is
shown as below
20. The motion of copper plate is damped

when it is allowed to oscillate between the
two poles of a magnet. What is the cause
of this damping?
Ans :
As the copper plates oscillate in the
magnetic field between the two plates of
the magnet, there is a continuous change
of magnetic flux linked with the pendulum. By geometry Angle of refraction, r = 30c
Due to this, eddy currents are set up in Given, refractive index, µ = 3
the copper plate which try to oppose the
motion of the pendulum according to the Using Snell’s law, µ = sin i
sin r
Lenz’s law and finally bring it to rest. sin i = µ sin r
= ( 3 ) sin (30c) = 3
2
15
Angle of incidence, i = 60c = π in a liquid medium of refractive index 1.33.
3
π Ans :
Hence, i =
3
Here, β = 2.0 mm
23. The circuit shown in the figure has two
µ = 1.33
oppositely connected ideal diodes connected
Refractive index of liquid,
in parallel. Find the current flowing through
each diode in the circuit. Wavelength of light in vacuum
µ =
Wavelength of light in liquid
or λl = λ
µ
Fringe width in air,
β = Dλ
d
Fringe width in liquid,
β
βl = Dλl = Dλ =
d dµ µ
= 2.0 mm = 1.5 mm

1.33
Ans :
(i) Diode D1 is reverse biased, so it offers
an infinite resistance. So, no current
flows in the branch of diode D1 .
(ii) Diode D2 is forward biased, and offers
no resistance in the circuit. So, current
in the branch.
I = V = 12V = 2A 25. Two metallic spheres of exactly equal
Req 2Ω + 4Ω masses are taken. One is given a positive
o charge q coulomb and the other an equal
What do you mean by doping ? What is negative charge by friction. Art their masses
the dopants ? after charging equal?
Ans :
Ans :
The process of deliberate addition of a No, Because when two bodies are rubbed
desirable impurity to a pure semiconductor together, there is transfer of electrons from
So as to increase its conductivity is called one body to another. Since electrons are
doping. The impurity atoms added are material particles, so their transfer from
called dopants and the semiconductors one body to another causes a change in
doped with the impurity atoms are called mass. The body from which electrons are
extrinsic or doped semiconductor. removed becomes positively charged and
body to which electrons get transferred
24. In Young’s experiment, the width of the becomes negatively charged. Hence the
fringes obtained with light of wavelength mass of negatively charged body will be
6000 Ac is 2.0 mm . Calculate the fringe more than positively charged body.
width if the entire apparatus is immersed
16
SECTION-C of magnetic field.
26. Considering the case of a parallel plate 27. Write the generalised expression for the
capacitor being charged, show how one is Ampere’s circuital law in terms of the
required to generalise Ampere’s circuital conduction current and the displacement
law to include the term due to displacement current. Mention the situation when there
current. is
(i) only conduction current and no
Ans :
displacement current.
Ampere’s circuital law conduction current (ii)
only displacement current and no
during charging of a capacitor was found conduction current.
inconsistent. Therefore, Maxwell modified
Ans :
Ampere’s circuital law by intro-ducting
displacement current. Generalised Ampere’s circuital Law :
Ampere’s circuit law, # v = µ 0 IC + µ 0 ε 0 d φ E
Bv $ dl
dt
# v = µ 0 I was modified to
Bv $ dl Line integral of magnetic field over closed
loop is equal to µ 0 times sum of conduction
# Bv $ dlv = µ (I
0 C + I D) current and displacement current.
It is called modified Ampere’s circuital law (i) In case of steady electric field in a
or Ampere-Maxwell’s circuital law. conducting wire, electric field does not
The displacement current arising due change with time, conduction current
to time varying electric field is given by exists in the wire but displacement
dφ current may be zero.
ID = ε 0 E .
dt
Therefore, modified Ampere’s circuital law So, # v = µ 0 IC
Bv $ dl
may be expressed as (ii) In large region of space, where there
# v = µ 0 I bIC + ε 0 dφ E l
Bv $ dl
is no conduction current, but there
dt is only a displacement current due to
The following inferences can be drawn from time varying electric field (or flux).
the above discussion v = µ 0 ε 0 d φ E
(i) The conduction and displacement So, φBv $ dl
dt
currents are individually discontinuous,
but the currents together possess the
property of continuity through any
closed electric circuit.
(ii) The displacement current is precisely
equal to the conduction current when
the two present in different parts of the
circuit. 28. Sketch a graph to show how the reactance
(iii) The displacement current arises due to of (1) a capacitor (2) an inductor varies as
the rate of change of electric flux (or a function of frequency.
electric field) between the two plates of
Ans :
the capacitor.
(iv) Just as the conduction current is the (1) Capacitive reactance,
displacement current is also the source
XC = 1 = 1
ωC 2πνC
17
Ans :

i.e., XC ? 1 (i) The impedance of a series L - C - R
ν
circuit is given by
More the frequency, lesser the XC and
R 2 + b wL − 1 l
2
vice-versa. Z =
The graph between XC and ν is as wC
shown in Figure (a).
Z will be minimum when ωL = I , i.e.,
ωC
When the circuit is under resonance.
Hence, for this condition Z will be
minimum and equal to R.
(ii) Average power dissipated through a
series L - C - R circuit is given by
Pav = Ev Iv cos φ
Where, EV = r.m.s. value of alternating
voltage
IV = value of alternating current
φ = phase difference between current and
Figure : (a) voltage
For wattless current, the power dissipated
(2) Inductive reactance, through the circuit should be zero.
XL = ωL i.e., cos φ = 0
XL = 2πνL
cos φ = cos π
XL ? ν 2
i.e. inductive reactance is directly φ = π
proportional to frequency. 2
The graph between XL and ν is as Hence, the condition for wattless current
shown in Figure (b). is that the phase difference between the
current and the circuit is purely inductive
or purely capacitive.
29. (i) Describe briefly three experimentally

observed features in the phenomenon of
Figure : (b) photoelectric effect.
(ii) Discuss briefly how wave theory of light
o cannot explain these features.
In a series L - C - R circuit, obtain the Ans :
conditions under which (i) the impedance
of circuit is minimum and (ii) wattless (i) Three experimentally observed features in
current flows in the circuit. the phenomenon of photoelectric effect.
18
(a) Intensity : When intensity of incident
light increases as one photon ejects
one electron, the increase in intensity
will increase the number of ejected
electrons. Frequency has no effect on
photoelectrons.
(b) Frequency : When the frequency of
incident photon increase, the kinetic
energy of the emitted electrons
increases, intensity has no effect on
kinetic energy of photoelectrons.
(c) No time lag : When energy incident Ans :
photon is greater than the work
(i)
function, the photoelectrons is
(a) 1 and 2 correspond to same intensity
immediately ejected. Thus, there is no
but different material.
time lag between the incidence of light
(b) 3 and 4 correspond to same intensity
and emission of photoelectrons.
but different material.
(ii) These features cannot be explained in the
This is because the saturation current are
wave theory of light because wave nature
same and stopping potentials are different.
of radiation cannot explain the following.
(ii)
(a) The instantaneous ejection of the
(a) 1 and 3 correspond to different
photoelectrons.
intensity but same material.
(b) The existence of threshold frequency
(b) 2 and 4 correspond to different
for a metal surface.
intensity but same material.
(c) The fact that kinetic energy of the
This is because the stopping potentials are
emitted electrons is independent of
same but saturation currents are different.
the intensity of light and depend
upon its frequency.
30. Using Rutherford model of the atom,
derive the expression for the total energy
of the electron in hydrogen atom. What
is the significance of total negative energy
possessed by the electron?
Ans :
o The Rutherford nuclear model of the atom

The given graph shows the variation of pictures the atom as an electrically neutral
photoelectric current (I) with the applied sphere consisting of a very small, massive
voltage (V) for two different materials and positively charged nucleus at the centre
and for two different intensities of the surrounded by the revolving electrons in
incident radiations. Identity and explain their respective dynamically stable orbits.
using Einstain’s photoelectric equation for The electrostatic force of attraction Fe
the pair of curves that correspond to (i) between the revolving electrons and the
different materials but same intensity of nucleus provides the requisite centripetal
incident radiation, (ii) different intensities force (FC ) to keep them in their orbits.
but same materials. Thus, for a dynamically stable orbit in a
hydrogen atom.
19
FC = Fe polarisation of a dielectric and write its
mv2 = 1 $ e2 (Since, Z = 1) relation with susceptibility.

r 4πε 0 r2 Ans :

Thus, the relation between the orbit radius 1. When a capacitor is placed in an
and the electron velocity is external electric field, the free charges
r = e2 present inside the conductor redistribute
4πε 0 mv2 themselves in such a manner that the
The kinetic energy (EK ) and electrostatic electric field due to induced charges
potential energy U of the electron in opposes the external field within the
hydrogen atom are conductor. This happens until a static
situation is achieved, i.e. When the
EK = 1 mv2 two fields cancel each other and the
2
2 net electrostatic field in the conductor
= e becomes zero.
8πε 0 r
2
and U - e
4πε 0 r
(The negative sign in U signifies that the
electrostatic force is attractive in nature).
Thus, the total mechanical energy E of the
electron in a hydrogen atom is
E = E K + U
2 2 2
= e − e - e 2. In contrast to conductors, dielectrics
8πε 0 r 4πε 0 r 8πε 0 r are non-conducting substances, i.e.
The total energy of the electron is negative. they have no charge carriers. Thus, in
This implies the fact that the electron is a dielectric, free movement of charges
bound to the nucleus, If E were positive, in not possible. It turns out that the
an electron will not follow a close orbit external field induces dipole moment by
around the nucleus and it would leave the stretching molecular of the dielectric.
atom. The collective effect of all the molecular
dipole moments is the net charge on the
surface of he dielectric which produces
a field that opposes the external field.
However, the opposing field is so
induced, that does not exactly cancel
the external field. It only reduces it.
The extent of the effect depends on the
nature of dielectric.
SECTION-D
31. Explain, using suitable diagram, the
difference in the behaviour of a
1. Conductor
2. Dielectric in the presence of external
electric field. Define the terms
20
Both polar and non-polar dielectrics At every stage of charging, conductor
develop net dipole moment in the 1 is at higher potential than conductor
presence of an external field. The dipole 2. Therefore, work is done externally in
moment per unit volume is called transferring each instalment of charge.
polarisation and is denoted by P for Hence, Potential difference between
linear isotropic dielectrics. q
conductor 1 and 2 is
C
p = χE q
Hence, Potential of condenser =
C
Where χ is constant of proportionality
and is called electric susceptibility of Small amount of work done in giving an
the electric slab. additional charge dq to the condenser
q
is dW = # dq
C
Hence, Total work done in giving a
charge Q to the condenser,
o
= 1 ;2E
q=Q
q q2 q = Q
(i) Derive the expression for the energy W = #
q=0 C C q=0
stored in parallel plate capacitor.
2
Hence, obtain the expression for the Q
W = 1
energy density of the electric field. C 2
(ii) A fully charged parallel plate capacitor As, electrostatic force is conservative,
is connected across an uncharged this work is stored in the form of
identical capacitor. Show that the potential energy (U ) of the condenser.
energy stored in the combination is Q 2
less than stored initially in the single U = W = 1

2C
capacitor. Q = CV
2
Ans : (CV )
U = 1 = 1 CV 2
(i) 2 C 2
CV = Q
U = 1 QV
2
Q2 1
U = 1 = CV 2 = 1 QV
2C 2 2
Energy density (U ) is defined as the
total energy per unit volume of the
condenser.
1 CV 2
Total energy (U)
i.e., u = = 2
Volume (V) Ad
In order to calculate the energy stored
in this charge configuration, suppose Using, C = ε 0 A
d
the conductors 1 and 2 are initially and V = Ed
uncharged. Let positive charge be We get,
transferred from conductor 2 to
U = 1 b d lc Ad m = 1 ε 0 E 2
ε0A E 2d 2
conductor 1 in very small instalments
2 2
of dq each till conductor 1 get charge Hence, E is the strength of electric field
+ Q. By charge conservation, conductor in the space between the plates of the
2 would get charge - Q .
21
capacitor. U2 < U1
(ii) Initial condition It means that energy stored in the
If we consider a charge capacitor, then combination is less than that stored
its charge would be given q = CV . initially in the single capacitor.
and energy stored in it is given by

U1 = 1 CV 2 ...(1)
2
When this charged capacitor is
connected to uncharged capacitor,
32. (a) State Kirchhoff’s rules for an electric

network. Using Kirchhoff’s rules, obtain
the balance condition in terms of the
resistances of four arms of Wheatstone
bridge.
(b) In the meter bridge experimental set up,
shown in the figure, the null point D is
Let the common potential be V1 , the obtained at a distance of 40 cm from end
charge flow from first capacitor to the A of the meter-bridge wire. If a resistance
other capacitor unless both the capacitor of 10 Ω is connected in series with R1 ,
attained the common potential. null point is obtained at AD = 60 cm.
Calculate the values of R1 and R2 .
Q1 = CV1 and
Q2 = CV2
Applying conservation of charge,
Q = Q 1 + Q 2
CV = CV1 + CV2
V = V1 + V2
V1 = V
2
Total energy stored on both the
capacitor
U2 = 1 CV 12 + 1 CV 12
2 2 Ans :
U 2 = 1 C b 1 l + 1 C b 2 l
V 2
V 2
(a) Kirchhoff ’s First Law Junction Rule:
2 2
2 The algebraic sum of the currents
U2 = 2CV = 1 CV 2 ...(2) meeting at a point in an electrical
8 4
circuit is always zero.
From equations (1) and (2), we get
22
Let the currents be I1 , I2 , I 3 and I 4 .
Convention
Current towards the junction : positive.
Current always from the junction :
negative.
I 3 + (− I1) + (− I2) + (I 4) = 0
Kirchhoff ’s Second Law : Loop Rule :
In a closed loop, the algebraic sum of
the emfs is equal to the algebraic sum R1 , R2 , R 3 and R 4 are the four
of the products of the resistances and resistances. Galvanometer (G) has
current flowing through them. a current Ig flowing through it at
balanced condition.
I g = 0
Applying junction rule at B
Hence, I 2 = I 4
Applying junction rule at D ,
Hence, I1 I 3
Applying loop rule to closed loop
ADBA,
− I 1 R 1 + 0 + I 2 R 2 = 0
Hence, I1 = R2 ...(1)
I2 R1
Applying loop rule to closed loop
For closed part BACB , CBDC ,
E1 - E 2 = I 1 R 1 + I 1 R 2 − I 3 R 3 I 4 R 4 + 0 − I 1 R 3 = 0
For closed part CADC , Hence, I 3 = I 1 , I 4 = I 2
E 2 = I 3 R 3 + I 4 R 4 + I 5 R 5 I1 = R 4 ...(2)
Hence,
Wheatstone Bridge : The Wheatstone I2 R3
bridge is an arrangement of four From eqs. (1) and (2), we get
resistances as shown in the following R 2 = R 4

figure. R1 R3
This is the required balanced condition
of Wheatstone bridge.
(b) Considering both the situations and
writing them in the form of equations.
Let Rl be the resistance per unit length
23
of the potentiometer wire, At, I = 0 , V = ε
R1 = Rl # 40 = 40 = 2 When, V = 0 , I = I 0 , r = ε
R2 Rl (100 − 40) 60 3 I0
R1 + 10 = Rl # 60 The intercept on y -axis gives the emf of the
= 60 = 3 cell. The slope of graph gives the internal
R2 R (100 − 60)
l 40 2
R1 = 2 ...(1) resistance.

R2 3
(ii) I = I1 + I2 ...(1)
R1 + 10 = 3 ...(2)
R2 2
Putting the values of R1 from equation
(1) and subtracting in equation (2)
2 + 10 = 3
3 R2 2
R2 = 12 Ω
Recalling equation (1) again,
R 1 = 2
12 3
R 1 = 8 Ω
o
(i) Plot a graph showing variation of
voltage Vs the current drawn from the
cell. How can one get information from
Let V = Potential difference between A
this plot about the emf of the cell and
and B .
its internal resistance?
Then, for cell ε 1 ,
(ii) Two cells of emf is E1 and E2 internal
resistance r1 and r2 are connected in V = ε 1 − I1 r1
parallel. Obtain the expression for the I 1 = ε 1 − V
emf and internal resistance of a single r1
equivalent cell that can replace this Similarly, for cell ε 2 ,
combination?
I 2 = ε 2 − V
Ans : r2
Substituting these values in equation (1),
(i)
I = e 1 − V + e 2 − V
r1 r2
or I = b ε 1 + ε 2 l − V b 1 + 1 l
r1 ρ 2 r1 r2
Hence, V is given by,
V = b e 1 r2 + e 2 r1 l − I a r1 r2 k
r1 + r2 r1 + r2
...(2)
Comparing the above equation with the
equivalent circuit of emf 'ε eq ' and internal
resistance 'req '
24
V = ε eq − Ireq ...(3) is minimum and the interference at these
(i) Therefore, points is said to be destructive. The
positions of maximum intensity are called
ε eq = e 1 r2 + e 2 r1 maxima while those of minimum intensity
r1 + r2
are called minima. The interference takes
(ii) req = r1 r2 place in sound and light both.
r1 + r2
Mathematical Analysis : Suppose two
coherent waves travel in the same direction
along a straight line, the frequency of
ω
each wave is 2π and amplitudes of electric
field are a1 and a2 respectively. If at any
time t , the electric fields of waves at a
point are y1 and y2 respectively and phase
difference is φ , then equation of waves
33. (a) In Young’s double slit experiment, deduce may be expressed as
the conditions for (i) constructive and (ii)
y1 = a1 sin ωt ...(1)
destructive interference at a point on the
screen. Draw a graph showing variation of y2 = a2 sin (ωt + φ) ...(2)
the resultant intensity in the interference According to Young’s principle of
pattern against position X on the screen. superposition, the resultant displacement
(b) Compare and contrast the pattern which at that point will be
is seen with two coherently illuminated y = y1 + y2 ...(3)
narrow slits in Young’s experiment with Substituting values of y1 and y2 from (1)
that seen for a coherently illuminated and (2) in (3), we get
single slit producing diffraction.
y = a1 sin ωt + a2 sin (ωt + φ)
Ans : Using trigonometric relation,
(a) Conditions of Constructive and Destructive sin (ωt + φ) = sin ωt cos φ + cos ωt sin φ
Interference : When two difference travel
in the same direction along a straight line y = a1 sin ωt + a2 (sin ωt cos φ + cos ωt sin φ)
simultaneously, they superpose in such = (a1 + a2 cos φ) sin ωt + (a2 sin φ) cos ωt
a way that the intensity of the resultant ...(4)
wave is maximum at certain points and
minimum at certain other points. The Let, a1 + a2 cos φ = A cos θ ...(5)
phenomenon of redistribution of intensity and a2 sin φ = A sin θ ...(6)
due to superposition of two waves of same Where A and θ are new constants
frequency and constant initial phase Then equation (4) gives
difference is called the interference. The
y = A cos θ sin ωt + A sin θ cos ωt
waves of same frequency and constant
initial phase difference are called coherent = A sin (ωt + θ) ...(7)
waves. At points of medium where the This is equations of the resultant
waves arrive in the same phase, the disturbance. Clearly the amplitude of
resultant intensity is maximum and the resultants disturbance is A and phase
interference at these points is said to difference from first wave is θ . The values
be constructive. On the other hand, at of A and θ are determined by (5) and (6).
points of medium where the waves arrive Squaring (5) and (6) and then adding, we
in opposite phase, the resultant intensity get
25
(a1 + a2 cos f) 2 + (a2 sin f) 2 or phase difference,
= A2 cos2 q + A2 sin q
φ = p, 3p, 5p, 7p, ...
2 2 2 2 2
or a + a cos f + 2a1 a2 cos f + a sin f
1 2 2 = (2n − 1) π, n = 1, 2, 3, ...

2 2 2
= A (cos q + sin q) ...(13)
As, cos q + sin2 q = 1, we get
2
In this case the minimum intensity,
A2 = a 12 + a 22 (cos2 f + sin2 f) + 2a1 a2 cos f I max = a 12 + a 22 − 2a1 a2
or A2 = a 12 + a 22 + 2a1 a2 cos φ = (a1 − a2) 2 ...(14)
Amplitude, A = a 12 + a 22 + 2a1 a2 cos φ Path difference,
...(8) T = λ # Phase difference
2π
As the intensity of a wave is proportional
to its amplitude in arbitrary units I = A2 = λ # (2n − 1) π
2π
Intensity of resultant wave,
= (2n − 1) λ
I = A2 = a 12 + a 22 + 2a1 a2 cos φ ...(9) 2
Clearly, the minimum intensity is
Clearly the intensity of resultant wave at
obtained in the region of superposition
any point depends on the amplitudes of
at those points where waves meet in
individual waves and the phase difference
opposite phase or the phase difference
between the waves at the point.
between the waves is odd multiple of π
Constructive Interference : For maximum
or path difference between the waves is
intensity at any point cos φ =+ 1
odd multiply of λ2 and minimum intensity
or phase difference,
= (a1 − a2) 2 which is less than the sum of
φ = 0, 2p, 4p, 6p ... intensities of the individual waves by an
= 2nπ (n = 0, 1, 2 ...) ...(10) amount 2a1 a2 .
The maximum intensity,
I max = a 12 + a 22 + 2a1 a2
= (a1 + a2) 2 ...(11)
Path difference,
T = λ # Phase difference
2π
= λ # 2nπ = nλ ...(12)
2π
Clearly, the maximum intensity is
obtained in the region of superposition From equations (12) and (14) it is clear
at those points where waves meet in that the intensity 2a1 a2 is transferred
the same phase or the phase difference from positions of minima to maxima.
between the waves is even multiple of π This implies that the interference is based
or path difference between them is the on conservation of energy i.e., there is no
integral multiple of λ and maximum wastage of energy.
intensity is (a1 + a2) 2 which is greater Variation of intensity of light with
than the sum intensities of individual position x is shown in figure.
waves by an amount 2a1 a2 . (b) Comparison between two Slit Young’s
Destructive Interference : For minimum Interference pattern and Single slit
intensity at any point cos φ =− 1 diffraction pattern : Both patterns are
26
the result of wave nature of light; both Ans :
patterns contain maxima and minima. (i) Diffraction of light at a single slit :
Interference pattern is the result of A parallel beam of light with a plane
superposing two coherent wave while the wavefront WWl is made to fall on a
diffraction pattern is the superposition of single slit AB . As width of the slit
large number of waves originating from AB = d is of the order of wavelength
each point on a single slit. of light, therefore diffraction occurs on
Differences : passing through the slit.
(i) In Young’s two slit experiment;
all maxima are of same intensity
while in diffraction at a single slit,
the intensity of central maximum
is maximum and it falls rapidly for
first, second order secondary maxima
on either side of it.
(ii) In Young’s interference the fringes
are of equal width while in diffraction
at a single slit, the central maximum
is twice as wide as wide as other
maxima. The intensity falls as we go
to successive maxima away from the
centre on either side. The wavelets from the single wavefront
(iii) In a single slit diffraction pattern of reach the centre O on the screen
width a , the first minimum occurs in same phase and hence, interfere,
at λ/a ; while in two slit interference constructively to give central maximum
pattern of slit separation a , we get (bright fringe).
maximum at the same angle λ/a . The diffraction pattern obtained on the
screen consists of a central bright band
having alternate dark and weak bright
band of decreasing intensity on both
(i) Describe briefly how a diffraction sides.
pattern is obtained on a screen due to Consider a point P on the screen at
a single narrow slit illuminated by a which wavelets travelling in a direction
monochromatic source of light. Hence, making an angle θ with CO are brought
obtain the conditions for the angular to focus by the lens. The wavelets
width of secondary maxima and from points A and B will have a path
secondary minima. difference equal to BN .
(ii) Two wavelengths os sodium light of From the right angled TANB , we have
590 nm and 596 nm are used in turn to BN = AB sin θ or BN = d sin θ .
study the diffraction taking place at a To establish the condition for secondary
single slit of aperture 2 # 10-6 m . The minima, the slit is divided into 2, 4,
distance between the slit and the screen 6... equal part such that corresponding
is 1.5 m. Calculate the separation wavelets from successive regions
between the positions of first maxima interfere with path difference of λ/2 .
of the diffraction pattern obtained in For n th secondary minimum, the slit
the two cases. can be divided into 2n equal parts.
27
Hence, for n th secondary minimum, SECTION-E
path difference, T = d sin θ n = nλ
or sin θ n = nλ (n = 1, 2, 3...) 34. A glass window has been broken into tiny
d particles of glass in a robbery case. Some of
To establish the condition for secondary there tiny Particles are found at the scene
maxima, the slit is divided into 3, 5, of crime and some in the robbers clothing
7... equal parts such that corresponding If the police can both particles found from
wavelets from alternate regions interfere the places are similar. They have a strong
with path difference of λ/2 . case. Being a responsible person Deepak
For n th secondary maximum, the slit helped the police to prove such case.
can be divided into (2n + 1) equal
parts.
Hence, for n th secondary maximum,
d sin θ n = (2n + 1) λ
2
(n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
or, sin θ n = (2n + 1) λ

2d
(ii) For λ 1 = 590 nm
Location of I maxima,
y1 = (2n + 1) Dλ 1
2n
If n = 1 y1 = 3Dλ 1
2a
(a) Which phenomenon is responsible for
for λ 2 = 596 nm proving Such case?
y2 = (2n + 1) Dλ 1 , if n = 1 (b) How do you prove such case?
2a (c) What do you mean by refraction of
y2 = 3Dλ 2 light?
2a
o
Path difference = y2 − y1 = 3D (l 2 − l 1) (d) What is the cause of refraction ?
2a
3 # 1.5 (596 − 590) 10−9 Ans :
= #
2 # 2 # 10−6 (a) Refraction
= 6.75 # 10−3 m (b) Suspend the particles of glass in a
special liquid and particles are viewed
through a microscope. Change the
temperature or liquid slowly. At a
certain temperature particles of glass
disappear. Then they probably came
from the same broken pane of glass.
In this case refractive index of liquid
becomes equal to the refractive index
of particles of glass.
(c) Refraction of light is the change in the
direction of light as it passes from one
medium to another.
28
o reverse bias.
(d) Refraction of light take place when it 3. Due to the reverse biasing, the width of
travels from one medium to another depletion region increases and current
medium because the speed of light is flowing through the diode is almost
different in different media. zero. In this case, electric field is almost
zero at the middle of the depletion
35. p-n junction is a semiconductor diode. It is region.
obtained by bringing p-type semiconductor o
in close contact with n - type semiconductor. 4. The electric field formed in the depletion
A thin layer is developed at the p-n region acts as a barrier. External energy
junction which is devoid of any charge must be applied to get the electrons to
carrier but has immobile ions. It is called move across the barrier of the electric
depletion layer. At the junction a potential field. The potential difference required
barrier appears, which does not allow to move the electrons through the
the movement of majority charge carriers electric field is called the potential
across the junction in the absence of any barrier.
biasing of the junction. p-n junction offers
low resistance when forward biased and
******
high resistance when reverse biased.
1. Does current flow when diode is reverse

biased?
2. What is meant by reverse bias?
3. What is the value of electric current
in the middle of the depletion layer of
reverse biased p-n junction? why?
o
4. Explain how a potential barrier is
developed in a p-n junction diode.
Ans :
1. The current flows effortlessly while
in forward bias, but reverse bias does
not permit current to flow through the
diode.
2. If the positive of the voltage terminal
joined with the N section is called
29
CBSE Physics Class 12 Sample Paper 5 Page 1
CBSE Sample Paper 2

Physics
marks each.
SECTION-A
1. Two insulated charged copper spheres A and B each having charge of 6.5 # 10-7 C are separated
by a distance 50 cm. If they are placed in water of dielectric constant 80, then electrostatic force
of repulsion between them is
(a) 1.9 # 10-7 N (b) 3.8 # 10-7 N
(c) 1.9 # 10-4 N (d) 3.8 # 10-4 N
2. A 10 µF capacitor is charged by a battery of e.m.f. 100 V. The electrostatic energy stored in

the capacitor is
(a) 0.5 J (b) 0.05 J
(c) 0.5 mJ (d) 0.05 mJ
3. A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non-uniform cross-section. Which of the

following quantity is constant along the conductor?
(a) current (b) drift speed
(c) current density (d) none of these
30
4. A current-carrying coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field of induction B . The current in the
coil is I , it has n turns and A is the face area of coil and normal to the surface makes an angle
θ with B . The torque experienced by the coil is
(a) nIABθ (b) nIAB cos θ
(c) nIAB sin θ (d) nIAB tan θ
5. On connecting a battery to the two corners of a diagonal of a square conductor frame of side a
, the magnitude of magnetic field at the centre will be
µ
(a) zero (b) 0
πa
µ0 2µ 0
(c) (d)
2πa πa
6. If a diamagnetic substance is brought near north or south pole of a bar magnet, then it is
(a) attracted by the poles
(b) repelled by the poles
(c) attracted by the north pole and repelled by the south pole
(d) repelled by the north pole and attracted by the south pole
7. An infinitely long conducting cylinder is kept parallel to a uniform magnetic field B directed
along positive z -axis. The direction of induced current on the surface of cylinder as seen from
the z -axis will be
(a) zero
(b) clockwise of the positive z -axis
(c) along the magnetic field
(d) anticlockwise of the positive z -axis
8. Which of the following radiations have the least wavelength?

(a) X-rays (b) γ -rays
(c) β -rays (d) α -rays
9. The mutual inductance, when the magnetic flux changes by 5 # 10-2 Wb and current change
by 0.01 A , is
(a) 0.2 H (b) 2.5 H
(c) 5 H (d) 10 H
31
10. The phenomenon of diffraction can be treated as the phenomenon of interference, if the number
of coherent sources are
(a) one (b) two
(c) zero (d) infinite
11. The kinetic energy of an electron, which is accelerated in the potential difference of 100V is
(a) 1.6 # 10-17 J (b) 1.6 # 10-14 J
(c) 1.6 # 10-10 J (d) 1.6 # 10-8 J
12. As the electron in Bohr’s orbit of hydrogen atom passes from state n = 2 to n = 1, the kinetic
energy K and the potential energy u change as
(a) K four-fold and u two-fold
(b) K two-fold and u four-fold
(c) K two-fold and u also two-fold
(d) K four-fold and u also four-fold
13. A nucleus emits one α -particle and forms a new nucleus. The mass number and atomic number
of the new nucleus is changed in which of the following way?
(a) atomic number is reduced by 6 and mass number is reduced by 4
(b) atomic number is reduced by 2 and mass number is reduced by 4
(c) atomic number is reduced by 2 and mass number is reduced by 2
(d) atomic number is reduced by 4 and mass number is reduced by 2
14. The electric resistance of a certain wire of iron is R. If its length and radius are both doubled,
then its
(a) both resistance and specific resistance will remain unchanged.
(b) resistance will be doubled and specific resistance will be halved.
(c) resistance will be halved and specific resistance will be doubled.
(d) resistance will be halved and specific resistance will remain unchanged.
32
15. A parallel plate capacitor is first charged and then a dielectric slab is introduced between the
plates. The quantity that remains unchanged is
(a) charge (b) energy
(c) potential (d) capacitance
16. Assertion : The number of electrons in a p -type silicon semiconductor is less than the number
of electrons in a pure silicon semiconductor at room temperature.
Reason : It is due to law of mass action.
Assertion.
Assertion.
17. Assertion : Standard optical diffraction gratings can not be used for discriminating between
X-ray wavelength.
Reason : The grating spacing is not of the order of X-ray wavelengths.
Assertion.
Assertion.
18. Assertion : The photoelectrons produced by a monochromatic light beam incident on a metal
surface have a spread in their kinetic energies.
Reason : The work function of the metal is its characteristics property.
Assertion.
Assertion.
33
SECTION-B
19. Out of electric field vector Ev and magnetic field vector Bv in an electromagnetic wave, which is
more effective and why?
20. 1. How does a diamagnetic material behave when it is cooled to very low temperature?
2. Why does a paramagnetic sample display greater magnetisation when cooled? Explain.
21. He 23 and He 13 nuclei have the same mass number. Do they have the same binding energy?
o
In a hydrogen atom, when an electron jumps from second orbit to first orbit, What is the
wavelength of spectral line emitted by hydrogen atom?
22. The velocity of light in a liquid is 1.5 # 108 ms-1 and in air, it is 3 # 108 ms-1 . If a ray of light
passes from this liquid into air, calculate the value of critical angle.
23. Name the important process that occurs during the formation of a p - n junction. Explain
briefly, with the help of a suitable diagram, how a p - n junction is formed. Define the term
‘barrier potential’.
o
Distinguish between an intrinsic semiconductor and a p-type semiconductor. Give reason why
a p-type semiconductor crystal is electrically neutral, although nh 22 ne .
24. In Young’s double slit experiment, the slits are 0.2 mm apart and the screen is 1.5 m away. It
is observed that the distance between the central bright fringe and fourth dark fringe is 1.8 cm.
Find the wavelength of light used.
34
25. An electric dipole is placed in a uniform electric field E with its dipole moment p parallel to
the field. Find:
1. The work done in turning the dipole till its dipole moment points in the direction opposite
to E .
2. The orientation of the dipole for which the torque acting on it becomes maximum.
SECTION-C
26. Show that a tangent galvanometer measures that current with maximum accuracy which
produces 45c deflection.
27. A wheel with 8 metallic spokes each 20 cm long is rotated with a speed of 120 rev/min in a
plane normal to the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field. The Earth’s magnetic
field at the plane is 0.4 G and the angle of dip is 60c. Calculate the emf induced between the
axle and the rim of the wheel. How will the value of emf be affected if the number of spokes
were increased?
28. (i) When an AC source is connected to an ideal capacitor, then show that the average power
supplied by the source over a complete cycle is zero.
(ii) A lamp is connected in series with a capacitor. Predict your observations when the system
is connected first across a DC and then an AC source. What happens in each case if the
capacitance of the capacitor is reduced?
o
A voltage V = V0 sin ωt is applied to a series LCR circuit. Derive the expression for the average
power dissipated over a cycle.
Under what condition is (i) no power dissipated even though the current flows through the
circuit (ii) maximum power dissipated in the circuit?
29. Define the term “cut off frequency” in photoelectric emission. The threshold frequency of a
metal is f . When the light of frequency 2f is incident on the metal plate, the maximum velocity
of photoelectrons is v1 . When the frequency of the incident radiation is increased to 5f , the
maximum velocity of photoelectrons is v2 . Find the ratio v1 : v2 .
o
Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation. State clearly the three salient features observed in
photoelectric effect which can explain on the basis of this equation.
The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons gets doubled when the wavelength of
light incident on the surface changes from λ 1 to λ 2 . Derive the expressions to the threshold
wavelength λ 0 and work function for the metal surface.
35
30. Using de-Broglie’s hypothesis, explain with the help of a suitable diagram, Bohr’s second
postulate of quantization of energy levels in a hydrogen atom.
SECTION-D
31. (a) A capacitor of capacitance C is charged fully by connecting it to a battery of emf E . It is

then disconnected from the battery. If the separation between the plates of the capacitor
is now doubled, how will the following change ?
(i) charge stored by the capacitor.
(ii) field strength between the plates.
(iii) energy stored by the capacitor.
(b) Explain why, for any configuration, the equipotential surface through a point is normal to
the electric field at the point.
Draw a sketch of equipotential surfaces due to a single charge (- q), depicting the electric field
lines due to the charge.
o
Show that the potential energy of a dipole making angle θ with the direction of the field is
given by u (θ) =− pv $ Ev . Hence, find out the amount of work done in rotating it form the
position of unstable equilibrium to the stable equilibrium.
32. Two cells of emfs e1 and e2 , and internal resistances r1 and r2 are connected in parallel between
the points A and B . Deduce the expressions for
1. the equivalent emf of the combination.
2. the equivalent resistance of the combination.
3. the potential difference between the points A and B .
o
Obtain an expression for the heat developed in a resistor by the passage of an electric current
through it. Hence state Joule’s law of heating.
33. What do you mean by wave front? Write down its type briefly?
o
Describe diffraction of light due to a single slit. Explain formation of a pattern of fringes
obtained on the screen and plot showing variation of intensity with angle θ in single slit
diffraction.
36
34. Ravi is a student of mechanical engineering studying in one of the engineering colleges. The
other day he saw an old man who suddenly collapsed as he walked out of the house in his
neighbourhood. Ravi rushed towards him immediately made a call to the nearby hospital,
asked for the ambulance and took him to the emergency ward of the hospital. On getting the
medical aid, the old man soon got recovered. he did not forget to thank Ravi for the timely help
he rendered. He was wondering that in his times to get the telephone connection, one had to
wait for years whereas these days it takes no time to get the connection. Ravi told him it was
all because of the technological progress/development due to which the simple phenomenon in
physics could be easily used.
(i) To which phenomenon in physics was Ravi referring to, which made the land line links so
easily accessible ?
(ii) What are the essential conditions required to observe this phenomenon ?
(iii) What are two uses of total internal refection ?
35. Rectifier is a device which is used for converting alternating current or voltage into direct
current or voltage. Its working is based on the fact that the resistance of p-n junction becomes
low when forward biased and becomes high when reverse biased. A half-wave rectifier uses only
a single diode while a full wave rectifier uses two diodes as shown in figures (a) and (b) :
(i) If the rms value of sinusoidal input to a full wave rectifier is V0 2 . What is the rms value
of the rectifier’s output ?
(ii) In the diagram, the alternating input is across the terminals A and C. What is the output
across B and D?
37
(iii) A bridge rectifier is shown in figure. Alternating input is given across A and C. What is
the output is taken across BD?
o
(iv) What is the use of rectifier in AM radio?
******
38

Class XII 2022-23
Physics
marks each.
SECTION-A
Km
qq
F = k : 1 2 2
r
1. Two insulated charged copper spheres A Where, k = Electrostatic force constant
and B each having charge of 6.5 # 10-7 C = 9 # 109 N−m2−C−2 .

are separated by a distance 50 cm. If they (9 109)
are placed in water of dielectric constant = #

80
80, then electrostatic force of repulsion
between them is (6.5 # 10-7) # (6.5 # 10-7)
#
(a) 1.9 # 10-7 N (b) 3.8 # 10-7 N (0.5) 2
(c) 1.9 # 10-4 N (d) 3.8 # 10-4 N = 1.9 # 10−4 N

Ans : (c) 1.9 # 10-4 N
Given,
Charge on sphere A,
q1 = 6.5 # 10−7 C 2. A 10 µF capacitor is charged by a battery
Charge on sphere B , of e.m.f. 100 V. The electrostatic energy
q2 = 6.5 # 10−7 C stored in the capacitor is
Distance between the charges, (a) 0.5 J (b) 0.05 J
(c) 0.5 mJ (d) 0.05 mJ
r = 50 cm = 0.5 m
Dielectric constant, Ans : (b) 0.05 J
Km = 80 Given,
Capacitance of the capacitor,
We know from the Coulomb’s law that
electrostatic force of repulsion (due to C = 10 µF = 10 # 10−6 F
similar charges), between two spheres when and voltage of the battery,
they are placed in a dielectric medium, V = 100 Volt
39
We know that electrostatic energy stored 5. On connecting a battery to the two corners
in the capacitor, of a diagonal of a square conductor frame
of side a , the magnitude of magnetic field
U = 1 # CV 2 at the centre will be
2
µ
= 1 # (10 # 10−6) # (100) 2 (a) zero (b) 0
πa
2
= 0.05 J µ0 2µ 0
(c) (d)
2πa πa
3. A steady current flows in a metallic Ans : (a) zero
conductor of non-uniform cross-section. We know that when a battery is connected
Which of the following quantity is constant two corners of a diagonal of a square
along the conductor? conductor frame, then the conductor frame
(a) current (b) drift speed can be taken as two sets of parallel wires
(c) current density (d) none of these carrying currents in the same direction.
We also know that magnetic field at the
Ans : (a) current
centre due to two parallel wires carrying
We know that current remains constant
currents in the same direction will be equal
through a conductor of non-uniform cross-
in magnitude, but opposite in directions.
section, because of the steady state.
Therefore, magnitude of the magnetic field
In this case, the charge entering at one
at the centre will be zero.
section is equal to the charge leaving at any
other section.
6. If a diamagnetic substance is brought near
north or south pole of a bar magnet, then
it is
(a) attracted by the poles
4. A current-carrying coil is placed in a (b) repelled by the poles
uniform magnetic field of induction B . The (c) attracted by the north pole and
current in the coil is I , it has n turns and repelled by the south pole
A is the face area of coil and normal to
(d) repelled by the north pole and
the surface makes an angle θ with B . The
attracted by the south pole
torque experienced by the coil is
(a) nIABθ (b) nIAB cos θ Ans : (b) repelled by the poles
(c) nIAB sin θ (d) nIAB tan θ We know that when diamagnetic substances
are magnetised in the opposite direction of
Ans : (c) nIAB sin θ the magnetising field. That is why, when a
Given, diamagnetic substance is brought near the
Magnetic field induction = B north or south pole of a bar magnet, it is
Current in coil = I repelled by the poles.
No. of turns in coil = n 7. An infinitely long conducting cylinder is
Area of coil = A kept parallel to a uniform magnetic field
and angle between normal to the surface of B directed along positive z -axis. The
coil and magnetic field = θ . direction of induced current on the surface
We know that torque experienced by the of cylinder as seen from the z -axis will be
coil, (a) zero
τ = nIAB sin θ (b) clockwise of the positive z -axis
40
(c) along the magnetic field We know that,
(d) anticlockwise of the positive z -axis dφ
Mutual inductance, M =
dI
Ans : (a) zero
−2
We know that as the magnetic field is = 5 # 10 = 5 H

uniform along the positive z -axis, therefore 0.01
no change in the magnetic flux through the 10. The phenomenon of diffraction can be
conducting cylinder. treated as the phenomenon of interference,
Thus no current will be induced on the if the number of coherent sources are
surface of it. (a) one (b) two
Therefore, direction of induced current on (c) zero (d) infinite
the surface of cylinder, as seen from the z
-axis will be zero. Ans : (d) infinite
We know from the wave theory that
diffraction at a single slit is equivalent
to the interference of light from infinite
number of coherent sources contained
in the slit. Therefore the phenomenon of
diffraction can be treated as interference
phenomenon, if the number of coherent
sources are infinite.
8. Which of the following radiations have the
least wavelength? 11. The kinetic energy of an electron, which
(a) X-rays (b) γ -rays is accelerated in the potential difference of
(c) β -rays (d) α -rays 100V is
(a) 1.6 # 10-17 J (b) 1.6 # 10-14 J
Ans : (b) γ -rays
We know that X-rays and γ -rays are (c) 1.6 # 10-10 J (d) 1.6 # 10-8 J
electromagnetic waves having range of Ans : (a) 1.6 # 10-17 J
wavelength 10-10 to 10-8 m and 10-13 to Given,
10-10 m respectively and α -rays and β Potential difference,
-rays are of material nature having large
V = 100 Volt
wavelength as compared to X-ray and γ
We know that kinetic energy of an electron
-rays which are electromagnetic in nature.
accelerating in the potential difference,
Therefore γ -rays have the least wavelength.
K = eV
9. The mutual inductance, when the magnetic Here, e = Charge on electron equal to
flux changes by 5 # 10-2 Wb and current
1.6 # 10-19 C
change by 0.01 A , is
(a) 0.2 H (b) 2.5 H Hence, K = (1.6 # 10−19) # 100
(c) 5 H (d) 10 H = 1.6 # 10−17 J

Ans : (c) 5 H
12. As the electron in Bohr’s orbit of hydrogen
Given,
atom passes from state n = 2 to n = 1, the
Change in magnetic flux,
kinetic energy K and the potential energy
dφ = 5 # 10−2 Wb u change as
Change in current, dI = 0.01 A (a) K four-fold and u two-fold
41
(b) K two-fold and u four-fold We know that when one α -particle is
(c) K two-fold and u also two-fold emitted, atomic is reduced by 2 and mass
(d) K four-fold and u also four-fold number is reduced by 4.

Ans : (d) K four-fold and u also four-fold 14. The electric resistance of a certain wire of
Given, iron is R. If its length and radius are both
Initial energy level, n1 = 2 doubled, then its
(a) both resistance and specific resistance
Final energy level, n2 = 1
will remain unchanged.
We know that kinetic energy of an electron
in the n th orbit, (b) resistance will be doubled and specific
resistance will be halved.
K n =me 4 ? 1
(c) resistance will be halved and specific
8ε 20 n2 h2 n2
resistance will be doubled.
and potential energy of an electron in the
n th orbit, (d) resistance will be halved and specific
4 resistance will remain unchanged.
un =− me 1
2 2 2 ?− 2
4ε 0 n h n Ans : (d) resistance will be halved and spe-
cific resistance will remain unchanged.
Therefore, K1 = d n2 n = b 1 l = 1
2 2
K2 n1 2 4 Given,
or K2 = 4K1 Initial resistance, R1 = R
Final length of wire, l2 = 2l1
u 2 d n1 n b2l
2
Similarly, u1 = n 2 = 1 2 = 1
4 Final radius of wire, r2 = 2r1
or u2 = 4u1 We know that resistance of the wire of iron,
R = ρ l = ρ l 2 ? l2
A πr r
Therefore, R1 = l1 # a r2 k
2
R2 l2 r1
Here, l1 = initial length of wire
R2 = final resistance of the wire of
13. A nucleus emits one α -particle and forms a iron
new nucleus. The mass number and atomic

r1 = initial radius of wire
number of the new nucleus is changed in
= l1 # b 2r1 l
2
which of the following way?
(a) atomic number is reduced by 6 and 2l1 r1
mass number is reduced by 4 = 1#4 = 2

(b) atomic number is reduced by 2 and 2
mass number is reduced by 4 R 2 = R 1 = R
2 2
(c) atomic number is reduced by 2 and
mass number is reduced by 2 We also know that specific resistance of a
wire depends upon nature of the material of
(d) atomic number is reduced by 4 and
wire and is independent of the dimensions
mass number is reduced by 2
of the wire. Therefore specific resistance of
Ans : (b) atomic number is reduced by 2 the wire remain unchanged.
and mass number is reduced by 4
42
15. A parallel plate capacitor is first charged correct but Reason is not a correct
and then a dielectric slab is introduced explanation of the Assertion.
between the plates. The quantity that (c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
remains unchanged is incorrect.
(a) charge (b) energy (d) Both the Assertion and Reason are
(c) potential (d) capacitance incorrect.
Ans : (a) charge Ans : (a) Both Assertion and Reason are
We know that when a dielectric slab is correct and the Reason is a correct
introduced between the plates of a charged explanation of the Assertion.
parallel plate capacitor, the charge remains
For diffraction purpose, target should have
unchanged.
size of the order of wavelength of light
used. So, X-ray cannot be used in standard
16. Assertion : The number of electrons in a
diffraction between the lines in different
p -type silicon semiconductor is less than
grating is large as compared with very
the number of electrons in a pure silicon
short wavelength of X-rays.
semiconductor at room temperature.
Reason : It is due to law of mass action.
18. Assertion : The photoelectrons produced
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is by a monochromatic light beam incident
incorrect. on a metal surface have a spread in their
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are kinetic energies.
incorrect. Reason : The work function of the metal is
Ans :
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are its characteristics property.
correct and the Reason is a correct (a) Both Assertion and Reason are
explanation of the Assertion. correct and the Reason is a correct
We know that ne nh = h i2
This formula is based on law of mass action.
In p -type semiconductor nh > ni
So, me < ni .
17. Assertion : Standard optical diffraction incorrect.
gratings can not be used for discriminating (d) Both the Assertion and Reason are
between X-ray wavelength. incorrect.
Reason : The grating spacing is not of the Ans : (b) Both Assertion and Reason are
order of X-ray wavelengths. correct but Reason is not a correct
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are explanation of the Assertion.
explanation of the Assertion. The kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons
varies from zero to a maximum value. Work
function depends on metal used.
43
SECTION-B energy of 1He3 is greater than that of 2He3 .
o
19. Out of electric field vector Ev and magnetic In a hydrogen atom, when an electron jumps
field vector Bv in an electromagnetic wave, from second orbit to first orbit, What is
which is more effective and why? the wavelength of spectral line emitted by
hydrogen atom?
Ans :
Ans :
Both the electric Ev and magnetic Bv vector
are essential in the transmission of EM Given:
wave but in the interaction with matter the Initial energy level, n1 = 2
electric vector Ev is more important. Final energy level, n2 = 1
When a photon impacts a rod or cone on We know that,
your retina it is the E -vector that donates Change in energy,
its energy to the light sensitive molecule,
resulting in excitation and hence a signal ∆E =− 13.6 < 12 − 12 F
to your brain. Also in polarization, Ev is n1 n 2
important. =− 13.6 ; 1 2 − 1 2 E
^ 2 h ^1 h

20. 1. How does a diamagnetic material behave =− 13.6 ;− 3E = 10.2 eV

when it is cooled to very low temperature? 4
2. Why does a paramagnetic sample display We also know that wavelength of emitted
greater magnetisation when cooled? spectral line by hydrogen atom,
Explain.
λ = 12375
Ans :
∆E
1. For diamagnetic substances, the variation = 12375 = 1213 A
c
10.2
of susceptibility is very small, i.e.,
diamagnetic materials are unaffected
by the change in temperature (except
bismuth).
2. A paramagnetic sample displays
greater tendency when cooled at lower
temperatures, the tendency to disrupt the
alignment of magnetic dipole decreases 22. The velocity of light in a liquid is
due to the reduced random thermal 1.5 # 108 ms-1 and in air, it is 3 # 108 ms-1 .
motion of atoms or molecules. If a ray of light passes from this liquid into
air, calculate the value of critical angle.
21. He 23 and He 13 nuclei have the same mass Ans :
number. Do they have the same binding
energy? Given, v = 1.5 # 108 ms−1
Ans : c = 3 # 108 ms−1
Refractive index of the liquid,
Nuclei He 23 and He 13 have the same mass
8
number. He 23 has two protons and one µ = c = 3 # 10 8 = 2
neutron. He 13 has one proton and two v 1.5 # 10
neutrons. The repulsive force between or sin ic = 1 = 1
protons is missing in 1He3 , so the binding µ 2
44
Hence, Ans :
Critical angle, ic = 30c
Intrinsic p-type
semiconductor semiconductor
(i) It is a It is a
semiconductor in semiconductor
pure form. doped with p
-type (like Al, in
impurity.)
23. Name the important process that occurs (ii) Intrinsic charge Majority charge
during the formation of a p - n junction. carriers are carries are holes
Explain briefly, with the help of a suitable electrons and and minority
diagram, how a p - n junction is formed. holes with equal charge carriers
Define the term ‘barrier potential’. concentration. are electrons.
(iii) Current due to Current due to
charge carriers charge carriers
is feeble (of the is significant
order of µA ). (of the order of
mA) .
p-type semiconductor is electrically neutral
because every atom, whether it is of pure
semiconductor (Ge or Si) or of impurity
(Al) is electrically neutral.
24. In Young’s double slit experiment, the

slits are 0.2 mm apart and the screen is
Ans :
1.5 m away. It is observed that the distance
Potential barrier during the formation of a between the central bright fringe and fourth
p - n junction, the electrons diffuse from n dark fringe is 1.8 cm . Find the wavelength
-region. This forms recombination of charge of light used.
carriers. In this process, immobile positive
Ans :
ions are collected at a junction toward n
-region and negative ions at a junction Here, d = 0.2 mm = 0.2 # 10−3 m
toward p-region. This causes a potential
D = 1.5 m
difference across the unbiased junction.
This is called potential barrier. xl4 = 1.8 cm = 1.8 # 10−3 m
Depletion region It is a layer formed near The distance of n th dark fringe from the
the junction which is devoid of free charge central bright fringe is given by,
carriers. Its thickness is about 1µm . xln = (2n − 1) Dλ
o 2dl
Distinguish between an intrinsic Hence,
semiconductor and a p-type semiconductor.
xl4 = 7 $ Dλ
Give reason why a p-type semiconductor 2 d
crystal is electrically neutral, although
nh 22 ne . or λ = 2dxl4
7D
45
−3 −2
= 2 # 0.2 # 10 # 1.8 # 10
di = k sec2 qdq
7 # 1. 5 i k tan q
= 6.86 # 10−7 m
di = 1 cos qdq
i # sin q
cos2 q
25. An electric dipole is placed in a uniform sin q
:Since, sec q = cos q , tan q = cos q D
1
electric field E with its dipole moment p
parallel to the field. Find: di = dq

1. The work done in turning the dipole i cos q sin q
till its dipole moment points in the di = 2dq
direction opposite to E .
i 2 cos q sin q
2. The orientation of the dipole for
di = 2dq
which the torque acting on it becomes i sin 2q
6sin 2q = 2 sin q cos q@
maximum.

Ans :

1. We know that, dθ = sin 2θdi
2i
θ2
W = # τdθ When sin 2θ would be maximum than the
θ1 tangent galvanometer has maximum,
#
π
= pE sin θd θ
sin 2θ = 1
0
2θ = sin−1 (1)
= pE [− cos θ] 0π = 2pE
2. We know that, 2θ = sin−1 (sin 90c)
τ = pE sin θ [Since, sin 90 = 1]
π
If, θ = , then τ is maximum.
2 θ = 90 = 45c
2
i.e., r = pE sin π
2
τ = pE (Maximum)
SECTION-C
26. Show that a tangent galvanometer measures
27. A wheel with 8 metallic spokes each 20 cm
that current with maximum accuracy which
long is rotated with a speed of 120 rev/
produces 45c deflection.
min in a plane normal to the horizontal
Ans :
component of the Earth’s magnetic field.
For a tangent galvanometer, The Earth’s magnetic field at the plane is
i = k tan θ ...(1) 0.4 G and the angle of dip is 60c. Calculate
the emf induced between the axle and the
di = k sec2 θ rim of the wheel. How will the value of emf
dθ
d (tan q) be affected if the number of spokes were
;Since, = sec2 qE increased?
dt
di = k sec2 qdq Ans :

i i If a rod of length l rotates with angular
From Eq. (1), we get
46
speed ω in uniform magnetic field B
Where, V0 is maximum potential difference
e = 1 Bl 2 ω across the plates of the capacitor.
2
The alternating voltage applied is
In case of Earth’s magnetic field BH
= Be cos θ E = E 0 sin ωt
and the current leads the emf by a phase
and Bv = Be sin θ
angle of π .
2
e = 1 Be cos θl 2 ω I = I 0 sin a ωt + π k = I 0 cos ωt
2 2
= 1 # 0.4 # 10−10 Hence, work done over a complete cycle is
2
T
# EIdt
2
# cos 60c # (0.5) # 2πv W =
0
= 1 # 0.4 # 10−4 # 1 T

2 2 #
= (E 0 sin wt) (I 0 cos wt) dt

# (0.5) # 2π # b 60 l
0
2 120
E 0 I 0 T2 sin wt cos wt

2 0 #
= 10−5 # 0.2.5 # 2 # 3.14 # 2
W = E 0 I 0
T
= 3.14 # 10−5 Volt.
2 # sin 2ωtdt
0
Induced emf is independent of the number
= E 0 I 0 :1 − cos 2wt D = 0
T
of spokes i.e., it will remain same.
2 2w 0
(ii)
When DC source is connected, the
condenser is charged but no current flows
in the circuit. Therefore, the lamp does
not glow. No change occurs even when
capacitance of capacitor is reduced.
When AC source is connected, the
capacitor offers capacitive reactance XC
28. (i) When an AC source is connected to = ω1C . The current flows in the circuit
an ideal capacitor, then show that the and the lamp glows. On reducing C1 , XC
average power supplied by the source increases. Therefore, the glowing of the
over a complete cycle is zero. bulb reduces.
(ii) A lamp is connected in series with a
capacitor. Predict your observations o
when the system is connected first across A voltage V = V0 sin ωt is applied to a series
a DC and then an AC source. What LCR circuit. Derive the expression for the
happens in each case if the capacitance of average power dissipated over a cycle.
the capacitor is reduced? Under what condition is (i) no power
Ans : dissipated even though the current flows
through the circuit (ii) maximum power
(i) When a source of AC is connected to a dissipated in the circuit?
capacitor of capacitance C1 the charge on
it glows from zero to maximum steady Ans :
value Q 0 . Let applied alternating voltage,
The energy stored in a capacitor is V = V0 sin ωt ...(1)
E = 1 CV 02 We know that,
2
47
I = I 0 sin (ωt − φ) ...(2) EK max = hc − φ = hv − φ
λ
Power, P = VI
Given that threshold frequency of the
Substituting the value of V and I from eq. metal is f . If light of frequency, 2f is
(1) and eq. (2), we get incident on metal plane, maximum velocity
P = V0 sin ωt $ I 0 sin (ωt − φ) of photoelectrons is v1 then,
So, the instantaneous power is given by 1 mv 2 = h (2f − f)

sin (ωt - φ) = sin ωt cos φ − cos ωt sin φ 2 1
(i) If φ = 90c, then no power is dissipated 1 mv 2 = hf ...(1)
2 1
even though the current flows through
the circuit. If light of frequency, 5f is incident and
maximum velocity of photoelectron is v2 .
Pav = 0
1 mv 2 = h (5f − f)
tan φ = b XL − XC l
2
2
R
1 mv 2 = 4hf ...(2)
wL − 1
2
2
tan φ = wC = 3 Dividing (1) by (2), we get
R
a v 2 k = 4
(Since, tan 90c = 3) v1 2 1
(ii) If φ = 0c, then maximum power is
dissipated in the circuit. v 1 = 1
v2 2
Pav = maximum
Hence, v 1 : v 2 = 1 : 2
wL − 1
tan φ = wC = 0
R
(Since, tan 0c = 0)
XL = XC
29. Define the term “cut off frequency” in

photoelectric emission. The threshold o
frequency of a metal is f . When the light of Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
frequency 2f is incident on the metal plate, State clearly the three salient features
the maximum velocity of photoelectrons observed in photoelectric effect which can
is v1 . When the frequency of the incident explain on the basis of this equation.
radiation is increased to 5f , the maximum The maximum kinetic energy of the
velocity of photoelectrons is v2 . Find the photoelectrons gets doubled when the
ratio v1 : v2 . wavelength of light incident on the
surface changes from λ 1 to λ 2 . Derive the
Ans : expressions to the threshold wavelength λ 0
Cut off frequency : It is that maximum and work function for the metal surface.
frequency of incident radiation below Ans :
which no photoemission takes place from a
photoelectric material. Einstein’s photoelectric equation is EK
According to Einstein’s photoelectric = hv − W for a single photon ejecting a
equation single electron.
(i) Explanation of frequency law : When
48
frequency of incident photon (v), Work function,
increases, the kinetic energy of emitted hc (2l 2 − l 1)
electron increases. Intensity has no effect φ 0 =
l1l 2
on kinetic energy of photoelectrons.
(ii) Explanation of intensity law : When
intensity of incident light increases, the
number of incident photons increases,
as one photon ejects one electron; the
increase in intensity will increase the
number of ejected electrons. In other
words, photocurrent will increase with
increase of intensity. Frequency has no 30. Using de-Broglie’s hypothesis, explain
effect on photocurrent. with the help of a suitable diagram, Bohr’s
(iii) Explanation of no time lag law : When second postulate of quantization of energy
the energy of incident photon is greater levels in a hydrogen atom.
than work function, the photoelectron Ans :
is immediately ejected, Thus, there is Bohr’s Quantization Condition of Angular
no time lag between incidence of light Momentum
and emission of photoelectrons. Consider the motion of an electron in
For wavelength λ 1 , a circular orbit of radius r around the
hc = φ + E nucleus of atom. According to de-Broglie
0 K
λ1 hypothesis, this electron is also associated
= φ 0 + eV0 ...(1) with wave character. Hence a circular orbit
where, EK = eV0 can be taken to be a stationary energy state
only if it contains an integral number of de-
For wavelength λ 2 ,
Broglie wavelengths, i.e., we must have
hc = φ + 2eV ...(2)
λ2 0 0 2πr = nλ
because EK is doubled But de-Broglie wavelength,
From equations (1) and (2) we get λ = h

mv
b λ1 0l
hc = λ + 2 hc − φ

λ2 2 Hence, 2πr = nh
mv
The angular momentum L of the electron
= φ 0 + 2hc − 2φ 0

λ1 must be,
φ 0 = 2hc − hc L = mvr = nh
l1 l2 2πl
For threshold wavelength λ 0, kinetic energy n = 1, 2, 3 .....
EK = 0 and work function φ 0 = hc This is the famous Bohr’s quantisation
λ0
hc = 2hc − hc condition for angular momentum. Thus
only those circular orbits can be the allowed
λ0 l1 l2
stationary states of an electron in which its
1 = 2 − 1
λ0 l1 l 2 angular momentum is an integral multiple
of 2πh .
λ 0 = l1l 2
2l 2 − l 1
49
one point to another on an equipotential
surface is zero. If the field is not normal
to an equipotential surface, it would have
a non zero component along the surface.
This would imply that work would have
to be done to move a charge on the surface
which is contradictory to the definition of
equipotential surface.
Mathematically : Work done to move a
charge dq , on a surface, can expressed as
A Standing Wave of 4 de-Broglie Wavelengths dW = dq (Ev $ drv)
Fitting into a Circular Orbit of Radius r But dW = 0 on an equipotential surface
Hence, v
Ev = dr
Equipotential surfaces for a charges - q
SECTION-D
31. (a) A capacitor of capacitance C is charged
fully by connecting it to a battery of
emf E . It is then disconnected from the
battery. If the separation between the
plates of the capacitor is now doubled,
how will the following change ?
(i) charge stored by the capacitor.
(ii) field strength between the plates.
(iii) energy stored by the capacitor.
(b) Explain why, for any configuration, the
equipotential surface through a point is
normal to the electric field at the point.
Draw a sketch of equipotential surfaces
due to a single charge (- q), depicting the
electric field lines due to the charge. o
Ans :
Show that the potential energy of a dipole
making angle θ with the direction of the
(a) field is given by u (θ) =− pv $ Ev . Hence, find
(i) Charge remains same, as after out the amount of work done in rotating it
disconnecting capacitor no transfer of form the position of unstable equilibrium
charge take place. to the stable equilibrium.
q
(ii) Electric field, E = σ = remain
ε0 ε0A Ans :
same, as there is no change in charge. As charges + q and - q traverse equal
q2 q2 q2 d distance under equal an opposite forces;
(iii) Energy stored = = =
2b d l
2C e0A 2e 0 A therefore, not work done in bringing
the dipole in the region of electric field
Energy will be doubled as separation perpendicular to field-direction will be
between the plates (d) is doubled. zero, i.e., W1 = 0 .
(b) The work done in moving a charge from
50
32. Two cells of emfs e1 and e2 , and internal
resistances r1 and r2 are connected in parallel
between the points A and B . Deduce the
expressions for
1. the equivalent emf of the combination.
2. the equivalent resistance of the
combination.
3. the potential difference between the
points A and B .
Ans :
Now, the dipole is rotated and brought to As shown in figure, suppose two cells of
orientation making an angle θ with the emfs e1 and e2 and internal resistances r1
field direction (i.e., θ 0 = 90c and q 1 = qc). and r2 are connected in parallel between
Therefore, work done two points. Suppose the currents I1 and I2
W2 = pE (cos q 0 − cos q 1) from the positive terminals of the two cells
= pE (cos 90c − cos θ)
flow towards the junction B1 and current I
flows out. Since as much charge flows in as
=− pE cos θ flows out, we have
Hence, Total done in bringing the electric
dipole from infinity, i.e., electric potential I = I 1 + I 2
energy of electric dipole. Thus, work done
by external torque in rotating a dipole
in uniform electric field is stored as the
potential energy of the system.
U = W1 + W2 = 0 − pE cos θ
=− pE cos θ
In vector from,
U =− pv $ Ev
For rotating dipole from position of
unstable equilibrium (θ 0 = 180c) to the
stable equilibrium (θ = 0c).
Hence, Wreq = pE (cos 180c − cos 0c)
= pE (− 1 − 1) =− 2pE

A parallel Combination of two Cells is Equivalent

to a Single Cell of emf eeq and Internal Resistance
req
As the two cells are connected in parallel

between the same two points B1 and B2 ,
the potential difference V across both cells
must be same.
The potential difference between the
51
terminals of first cell is, o
Obtain an expression for the heat developed
V = VB − VB = e1 − I1 r1
1 2
in a resistor by the passage of an electric
Hence, I 1 = e 1 − V current through it. Hence state Joule’s law
r1
of heating.
The potential difference between the
terminals of e2 is, Ans :
V = VB − VB = e2 − I2 r2 Consider a conductor AB of resistance R,
1 2
shown in figure. A source of emf maintains
Hence, I 2 = e 2 − V a potential difference V between its ends A
r2
and B and sends a steady current I from
I = I 1 + I 2
Hence, A to B .
= e1 − V + e 2 − V Clearly, VA > VB and the potential
r1 r2 difference across AB is,
= a e1 + e 2 k − V b 1 + 1 l
V = VA − VB > 0
r1 r2 r1 r2
The amount of charge that flows from A to
V b r1 + r2 l = e1 r2 + e2 r1 − I B in time t is,
r1 r2 r1 r2
q = It
V = e1 r2 + e2 r1 − I r1 r2
r1 + r2 r1 + r2
If we wish to replace the parallel
combination by a single cell of emf eeq and
internal resistance req , then
V = eeq − Ireq
Comparing the last two equations, we get
eeq = e1 r2 + e2 r1
r1 + r2
Heat Produced in a Resistor
and req = r1 r2
r1 + r2 As the charge q moves through a decrease
We can express the above results in a of potential of magnitude V , its potential
simpler way as follows : energy decreases by the amount,
eeq
= e 1 + e 2 = Final P. E at B - Initial P.E. at A
U
req r1 r2
= qVB − qVA

and 1 = 1 + 1
req r1 r2 =− q (VA − VB)

For a parallel combination of n cells, we =− qV < 0
can write, If the charges move through the conductor
eeq without suffering collisions, their kinetic
= e1 + e2 + ..... + en
req r1 r2 rn energy would change. By conservation of
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + ..... + 1 energy, the change in kinetic energy must
and
req req r1 r2 rn be,
K =− U = qV
= It # V = VIt > 0
Thus, in case, charges were moving freely
52
through the conductor under the action of are in the same phase of disturbance.
the electric field, their kinetic energy would Types of Wave Front
increase as they move. But on the average, 1. Spherical Wave-front : A wave-front due
the electrons move with a steady drift to point source in a three dimensional
velocity. This is because of the collisions of isotropic space is called spherical wave-
electrons with ions and atoms during the front.
course of their motion. The kinetic energy Consider a point source of light placed
gained by the electrons is shared with in an isotropic medium i.e., a medium
he metal ions. These ions vibrate more in which the velocity of light is the
vigorously and the conductor gets heated same in all directions. The disturbance
up. The amount of energy dissipated as from the point source travels equally in
heat in conductor in time t is, all directions.
H = VIt joule If c = velocity of light, then after time
2
t , light will have travelled a distance
= I2 Rt joule = V t joule
equal to ct in all directions. The locus of
R
all points where light reaches after time
2
= VIt cal = I Rt cal
t will be a sphere. A set of spherical
1.18 4.18 wave-front represents a diverging beam
2 of light (Fig. (b)).
= V t cal
4.18R
The above equations are known as joule’s
law of heating. According to this law, the
heat produced in a resistor is,
1. Directly proportional to the square of
current for a given R.
2. Directly proportional to the resistance
R for a given I .
3. Inversely proportional to the resistance
R for a given, V .
4. Directly proportional to the time t for
which the current flows through the (b)
resistor. 2. Cylindrical Wave-front : When the slit
is a source of light, all points equidistant
from the source, lie on a cylinder.
Therefore, wave-front is cylindrical
(Fig. (c)).
33. What do you mean by wave front? Write

down its type briefly?
Ans :
Wave-front
Wave front is defined as the locus of the
neighboring particles of the medium which
53
(c) diffracted from B .
The path difference between rays diffracted
3. Plane Wave-front : When the source
at points A and B .
is at infinite distance, the radius of
curvature of wave-front will be very T = BP − AP = BN
large. In TANB , +ANB = 90c
A small portion of spherical wave-front.
and +BAN = θ
with source at infinite distance is a
plane wave-front. (Fig. (d)). sin θ = BN
AB
or BN = AB sin θ
As AB = width of slit = a
Hence, Path difference,
T = a sin θ ...(1)
To find the effect of all coherent waves at
P , we have to sum up their contribution,
each with a different phase. This was done
by Fresnel by rigorous calculations, but the
main features may be explained by simple
(d) arguments given below :
At the central point C of the screen, the
o angle θ is zero. Hence the waves starting
Describe diffraction of light due to a single from all points of slit arrive in the same
slit. Explain formation of a pattern of phase. This gives maximum intensity at
fringes obtained on the screen and plot the central point C .
showing variation of intensity with angle θ If point P on screen is such that the path
in single slit diffraction. difference between rays starting from edges
Ans : A and B is λ , then path difference.
Diffraction of light at a single slit : When
monochromatic light is made incident on
a single slit, we get diffraction pattern
on a screen placed behind the slit. The
diffraction pattern contains bright and
dark bands, the intensity of central band is
maximum and goes on decreasing on both
sides.
Explanation : Let AB be a slit of width
a and a parallel beam of monochromatic
light is incident on it. According to Fresnel,
the diffraction pattern is the result of a sin θ = λ
superposition of a large number of waves, sin θ = λ
starting from different points of illuminated a
If angle θ is small,
slit.
Let θ be the angle of diffraction for waves sin θ = θ = λ ...(2)
a
reaching at point P of screen and AN the Minima : Now we divide the slit into two
perpendicular dropped from A on wave equal halves AO and OB , each of width a2
54
. Now for every point, M1 in AO , there is between two minima. Clearly there will
a corresponding point M2 in OB , such that be a maxima between first two minima,
M1 M2 = a2 . Then path difference between but this maxima will be of much weaker
waves arriving at P and starting from M1 intensity than central maximum. This
and M2 will be a2 sin θ = λ2 . This means that is called first secondary maxima. In a
the contributions from the two halves of slit similar manner we can show that there
AO and OB are opposite in phase and so are secondary maxima between any two
cancel each other. Thus equation (2) gives consecutive minima; and the intensity of
the angle of diffraction at which intensity maxima will go on decreasing with increase
falls to zero. Similarly it may be shown that of order of maxima. In general the position
the intensity is zero for sin θ = naλ , with n of n th maxima will be given by
as integer. Thus, the general condition of
a sin θ = bn + 2 l λ
1
minima is
a sin θ = nλ ...(3) (n = 1, 2, 3, .4..) ...(4)

Secondary Maxima : Let us now consider The intensity of secondary maxima
angle θ such that decrease with increase of order n because
sin θ = θ = 3λ with increasing n , the contribution of slit
2a decreases.
For n = 2 , is one-fifth, for n = 3 , it is one-
seventh and so on.
SECTION-E
Which is midway between two dark bands
34. Ravi is a student of mechanical engineering
given by
studying in one of the engineering colleges.
sin θ = θ = λ The other day he saw an old man who
a
suddenly collapsed as he walked out of the
and sin θ = θ = 2λ house in his neighbourhood. Ravi rushed
a
Let us now divide the slit into three parts. towards him immediately made a call to the
If we take the first two of parts of slit, the nearby hospital, asked for the ambulance
path difference between rays diffracted from and took him to the emergency ward of
the extreme ends of the first two parts. the hospital. On getting the medical aid,
2 a sin θ = 2 a 3l = l the old man soon got recovered. he did not

3 3 # 2a forget to thank Ravi for the timely help
Then the first two parts will have a path he rendered. He was wondering that in his
difference of λ2 and cancel the effect of times to get the telephone connection, one
each other. The remaining third part had to wait for years whereas these days
will contribute to the intensity at a point it takes no time to get the connection.
55
Ravi told him it was all because of the as shown in figures (a) and (b) :
technological progress/development due to
which the simple phenomenon in physics
could be easily used.
(i) To which phenomenon in physics was
Ravi referring to, which made the land
line links so easily accessible ?
(ii) What are the essential conditions
required to observe this phenomenon ?
(iii)
What are two uses of total internal
refection ?
Ans :

(i) Ravi was referring to the phenomenon
of total Internal Reflection.
(ii) Conditions required for the occurrence
of total internal reflection :
1. Angle of incidence > Critical Angle.
2. Light should travel from denser to
rarer medium. (i) If the rms value of sinusoidal input to a
The phenomenon of total internal
(iii) full wave rectifier is V0 2 . What is the
reflection of light is used in many rms value of the rectifier’s output ?
optical instruments take telescopes, (ii) In the diagram, the alternating input
microscopes, binoculars etc. is across the terminals A and C. What
is the output across B and D?
35. Rectifier is a device which is used for

converting alternating current or voltage (iii) A bridge rectifier is shown in figure.
into direct current or voltage. Its working is Alternating input is given across A and
based on the fact that the resistance of p-n C. What is the output is taken across
junction becomes low when forward biased BD?
and becomes high when reverse biased. A
half-wave rectifier uses only a single diode
while a full wave rectifier uses two diodes
56
o
(iv)
What is the use of rectifier in AM
radio?
Ans :

(i) Given,
Input, Vrms = V0
2
Where, V0 = Peak value of voltage
In full wave rectifier, the whole cycle is
rectified, so the value of input voltage
will be same as output.
So, the output voltage will be V0 .
2
(ii) The circuit behaves like a full wave
rectifier therefore the output across B
and D will be full wave rectified.
(iii) Zero
o
(iv) A half-wave rectifier is used in AM
radio as a detector because the output
consists of an audio signal. Due to the
less intensity of the current, it is of very
little use to the more complex rectifier.
57
CBSE Sample Paper 3

Physics
marks each.
SECTION-A
1. A charged ball B hangs from a silk thread S , which makes an angle θ with a large charged
conducting sheet P , as shown in the figure. The surface charge density σ of the sheet is
proportional to
(a) sin θ (b) cos θ

(c) tan θ (d) cot θ
2. If 125 water drops of equal radius and equal capacitance C, coalesce to form a single drop of
capacitance Cl the relation between C and Cl is
(a) C l = C (b) C l = 5C
(c) C l = 125C (d) C l = 250C
58
3. The variation of voltage V and current I in a conductor is given below. The resistance of the
conductor is
(a) 1 Ω (b) 2 Ω
(c) 3 Ω (d) 4 Ω
4. Magnetic field due to a long straight conductor of length l , carrying current I, at a point,
distance d from it, is given by
µ µ
(a) B = 0 # 2I (b) B = 0 # I
4π d 4π d
µ µ
(c) B = 0 # 2I2 (d) B = 0 # 2I
4π d π d
5. A current passing through a circular coil of two turns produces a magnetic field of 8 T at its
centre. The coil is then rewound, so as to have four turns and current is passed through it is
doubled. Now magnetic field at the centre of the coil will be
(a) 64 T (b) 32 T
(c) 16 T (d) 8 T
6. A wire of magnetic dipole moment M and L is bent into shape of a semicircle of radius r . What
will be its new dipole moments?
(a) M (b) M
2π
(c) M (d) 2M
π π
59
7. A rectangular coil ABCD is rotated anticlockwise with a uniform angular velocity about the
axis shown in the figure. Initially, the axis of rotation of the coil as well as the magnetic field
B were horizontal. The induced E.M.F. in the coil would be maximum when plane of the coil
(a) is horizontal.
(b) is at right angle to the magnetic field.
(c) makes an angle of 30c with the horizontal.
(d) makes an angle of 45c with the direction of magnetic field.
8. The unit of ratio of magnetic field, B and electrical field, E (B/E) is

(a) ms-1 (b) sm-1
(c) ms (d) m-2
9. The magnetic flux through a circuit of resistance R changes by an amount Tφ in a time Tt . The
total electric charge Q that passes any point in the circuit during the time Tt is represented by
Tφ Tφ
(a) Q = (b) Q =
Tt R
Tφ Tφ
(c) Q = R $ (d) Q = 1 $
Tt R Tt

10. A diffraction pattern is obtained by using a beam of red light. What happens, if the red light
is replaced by blue light?
(a) no change
(b) diffraction bands disappear
(c) diffraction bands become broader and farther apart
(d) diffraction bands become narrower and crowded together
60
11. If an electron of mass m and charge e is accelerated from rest through a potential difference V
in vacuum, then its final velocity will be
(a) eV (b) eV
2m m
(c) 2eV (d) eV

m m
12. The energy E of a hydrogen atom with principal quantum no. n is given by E =− 13n.6 eV .
2
The energy ejected when the electron jumps from n = 3 state to n = 2 state of hydrogen is
approximately
(a) 0.85 eV (b) 1.5 eV
(c) 1.9 eV (d) 3.4 eV
13. M p denotes the mass of a proton and Mn that of a neutron. A given nucleus, of binding energy
B , contains Z protons and N neutrons. The mass M ^N, Z h of the nucleus is given by (c =
Velocity of light)
(a) M ^N, Z h = NMn + ZM p − B2
(b) M ^N, Z h = NMn + ZM p + Bc2
(c) M ^N, Z h = NMn + ZM p + B2

c
(d) M ^N, Z h = NMn + ZM p − B2

c
14. The algebraic sum of all currents meeting at a point in an electrical circuit is
(a) zero (b) infinite
(c) positive (d) negative
15. The charge on plate X in the given figure
(a) 20 µC (b) − 20 µC
(c) zero (d) − 10 µC
61
16. Assertion : The resistivity of a semi-conductor increases with temperature.
Reason : The atoms of semi-conductor vibrate with larger amplitude as higher temperatures
thereby increasing its resistivity.
Assertion.
Assertion.
17. Assertion : When tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from some distance, a
bright spot is seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle.
Reason : Destructive interference occurs at the centre of the shadow.
Assertion.
Assertion.
18. Assertion : Kinetic energy of photo electrons emitted by a photosensitive surface depends upon
the intensity of incident photon.
Reason : The ejection of electrons from metallic surface is possible with frequency of incident
photon below the threshold frequency.
Assertion.
Assertion.
62
SECTION-B
19. Explain briefly how electromagnetic waves are produced by an oscillating charge. How is the
frequency of electromagnetic waves produced related to that of the oscillating charge?
20. A (hypothetical) bar magnet (AB) is cut into two equal parts. One part is now kept over the
other, so that pole C2 is above C1 . If M is the magnetic moment of the original magnet, what
would be the magnetic of the combination so formed?
21. Write any two properties of X -rays.

o
A nucleus U undergoes α -decay and transforms to thorium. What is:
238
92
1. The mass number
2. Atomic number of the nucleus produced?
22. The radii of curvature of both the surfaces of a lens are equal. If one of the surfaces is made
plane by grinding then will the focal length of lens change? Will the power change?
23. What happens when a forward bias is applied to a p-n -junctions

o
Draw energy band diagram of n -typed and p-typed semiconductor at temperature T 2 0 K .
Mark the donar and acceptor energy level with their energies.
24. Define resolving power of an optical instrument. How does it depend on wavelength?
25. Compare the electric fields due to a monopole (single charge) and dipole.
63
SECTION-C
26. Define magnetic field in terms of the force on a moving charge. Hence define one tesla.
27. There are two coils A and B separated by some distance. If a current of 2A flows through A
, a magnetic flux of 10-2 Wb passes through B (no current through B) . If no current passes
through A and a current of 1 A passes through B , What is the flux through A?
28. Write down the equation of induced current at any instant in L-C-R circuit when XL > XC or
circuit is inductive.
o
Name the factors responsible for decreasing the efficiency of a transformer.
29. Explain briefly the reasons why wave theory of light is not able to explain the observed features
of photo-electric effect.
o
The following graph shows the variation of stopping potential Vs with the frequency (v) of the
incident radiation for two photosensitive metals X and Y .
(i) Which of the metals has larger threshold wavelength? Give reason.
(ii) Explain giving reason which metal gives out electrons having larger kinetic energy, for the
same wavelength of the incident radiation.
(iii) If the distance between the light source and metal X is halved, what will be the kinetic
energy of electrons emitted due to this change? Give reason.
30. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is - 13.6 eV . If an electron makes a transition from
an energy level - 0.85 eV to - 3.4 eV , calculate the wavelength of the spectral line emitted. To
which series of hydrogen spectrum does this wavelength belong?
64
SECTION-D
31. Find an expression for capacity of a parallel plate capacitor with compound dielectric.
o
Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor. If a compound dielectric
medium is introduced between the plates of the capacitor, how will the capacitance of the
capacitor change?
32. In a metre bridge experiment, null point is contained at 20 cm from one end of the wire when
resistance X is balanced against another resistance Y . If X < Y , then where will be the new
position of the null point from the same end, if one decides to balance a resistance of 4 X
against Y ?
o
(i) Define the term drift velocity.
(ii) On the basis of electron drift, derive an expression for resistivity of an conductor in terms
of number density of free electrons and relaxation time. On what factors does resistivity
of a conductor depend?
(iii) Why alloys like constantan and manganin are used for making standard resistors?
33. How are wavefront and secondary wavelets defined? Verify laws of reflection or laws of refraction
on the basis of Huygen’s wave theory.
o
Explain Huygens principle of secondary wavelets and on the basis of this principle establish the
law of Refraction ‘OR’ reflection.
SECTION-E
34. Now-a-days optical fibres are extensively used for transmitting audio and video signals through
long distances. Optical fibres too make use of the phenomenon of total internal reflection.
Optical fibres are fabricated with high quality composite glass/quartz fibres. Each fibre consists
of a core and cladding. The refractive index of the material of the core is higher than that of
the cladding. When a signal in the form of light is directed at one end of the fibre at a suitable
angle, it undergoes repeated total internal reflections along the length of the fibre and finally
comes out at the other end. Since light undergoes total internal reflection at each stage, there
is no appreciable loss in the intensity of the light signal. Optical fibres are lubricated such that
light reflected at one side of inner surface strikes the other at an angle larger than the critical
angle. Even if the fibre is bent, light can easily travel along its length. Thus, an optical fibre
can be used to act as an optical pipe.
65
1. What is the condition for total internal reflection to occur?
2. Which signal is transmitted by optical fibres?
3. What are the necessary conditions for total internal reflection to take place ?
o
4. What is the internal reflection of light??
35. Anita was thinking that C, Si and Ge have same lattice structure, but C is insulator while Si
and Ge intrinsic semiconductors. For its answer, she met her friend Parul. Parul explained him
that the four bonding electrons of C, Si and Ge lie respectively in the second, third and fourth
orbit. So, energy required to take out an electron from these atoms known as ionisation energy
IE will be least for Ge, followed by Si and highest for C. Hence number of free electrons for
conduction in Ge and Si are significant while negligible small for C.
1. What do you mean by semiconductor ?

2. Which are the charge carriers in semiconductors?
3. Which is better silicon or germanium?
o
4. If a pure silicon crystal has 5 # 1028 atoms/m3 . It is doped by 1 ppm concentration of
pentavalent arsenic.
If ni = 1.5 # 1016 /m3 , then calculate the number of electrons and holes.
66

Class XII 2022-23
Physics
marks each.
We know that electric field due to

SECTION-A conducting sheet,
1. A charged ball B hangs from a silk thread E = σ
2ε 0
S , which makes an angle θ with a large
Therefore, force on the ball due to
charged conducting sheet P , as shown in
conducting sheet,
the figure. The surface charge density σ of
the sheet is proportional to F = q E
qσ
= q# σ =
2ε 0 2ε 0
We also know that in equilibrium, horizontal
component of tension in thread is equal to
the force on ball due to conducting sheet
i.e.,
qσ
T sin θ = ...(1)
2ε 0
Similarly, in equilibrium vertical component
of the tension in thread is equal to the
(a) sin θ (b)
cos θ weight of the ball i.e.,
(c) tan θ (d)
cot θ T cos θ = mg ...(2)
Ans : (c) tan θ Dividing Eq. (1) by (2),
Given, qσ
tan θ =
Angle between thread and sheet = θ and 2ε0 mg
surface charge density = σ . 2ε0 mg tan θ
σ =
q
σ ? tan θ
67
2. If 125 water drops of equal radius and 4. Magnetic field due to a long straight
equal capacitance C, coalesce to form a conductor of length l , carrying current I,
single drop of capacitance Cl the relation at a point, distance d from it, is given by
µ µ
between C and Cl is (a) B = 0 # 2I (b) B = 0 # I
(a) C l = C (b) C l = 5C 4π d 4π d
µ µ
(c) C l = 125C (d) C l = 250C (c) B = 0 # 2I2 (d) B = 0 # 2I
4π d π d
Ans : (b) C l = 5C
µ0 2I
Given, Ans : (a) B =
4π # d
Number of water drops n = 125 Given,
Capacitance of each water drop = C Length of the straight conductor = l
We know that if n small drops, each of
capacitance C , coalesce to form a big drop, Current in the conductor = I
then capacitance of the big drop, and distance of the point from it = d
We know the magnetic field at a point due
Cl = n1/3 # C = (125) 1/3 # C = 5C to a long current-carrying conductor,
µ
3. The variation of voltage V and current I in B = 0 # 2I
4π d
a conductor is given below. The resistance
of the conductor is where, µ 0 = absolute permeability of free
space
5. A current passing through a circular coil of

two turns produces a magnetic field of 8 T
at its centre. The coil is then rewound, so
as to have four turns and current is passed
through it is doubled. Now magnetic field
at the centre of the coil will be
(a) 1 Ω (b) 2 Ω (a) 64 T (b) 32 T
(c) 3 Ω (d) 4 Ω (c) 16 T (d) 8 T
Ans : (b) 2 Ω Ans : (a) 64 T
We know that V - I graph for the given Given,
conductor is a straight line. Thus it obeys
Ohm’s law. Initial number of turns, n1 = 2
We find from the given graph that voltage Initial magnetic field at centre,
is 6 V , when current in the conductor is B 1 = 8 T
3 A. Final no. of turns in coil, n2 = 4
Therefore, resistance of conductor,
Final current in the coil, I2 = 2I1
R = V = 6 = 2 Ω (where, I1 is the initial current)
I 3
68
Since, circumference of two coil is equal to r = L ...(2)
circumference of four turn coil, π
Magnetic dipole moment of semicircle is
Therefore, 2 # 2πr1 = 4 # 2πr2
given by,
r1 = 2r2
Ml = m # 2r From Eq.(2)
We know that magnetic field at the centre
of a current-carrying circular coil, Ml = m # 2 # L
π
µ nI
B = 0 ? nI
2r r = m # 2L From Eq.(1)

π
Therefore, B1 = n 1 I1 r2
B2 n2 # I2 # r1 Ml = 2M
π
= 2 # I1 # r2

4 2I1 2r2
=1
8
B2 = 8B1
= 8 # 8 = 64 T
Where, B2 = final magnetic field at centre
7. A rectangular coil ABCD is rotated
of coil
anticlockwise with a uniform angular
6. A wire of magnetic dipole moment M and velocity about the axis shown in the
L is bent into shape of a semicircle of radius figure. Initially, the axis of rotation of the
r . What will be its new dipole moments? coil as well as the magnetic field B were
horizontal. The induced E.M.F. in the coil
(a) M (b) M would be maximum when plane of the coil
2π
(c) M (d) 2M
π π
Ans : (d) 2M
π
According to the question,
Magnetic dipole moment of wire is given
by,
M = m # L ...(1)
(a) is horizontal.
(b) is at right angle to the magnetic field.
(c) makes an angle of 30c with the
horizontal.
(d) makes an angle of 45c with the
direction of magnetic field.
Now, Circumference of semicircle
Ans : (a) is horizontal.
= length of the wire
We know that E.M.F. induced in the coil
πr = L when rotated in magnetic field,
69
E = E 0 sin θ = E 0 sin ωt We know that E.M.F. induced in the circuit,
where, θ = angle between plane of coil and ∆φ
vertical E =
∆t
Therefore, for maximum induced E.M.F., Therefore, current induced in the circuit,
the value of sin θ should be maximum. Induced e.m.f.
I =
Thus, sin θ = 1 Resistance of circuit
Tφ
θ = 90c Tφ
= Tt =
Therefore, induced E.M.F. E in coil ABCD R RTt
would be maximum when plane of coil is We also know that total electric charge
horizontal (i.e., makes an right angle to the that passes any point in the circuit during
vertical). the time,
Tt ^Q h = I $ Tt
8. The unit of ratio of magnetic field, B and Tφ Tφ
= Tt =
electrical field, E (B/E) is RTt # R
(a) ms-1 (b) sm-1
(c) ms (d) m-2
Ans : (b) sm-1
The speed of electromagnetic wave is given
by,
c = E
B
where, E = Electric field
B = Magnetic field
c = velocity of light
B = 1 = 1 10. A diffraction pattern is obtained by using a
Hence, = sm−1 beam of red light. What happens, if the red
E c m/ sec
light is replaced by blue light?
9. The magnetic flux through a circuit of (a) no change
resistance R changes by an amount Tφ in
(b) diffraction bands disappear
a time Tt . The total electric charge Q that
passes any point in the circuit during the (c) diffraction bands become broader and
time Tt is represented by farther apart
Tφ Tφ (d) diffraction bands become narrower
(a) Q = (b) Q =
Tt R and crowded together
Tφ Tφ
(c) Q = R $ (d) Q = 1 $ Ans : (d) diffraction bands become narrow-
Tt R Tt
er and crowded together
Tφ We know that width of a diffraction pattern
Ans : (b) Q =
R for central band,
Given, Resistance of circuit = R ; β = lD ? l
d
Change in magnetic flux = Tφ ;
Since, wavelength of blue light is less
Time-taken = Tt
than that of red light, therefore width of
and total charge that passes any point in
the bands is reduced or bands becomes
the circuit = Q .
narrower and crowded together.
70
11. If an electron of mass m and charge e is =− 13.6 ; 12 − 12 E

accelerated from rest through a potential 3 2
difference V in vacuum, then its final
=− 13.6 ;1 − 1 E

velocity will be 9 4
(a) eV (b) eV =− 13.6 # − 5

2m m 36
2eV (d) eV = 1.9 eV

(c)
m m
Ans : (c) 2eV

m
Given,
Mass of electron = m 13. M p denotes the mass of a proton and
Mn that of a neutron. A given nucleus,
Charge on it = e of binding energy B , contains Z protons
and Potential difference = V and N neutrons. The mass M ^N, Z h of the
We know that, kinetic energy of an electron nucleus is given by (c = Velocity of light)
= 1 mv2
2 (a) M ^N, Z h = NMn + ZM p − B2
(b) M ^N, Z h = NMn + ZM p + Bc2
= eV
(c) M ^N, Z h = NMn + ZM p + B2
v = 2eV c
(d) M ^N, Z h = NMn + ZM p − B2
m
(where, v = Final velocity of electron) c
12. The energy E of a hydrogen atom with Ans : (d) M ^N, Z h = NMn + ZM p − B2
c
principal quantum no. n is given by
E =− 13n.6 eV .
2 Given, Mass of proton = M p
The energy ejected when the electron jumps Mass of neutron = Mn
from n = 3 state to n = 2 state of hydrogen Binding energy of the nucleus = B
is approximately
(a) 0.85 eV (b) 1.5 eV Number of protons in the nucleus = Z
(c) 1.9 eV (d) 3.4 eV Number of neutrons in the nucleus = N
Ans : (c) 1.9 eV Mass of the nucleus = M ^N, Z h
Given, Relation for energy, and Velocity of light = c
We know that mass defect of nucleus,
E =− 13.26 eV
n
∆m = B2
(where, n is quantum no.) c
and this mass defect appears in the form of
Initial energy level, n1 = 3 binding energy, which binds the nucleons
Final energy level, n2 = 2 together in the nucleus.
We know that the energy ejected when Therefore mass of the nucleus,
6M ^N, Z h@ = NMn + ZM p − ∆m
electron jumps from one energy state to
another energy state,
= NMn + ZM p − B2

E =− 13.6 < 12 − 12 F c
n1 n 2
71
14. The algebraic sum of all currents meeting (b) Both Assertion and Reason are
at a point in an electrical circuit is correct but Reason is not a correct
(a) zero explanation of the Assertion.
(b) infinite (c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
(c) positive incorrect.
(d) negative (d) Both the Assertion and Reason are
incorrect.
Ans : (a) zero
According to the kirchhoff’s first law “In Ans : (d) Both the Assertion and Reason
an electric circuit, the algebraic sum of are incorrect.
current at any junction is zero or the sum The resistivity of semiconductor decreases
of currents entering a junction is equal to with increase in temperature as more
the sum of currents leaving that junction. electrons jump into conduction band
increasing its conductivity.
15. The charge on plate X in the given figure
(a) 20 µC (b) − 20 µC 17. Assertion : When tiny circular obstacle

(c) zero (d) − 10 µC is placed in the path of light from some
Ans : (b) − 20 µC distance, a bright spot is seen at the centre
We know that, of the shadow of the obstacle.
Reason : Destructive interference occurs at
Charge (Q)
Capacitance, C = the centre of the shadow.
Potential (V)
Q = CV correct and the Reason is a correct
Here, C = 2 µF = 2 # 10−6 F explanation of the Assertion.
V = 20 − 10 = 10 Volt (b) Both Assertion and Reason are
Now, Q = 2 # 10−6 # 10 explanation of the Assertion.
Q = 20 # 10−6 = 20 µC (c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
In the capacitor charge on Y plate is 20 µC incorrect.
and the charge on X -plate is − 20 µF . (d) Both the Assertion and Reason are
incorrect.
16. Assertion : The resistivity of a semi-
conductor increases with temperature. Ans : (c) The Assertion is correct but
Reason : The atoms of semi-conductor Reason is incorrect.
vibrate with larger amplitude as higher A bright spot is found at the centre of circular
temperatures thereby increasing its fringe patterns formed due to diffraction
resistivity. of light at the edge of circular obstacles.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are This bright spot is due to constructive
correct and the Reason is a correct interference there by secondary wavelets.
72
18. Assertion : Kinetic energy of photo electrons oscillating electric field in space which
emitted by a photosensitive surface depends further producers an oscillating magnetic
upon the intensity of incident photon. field which in turn is a source of electric
Reason : The ejection of electrons from field. These oscillating electric and
metallic surface is possible with frequency magnetic field, hence, keep on regenerating
of incident photon below the threshold each other and an electromagnetic wave is
frequency. produced.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are The frequency of electromagnetic wave =
correct and the Reason is a correct Frequency of oscillating charge.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are 20. A (hypothetical) bar magnet (AB) is cut
correct but Reason is not a correct into two equal parts. One part is now kept
explanation of the Assertion. over the other, so that pole C2 is above C1 .
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is If M is the magnetic moment of the original
incorrect. magnet, what would be the magnetic of the
combination so formed?
incorrect.
Ans : (d) Both the Assertion and Reason
are incorrect.
Intensity of incident photon decides the
number of electrons ejected and not the
kinetic energy.
Ejection of electron from metallic surface
is possible only when frequency of incident
photon is more than threshold frequency.
Ans :
Let the length of magnet is 2I and the
strength of each pole be m .
As per question, the two bar magnets have
length I each and on cutting from middle,
opposite poles are formed, which are kept
upon each other.
SECTION-B 21. Write any two properties of X -rays.
19. Explain briefly how electromagnetic waves Ans :
are produced by an oscillating charge. How X-rays have following properties:
is the frequency of electromagnetic waves 1. They have a very short wavelength
produced related to that of the oscillating (100Ac to 0.1A
c ) about the same size as
charge? the diameter of an atom.
Ans : 2. They cause ionisation (adding or
An oscillating or accelerated charge is removing electrons in atoms and
supposed to be sources of an electromagnetic molecules).
wave. An oscillating charge produces an
73
o 23. What happens when a forward bias is
A nucleus 238
92 U undergoes α -decay and applied to a p-n -junctions
transforms to thorium. What is:
Ans :
1. The mass number
2. Atomic number of the nucleus When a forward bias is applied to p-n
produced? -junction, the forward voltage opposes
the potential barrier, due to which the
Ans :

potential barrier and the width of the
In α -decay, the mass number of parent depletion layer decreases. Under the effect
nucleus decreases by 4 units and atomic of external electric field, hole in the p-region
number decreases by 2 units. and electrons in the n -region, both move
Hence, 238U 92
α − decay 234
Th 90 towards the junction and a forward current
of milliampere order flows in circuit.
1. Mass number of the nucleus produced o
= 234 . Draw energy band diagram of n -typed and
2. Atomic number of nucleus produced p-typed semiconductor at temperature
= 90 . T 2 0 K . Mark the donar and acceptor
energy level with their energies.
Ans :
The required energy band diagram is shown
below.
22. The radii of curvature of both the surfaces

of a lens are equal. If one of the surfaces
is made plane by grinding then will the
focal length of lens change? Will the power
change?
Ans :
Focal length of lens, 1 = (n − 1) b 1 + 1 l

f R R
f = 2
2 (n − 1)
When one surface is made plane,
bR 3l
1 = (n − 1) 1 + 1
f 24. Define resolving power of an optical
R = 2f instrument. How does it depend on
Hence, f ' = wavelength?
(n − 1)
That is, the focal length will be doubled. Ans :
As P = 1 , so power will be halved. The resolving power of an optical
f
74
instrument is reciprocal of the smallest SI Unit of Magnetic Field
linear or angular separation between two F
point objects, whose images can be just Again, B =
qv sin θ
resolved by the instrument.
1 If F = 1 N , q = 1 C , v = 1 ms−1 and
Resolving power =
Limit of resolution θ = 90c, then
The resolving power of an optical instrument 1N
is inversely proportional to the wavelength Hence, SI unit of B =
1 C $ 1 ms−1 $ sin 90c
of light used.
= 1 N [since Cs−1 = A ]

1 A $ 1m
25. Compare the electric fields due to a
monopole (single charge) and dipole. = 1NA−1 m−1 = 1 tesla
Thus the SI unit of magnetic field is tesla
Ans :

(T).
One tesla is that magnetic field in which
Electric Electric Dipole
a charge of 1 C moving with a velocity of
Monopole
1 ms-1 at right angles to the field experiences
1. It is due to charge Net charge is zero. a force of one newton.
where value is not
zero.
2. E ? 1 E ? 13
r2 r
3. Electric field Electric field is

is spherically not spherically
symmetric. symmetric.
27. There are two coils A and B separated
by some distance. If a current of 2A flows
SECTION-C through A, a magnetic flux of 10-2 Wb
passes through B (no current through
26. Define magnetic field in terms of the force B) . If no current passes through A and a
on a moving charge. Hence define one tesla. current of 1 A passes through B , What is
the flux through A?
Ans :
Ans :

Definition of Magnetic Field
Applying the mutual inductance of coil A
We know that, with respect to coil B.
B = F Nφ
qv sin θ M21 = 2 2
I1
If q = 1, v = 1, θ = 90c, sin 90c = 1 Therefore, we have
Then, B = F −2
Mutual inductance = 10 = 5 mH
Thus the magnetic field at a point may be 2
defined as the force acting on a unit charge Again applying this formula for other case,
moving with a unit velocity at right angles N1 φ 1 = M12 I2
to the direction of the field.
= 5 mH # 1A

= 5 mWb

75
28. Write down the equation of induced current the iron core and causes heating. The
at any instant in L-C-R circuit when effect is reduced by having a laminated
XL > XC or circuit is inductive. core.
Ans :
4. Hysteresis : The magnetisation of
the core is repeatedly reversed by
Equation of induced current at any instant an alternating magnetic field. The
in LCR circuit is given by, resulting expenditure of energy in the
I = E core appears as heat and is kept to a
Z minimum by using a magnetic material
where, Z = R2 + (XL − XC ) 2 which has a low hysteresis loss.
[Since, XL > XC ]
I = E
2
R + (XL − XC )
Since, XL = ωL
and XC = 1
ωC
I = E 29. Explain briefly the reasons why wave theory
R + ^ωL − ω1c h2
2
of light is not able to explain the observed
where, E = Net emf of the circuit features of photo-electric effect.
R = Resistance in the circuit Ans :
XL = Inductive reactance The observed characteristics of photoelectric
ω = Angular frequency effect could not be explained on the basis
o of wave theory of light due to the following
Name the factors responsible for decreasing reasons :
the efficiency of a transformer. (i) According to wave theory, the light
propagates in the form of wavefronts
Ans :
and the energy is distributed uniformly
The efficiency of transformer decreases due over the wavefronts. With increase
to following reason- of intensity of light the amplitude of
1. Flux Leakage : There is always some waves and the energy stored by waves
leakage of flux that is not all of the will increase. These waves will then,
flux due to primary passes through provide more energy to electrons of
the secondary. It can be reduced by metal; consequently, the energy of
winding the primary and secondary electrons will increase.
coils one over the other. Thus, according to wave theory, the
2. Resistance of the Windings : The kinetic energy of photoelectrons must
wire used for the windings has some depend on the intensity of incident
resistance and so, energy is also lost light, but according to experimental
due to heat produced in the wire (I2 R) observations, the kinetic energy of
. In high current, low voltage windings, photoelectrons does not depend on the
energy losses are minimised by using intensity of incident light.
thick wire. (ii) According to wave theory, the light of
3. Eddy Currents : The alternating any frequency can emit electrons from
magnetic flux induces eddy currents in metallic surface provided the intensity
76
of light be sufficient to provide
necessary energy for emission of
electrons, but according to experimental
observations, the light of frequency less
than threshold frequency cannot emit
electrons, whatever the intensity of
incident light may be.
(iii) According to wave theory, the energy
transferred by light waves will not go
to a particular electron, but it will be
distributed uniformly to all electrons
present in the illuminated surface.
Therefore, electrons will take some time Ans :
to collect the necessary energy for their (i) Threshold frequency of X
emission. The time for emission will be 15 −1
= 0.5 # 10 s
more for light of less intensity and vice- Threshold frequency of Y
versa. But experimental observations = 1.0 # 1015 s−1
show that the emission of electrons As threshold wavelength is inversely
take place instantaneously after the propotional to threshold frequency,
light is incident on the metal; whatever so metal X has larger threshold
the intensity of light may be. wavelength.
(ii) Kinetic energy EK = hcλ − hv 0
As threshold frequency v 0 is smaller for
X , so for same wavelength of incident
radiation, kinetic energy is larger for
metal X.
(iii)
If the distance between light source
o
and metal X is halved, the intensity
The following graph shows the variation of
of incident radiation becomes one
fourth ^I ? r1 h but kinetic energy
stopping potential Vs with the frequency
2
(v) of the incident radiation for two
of photoelectrons is independent
photosensitive metals X and Y .
of intensity, so kinetic energy of
(i) Which of the metals has larger threshold
photoelectrons remains unchanged.
wavelength? Give reason.
(ii) Explain giving reason which metal 30. The ground state energy of hydrogen
gives out electrons having larger kinetic atom is - 13.6 eV . If an electron makes a
energy, for the same wavelength of the transition from an energy level - 0.85 eV
incident radiation. to - 3.4 eV , calculate the wavelength of
(iii) If the distance between the light source the spectral line emitted. To which series
and metal X is halved, what will be the of hydrogen spectrum does this wavelength
kinetic energy of electrons emitted due belong?
to this change? Give reason.
Ans :

As we know,
En = − 132 .6 eV ...(1)
n
77
n = 1, E1 =− 13.6 eV Q
For E 0 = σ =
When electron undergoes transitions from ε0 Aε 0
EA =− 0.85 eV to where σ is the surface charge density. The
potential difference between the capacitor
EB =− 3.4 eV plates will be,
Then, from equation (1)
Qd
V0 = E 0 d =
- 0.85 = − 132 .6 Aε 0
nA When a conducting slab of thickness t < d
n A = 4 is placed between the capacitor plates, free
electrons flow inside it so as to reduce the
Similarly, - 3.4 = − 132 .6
nB field to zero inside the slab, as shown in
n B = 2 Figure. Charges - Q and + Q appear on
Hence, electron transits from n = 4 to n the upper and lower faces of the slab. Now
= 2 . It corresponds to Balmer series. the electric field exists only in the vacuum
region between the plates of the capacitor
We know, 1 = R c 12 − 12 m on the either side of the slab, i.e. the field
λ nB nA
exists only in thickness d - t , therefore,
Here, n A = 4 , n B = 2 , potential difference between the plates of
R = 1.097 # 107 m−1 the capacitor is,
Q
1 = 1.097 107 1 − 1 V = E 0 (d − t) = (d − t)
Then,
λ # b 22 42 l Aε 0
c
λ = 4862A
Hence, Capacitance of the capacitor in the

presence of conducting slab becomes,
SECTION-D C =
Q
V
31. Find an expression for capacity of a parallel = ε0A = ε0A $ d

plate capacitor with compound dielectric. (d − t) d d−t
Ans : or C = b d l $ C 0
d−t
Consider a parallel plate capacitor of plate
area A and plate separation d . If the Clearly, C > C 0 . Thus the introduction of a
space between the plates is vacuum, its conducting slab of thickness t in a parallel
capacitance is given by, plate capacitor increases its capacitance by
a factor of d -d t .
C 0 = ε 0 A o
d
Derive an expression for the capacitance of
Suppose initially the charge on the capacitor
a parallel plate capacitor. If a compound
plates are ! Q. Then the uniform electric
dielectric medium is introduced between
field set up between the capacitor plates is,
78
the plates of the capacitor, how will the This effect is called fringing of the field.
capacitance of the capacitor change? But for large plates separated by small
Ans :
distance (A >> d2), the field is almost
uniform in the regions far from the edges.
Capacitance of Parallel Plate Capacitor For a uniform electric field,
The simplest and the most widely used P.D. between the plates
capacitor is the parallel plate capacitor.
It consists of two large plane parallel = Electric
field # distance
conducting plates, separated by a small between the plates
distance.
or V = Ed = σd
Let, A = area of each plate, ε0
Capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor
d = distance between the two plates
is
!σ = uniform surface charge densities Q
C = = σA or C = ε 0 A
on the two plates V σd/ε 0 d
! Q = !σA Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor
= total charge on each plate
with a Dielectric Slab
The capacitance of a parallel plate
capacitance of plate area A and plate
separation d with vacuum between its
plates is given by,
C 0 = ε 0 A
d
Suppose initially the charges on the
capacitor plates are ! Q. Then the uniform
electric field set up between the capacitor
plates is,
Q
E 0 = σ =
Parallel plate capacitor ε0 Aε 0
When, a dielectric slab of thickness t < d
In the outer regions above the upper plate
is placed between the plates, the field E 0
and below the lower plate, the electric field
polarises the dielectric. This induces charge
due to the two charged plates cancel out.
- QP on the upper surface and
The net field is zero.
E = σ − σ = 0
2ε 0 2ε 0
In the inner region between the two
capacitor plates, the electric fields due to
the two charged plates add up. The net
field is
E = σ + σ = σ
2ε 0 2ε 0 ε0
The direction of the electric field is form
the positive to the negative plate and the
field is uniform throughout. For plates with + Q p on the lower surface of the dielectric.
finite area, the field lines bend at the edges. These induced charges set up a field E p
79
inside the dielectric in the opposite direction balance a resistance of 4 X against Y ?
"
of E 0 . The induced field is given by, Ans :

σ
E p = p = P Given,
ε0 ε0 In First Case
:σ P = A = P, Polarisation densityD
Q First resistance, R 1 = X

Second resistance, S1 = Y
The net field inside the dielectric is,
Position of null point from one end,
E = E 0 − E p = E 0 l1 = 20 cm
k
In Second Case
;Since, E 0 − E p = k E
E0
First resistance, R2 = 4X
where k is the dielectric constant of the Second resistance, S2 = Y
slab. So between the capacitor plates, the We know that in first case, at null point
field E exists over a distance t and field E 0 condition,
exists over the remaining distance (d - t). R 1 = l1
Hence the potential difference between the
S1 100 − l1
capacitor plates is,
X = 20 =1
V = E 0 (d − t) + Et Y 100 − 20 4
Similarly, in second case, at null point
= E 0 (d − t) + E 0 t
k condition,
R 2 = l2
:Since, E = k D
E0
S2 100 − l2
4X = l2
= E 0 bd − t + t l

Y 100 − l2
k
Q 4 # 1 = l2
ε0Ab
= d−t+ t l
4 100 − l2
k
The capacitance of the capacitor on 100 - l2 = l2
introduction of dielectric slab becomes,
2l2 = 100
Q
C = = ε0A t l2 = 50 cm
V d−t+k
where, l2 = New position of null point from
same end
o
(i) Define the term drift velocity.
(ii) On the basis of electron drift, derive
an expression for resistivity of an
conductor in terms of number density
32. In a metre bridge experiment, null point of free electrons and relaxation time.
is contained at 20 cm from one end of the On what factors does resistivity of a
wire when resistance X is balanced against conductor depend?
another resistance Y . If X < Y , then Why alloys like constantan and
(iii)
where will be the new position of the null manganin are used for making standard
point from the same end, if one decides to resistors?
80
Ans : of resistivity on temperature.
(i) The average velocity acquired by
the free electrons of a conductor in a
direction opposite to the externally
applied electric field is called drift
velocity.
Drift velocity, vd = − eEτ
m
where, e = charge on electron 33. How are wavefront and secondary wavelets
E = external electric field defined? Verify laws of reflection or laws of
refraction on the basis of Huygen’s wave
r = relaxation time theory.
m = mass of electron Ans :
(ii) The relation between current and drift
velocity is, Laws of Refracting using Huygen’s
Principle
I =− neAvd ...(1)
Where, e is the charge on electron
(e = 1.6 # 10−19 C)
vd = − eEτ
m
I =− neA a − eτ E k
m
2
I = ne τ AE ...(2)
m
Electric field at each point of wire,
E = V ...(3) where, XXl = two media separating
I
surface
Now from (3),
2 AB = incident wavefront
I = ne τA $ V CD = refracted wavefront
m I
V = m $ I +i = incident angle
I ne2 τ A +r = refracted angle
R = m2 $ I ...(4) c1 = speed of light in rarer
ne τ A
ρI medium
We know, R =
A c2 = speed of light in denser medium
ρ = m2 The point P on incident wavefront is
ne τ reached at Q on refracted wavefront in
So, we can say that resistivity of a time t as taken by point B to reach at C
conductor is inversely proportional and point A to reach at D .
to number density of electrons and OQ
relaxation time. i.e., t = PO +
c1 c2
(iii)
This is because constantan and
manganin show very weak dependence In TAPO , sin i = PO
AO
81
any instant.
PO = AO sin i Huygen’s Principle
OQ 1. Every point of primary wavefront acts
In TCQO , sin r = as source of secondary wavelets.
OC
2. The common envelope over secondary
OQ = OC sin r
wavelets gives the formation of
Hence, t = AO sin i + OC sin r secondary wavefront.
c1 c2
AB - Primary wavefront
(AC − AO) sin r
= AO sin i +
AlBl - Forward secondary wavefront
c1 c2
Am B m - Backward secondary wavefront
= AO b sin i − sin r l + AC sin r

c1 c2 c2
AO and AC independent on time, hence
we get
sin i - sin r = 0
c1 c2
sin i = sin r
c1 c2
c1 = sin i
c2 sin r
The ratio of speed of light in rarer medium
to denser medium is called refractive index
of optical medium.
Laws of Reflection using Huygen’s Principle
i.e., µ = c 1
c2
Hence, µ = sin i
sin r
This is Snell’s law.
where, XXl = reflecting surface

AB = incident wavefront
o
+i = incident angle
Explain Huygens principle of secondary
wavelets and on the basis of this principle CD = reflected wavefront
establish the law of Refraction ‘OR’ +r = reflected angle
reflection.
c = speed of light
Ans :
The point P on incident wavefront is
Wavefront reached at Q on reflected wavefront in time
A wavefront is defined as the continuous t , as taken by point A to reach at D and
locus of all such particles of the medium point B to reach at C .
which are vibrating in the same phase at OQ
i.e., t = PO +
c c
82
the fibre at a suitable angle, it undergoes
In TAPO , sin i = PO repeated total internal reflections along the
AO length of the fibre and finally comes out at
PO = AO sin i the other end. Since light undergoes total
OQ internal reflection at each stage, there is
In TCQO , sin r = no appreciable loss in the intensity of the
OC
light signal. Optical fibres are lubricated
OQ = OC sin r such that light reflected at one side of inner
Hence, t = AO sin i + OC sin r surface strikes the other at an angle larger
c than the critical angle. Even if the fibre is
= AO sin i + AC sin r − AO sin r
bent, light can easily travel along its length.
c Thus, an optical fibre can be used to act as
AO (sin i − sin r) + AC sin r an optical pipe.
=
c
AO and AC independent on time, hence
we get
sin i - sin r = 0
sin i = sin r
+i = +r 1. What is the condition for total internal
1. The incident angle is equal to reflected reflection to occur?
angle. 2. Which signal is transmitted by optical
2. The incident wavefront, reflected fibres?
wavefront and normal all lie on same 3. What are the necessary conditions for
plane. total internal reflection to take place ?
o
4. What is the internal reflection of light??
Ans :
1. Angle of incidence must be greater than
the critical angle.
2. Optical Signal.
3. For total internal reflection to take
SECTION-E place :
(i) Light must travel from a denser
medium to a rarer medium and
34. Now-a-days optical fibres are extensively
(ii) The angle of incidence inside the
used for transmitting audio and video
denser medium must be greater than
signals through long distances. Optical
the critical angle.
fibres too make use of the phenomenon
o
of total internal reflection. Optical fibres
4. The phenomenon which occurs when
are fabricated with high quality composite
the light rays travel from a more
glass/quartz fibres. Each fibre consists of
optically denser medium to a less
a core and cladding. The refractive index
optically denser medium.
of the material of the core is higher than
that of the cladding. When a signal in
the form of light is directed at one end of
83
35. Anita was thinking that C, Si and Ge have be destroyed at higher temperature.
same lattice structure, but C is insulator Also, Silicon has much smaller leakage
while Si and Ge intrinsic semiconductors. current than that of germanium.
For its answer, she met her friend Parul. o
Parul explained him that the four bonding 4. Given, ni = 1.5 # 1016 /m3
electrons of C, Si and Ge lie respectively
in the second, third and fourth orbit. So, n = 5 # 1028 atoms/m3
energy required to take out an electron The number of free electrons ne in the
from these atoms known as ionisation doped silicon is given by
energy IE will be least for Ge, followed by
Si and highest for C. Hence number of free ne = 1 6 # n
10
electrons for conduction in Ge and Si are 28
significant while negligible small for C. = 5 # 10 6 = 5 # 1022 /m3
10
Now, in a doped semiconductor,
ne nh = n i2
(1.5 # 1016) 2 2
n h = n i =
5 # 1022 ne
32
= 2.25 # 10
22
5 # 10
= 4.5 # 109 /m3

1. What do you mean by semiconductor ?

2. Which are the charge carriers in
semiconductors?
3. Which is better silicon or germanium?
o
4. If a pure silicon crystal has
5 # 1028 atoms/m3 . It is doped by
1 ppm concentration of pentavalent
arsenic.
If ni = 1.5 # 1016 /m3 , then calculate
the number of electrons and holes.
******
Ans :

1. Semiconductors are materials which
have a conductivity between conductors
and non-conductors.
2. Electron and hole.
3. In present, Silicon is preferred over
Germanium for semiconductor. Silicon
can be worked at a higher temperature
as compared to germanium. The
structure of Germanium crystals will
84
CBSE Sample Paper 4

Physics
marks each.
SECTION-A
1. Two point charge Q and - 2Q are placed at some distance apart. If the electric field at the
location of Q is E , then the electric field at the location of - 2Q will be
(a) - E (b) - 3E
2 2
(c) - E (d) - 2E
2. The electric potential due to a small electric dipole at a large distance r from the center of the
dipole is proportional to
(a) r (b) 1
r
(c) 12 (d) 13
r r
3. If a current of 300 mA is flowing in a conductor, then the number of electrons passed through
the conductor in 4 min. is (Charge on an electron = 1.6 # 10−19 C )
(a) 4.5 # 1020 (b) 9.0 # 1020
(c) 4.5 # 1018 (d) 9.0 # 1018
85
4. Two thin, long, parallel wires, separated by a distance d carry a current of (i) A in the same
direction. They will
(a) attract each other with a force of µ 0 i2 / (2πd)
(b) repel each other with a force of µ 0 i2 / (2πd)
(c) attract each other with a force of µ 0 i2 / (2πd 2)
(d) repel each other with a force of µ 0 i2 / (2πd 2)
5. Two long straight parallel conductors separated by a distance of 0.5 m carry currents of 5 A
and 8 A in the same direction. The force per unit length experienced by each other is
(a) 1.6 # 10-5 N (attractive) (b) 1.6 # 10-5 N (repulsive)
(c) 16 # 10-5 N (attractive) (d) 16 # 10-5 N (repulsive)
6. The direction of null points are on the equatorial line of a bar magnet, when the north pole of
the magnet is pointing towards
(a) north (b) south
(c) east (d) west
7. A conducting rod of length 2l is rotating with a constant angular speed ω about its perpendicular
bisector as shown in the figure. A uniform magnetic field B exists parallel to the axis of rotation.
The E.M.F. induced between two ends of the rod is
(a) zero (b) Bωl 2
(c) 1 Bωl 2 (d) 1 Bωl 2

2 8
86
8. An electromagnetic wave of frequency 3 MHz passes from vacuum into a medium with dielectric
constant k = 4 . Then
(a) both wavelength and frequency remain unchanged
(b) wavelength is doubled and frequency becomes half
(c) wavelength is halved and frequency remains unchanged
(d) wavelength is doubled and the frequency remains unchanged
9. If a wire of length 2 m is moving with a velocity of 1 m -s-1 perpendicular to a magnetic field of

0.5 T, then E.M.F. induced in the wire will be
(a) 0.2 V (b) 0.5 V
(c) 1 V (d) 2 V
10. When a compact disc is illuminated by a source of white light, coloured lanes are observed.
This is due to
(a) dispersion (b) diffraction
(c) interference (d) refraction
11. There are n1 photons of frequency ν 1 in a beam of light. In an equally energetic beam, there
are n2 photons of frequency ν 2 . Their correct relation is
(a) n1 = 1 (b) n1 = n 1
n2 n2 n 2
2
(c) n1 = n 2 (d) n1 = n 12
n2 n 1 n2 n 2
12. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of hydrogen atom is about - 3.4 eV .
Its kinetic energy in this state is
(a) - 3.4 eV (b) 3.4 eV
(c) - 6.8 eV (d) 6.8 eV
13. A nuclear reaction given by: Z XA " Z + 1 YA + −1 e0 + ν represents

(a) β -decay (b) γ -decay
(c) fusion (d) fission
87
14. An energy source will supply a constant current into the load, if its internal resistance is
(a) zero
(b) equal to load resistance
(c) very large than load resistance
(d) non-zero but less than load resistance
15. A dielectric plate is inserted between plates of a parallel plate capacitor, to fill the space
between the plates. The capacitor is charged and later disconnected from the battery. Now the
dielectric plate is slowly withdrawn from the capacitor. The graph of potential difference V
across the plates and the length of the dielectric plate L with drawn is
16. Assertion : The value of current through p - n junction in the given figure will be 10 mA .
Reason : In the above figure, p -side is at higher potential than n -side.

Assertion.
Assertion.
88
17. Assertion : Thin films such a soap bubble or a thin layer of oil on water show beautiful colours
when illuminated by white light.
Reason : It happens due to the interference of light reflected from the upper surface of the thin
film.
Assertion.
Assertion.
18. Assertion : Mass of moving photon varies inversely as the wavelength.

Reason : Energy of the particle = mass # (speed of light)2
Assertion.
Assertion.
SECTION-B
19. How are electromagnetic waves produced? What is the source of energy of these waves? Write
mathematical expressions for electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave propagating
along the z -axis. Write any two important properties of electromagnetic waves.
20. State two characteristic properties distinguishing behaviour of paramagnetic and diamagnetic
materials.
21. What are isotones and isomers? Give suitable examples.

o
State the necessary conditions for nuclear fusion to occur.
22. A ray of light passes though an equilateral glass prism such that the angle of incidence is equal
angle of emergence and each of these angles is equal to 34 of angle of prism. What is the value
of deviation?
89
23. Distinguish between n -type and p-type semiconductors.
o
The graph shown in the figure represents a plot of current versus voltage for a given semiconductor.
Identify the region at which the semiconductor has a negative resistance.
24. Two plane monochomic waves propagating in the same direction with amplitudes A and 2A
and differing in phase by π/3 superpose. Calculate the amplitude of the resultant wave.
25. Find the electric dipole moment electron and a proton which distance is 4.3 nm apart.
SECTION-C
26. State the factors on which the force acting on a charge moving in a magnetic field depends.
Write the expression for this force. When is this force minimum and maximum?
27. A metal rod makes contact and completes the circuit as shown in the figure. The direction of
motion of rod is perpendicular to the magnetic field of 0.5 T. If the resistance R is 2 Ω . What
is the force needed to move the rod as indicated with a constant velocity of 8 m -s-1 ?
90
28. An applied voltage signal consists of a superposition of a DC voltage of high frequency. The
circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor in series. Show the DC signal will appear across
C and the AC voltage across L.
o
An alternating voltage of frequency f is applied across LCR circuit. Let fr be the resonance
frequency for the circuit. Will the current in the circuit lag, lead or remain in phase with the
applied voltage when
1. f > fr
2. f < fr ?
Explain your answer in each case.
29. Describe the construction and work of a photocell (or photo-emissive cell).
o
The given graph shows the variation of photoelectric current I versus applied voltage V for
two different photosensitive materials and for two different intensities of the incident radiations.
Identify the pairs of curves that corresponds to different materials but same intensity of incident
radiation.
30. A hydrogen atom initially in its ground absorbs a photon and is in the excited state with energy
12.5 eV. Calculate the longest wavelength of the radiation emitted and identify the series to
which it belongs.
[Take Rydberg constant R = 1.1 # 107 m−1]
SECTION-D
31. Two uniformly large parallel thin plates having charge densities + σ and - σ are kept in the
X - Z plane at a distance d apart. Sketch and equipotential surface due to electric field between
the plates. If a particle of mass m and charge - q remains stationary between the plates, what
is the magnitude and direction of this field ?
91
o
Find the electric potential and then electric field due to an electric dipole by differential
relationship between field and potential.
32.
(a) Using Kirchhoff’s rules, calculate the current in the arm AC of the given circuit.
(b) On what principle does the meter bridge work? Why are the metal strips used in the
bridge?
o
Define the terms drift velocity and relaxation time. Establish the relation between drift velocity
of electrons and electric field applied to the conductor.
33. Two wavelengths of sodium light 590 nm and 596 nm are used, in turn, to study the diffraction
taking place at a single slit of aperture 2 # 10-4 m . The distance between the slit and the screen
is 1.5 m. Calculate the separation between the positions of the first maxima of the diffraction
pattern obtained in the two cases.
o
(i) State the essential conditions for diffraction of light.
(ii) Explain diffraction of light due to a narrow single slit and the formation of pattern of
fringes on the screen.
(iii) Find the relation for width of central maximum in terms of wavelength λ , width of slit a
, and separation between slit and screen D .
(iv) If the width of the slit is made double the original width, how does it affect the size and
intensity of the central band?
SECTION-E
34. A child is observing a thin film such as a layer of oil on water show beautiful colours when
illuminated by white light. He feels happy and surprised to see this. His teacher explains him
the reason behind it. The child then gives an example of spreading of kerosene oil on water to
prevent malaria and dengue.
92
(a) Name the phenomenon involved ?
(b) What do you mean by interference?
(c) Write any four the necessary conditions for interference of light.
35. Vijay was preparing an electronic project for science exhibition. He required to light the LED
using a 6V supply. LEDs need only a very small current to make them light and they do not
heat up in use. So he put a resistor in series to limit the current. Then, there would be potential
difference of 4V across the resistor as there is always 2.0V across the LED itself when it is
conducting. The current should be 10 mA through both LED and the resistor. He could use the
resistance by equation, R = V to calculate the value of R.
I
R = V = 4 V
I 10mA
= 4V = 400 Volt
0.01A
Thus the protecting resistor should be around 400 Ω .
(a) What do you mean by semiconductor?
(b) A semiconductor has equal electron and hole concentration 6 # 108 /m3 . On doping with
certain impurity, electron concentration increases to 9 # 1012 /m3 .
(i) Identify the new semiconductor obtained after doping.
(ii) Calculate the new hole concentration.
93

Class XII 2022-23
Physics
marks each.
(where, E2 = Electric field at the location

SECTION-A of - 2Q )
1. Two point charge Q and - 2Q are placed
at some distance apart. If the electric field
at the location of Q is E , then the electric
field at the location of - 2Q will be
2. The electric potential due to a small electric
(a) - E (b) - 3E dipole at a large distance r from the center
2 2
of the dipole is proportional to
(c) - E (d) - 2E
(a) r (b) 1
r
Ans : (a) - E
2 (c) 12 (d) 13
Given, r r
First charge, q 1 = Q Ans : (c) 12
r
Second charge, q2 =− 2Q Electric potential at an axial point of a
and electric field at the location of first dipole is given by,
charge due to second charge only,
p
E1 = E V = 1
4πε 0 r2 − a2
We know that, electric field at the location where,
of Q due to second charge, p = Electric dipole moment
q r = Distance of axial point from the center
E1 = k : 22 \ q2
r of dipole
Therefore, E1 = q2 = − 2Q =− 2
E2 q1 Q 2a = Length of the dipole
For large distance r2 >>> a2 ,
E2 =− E1 = E
2 2
94
p and current in each wire = i A
V =
4πε 0 r2 We know that force on each wire due to
current,
Hence, V ? 12
r
µ 0 i2
3. If a current of 300 mA is flowing in a F =
2 πd
conductor, then the number of electrons Since, current flows in both the parallel
passed through the conductor in 4 min. is wires in the same direction, therefore they
(Charge on an electron = 1.6 # 10−19 C ) attract each other with a force of µ 0 i 2 /2πd.
(a) 4.5 # 1020 (b) 9.0 # 1020
(c) 4.5 # 1018 (d) 9.0 # 1018
Ans : (a) 4.5 # 1020
Given,
Current, I = 300 mA = 0.3 A
Time, t = 4 min = 240 s
5. Two long straight parallel conductors
And charge on an electron,
separated by a distance of 0.5 m carry
e = 1.6 # 10−19 C currents of 5 A and 8 A in the same direction.
We know that charge passing through a The force per unit length experienced by
conductor, each other is
q = I # t (a) 1.6 # 10-5 N (attractive)
= 0.3 # 240 = 72 C (b) 1.6 # 10-5 N (repulsive)
Therefore no. of electrons passed through (c) 16 # 10-5 N (attractive)
the conductor, (d) 16 # 10-5 N (repulsive)
q 72 Ans : (a) 1.6 # 10-5 N (attractive)
n = =
e 1.6 # 10−19 Given, Distance between conductors,
= 4.5 # 1020
d = 0.5 m
Current in first conductor,
4. Two thin, long, parallel wires, separated by
a distance d carry a current of (i) A in the I 1 = 5 A
same direction. They will and current in second conductor,
(a) attract each other with a force of I 2 = 8 A
µ 0 i2 / (2πd) We know that force experienced by each
(b) repel each other with a force of conductor due to currents,
µ 0 i2 / (2πd) µ IIl
F = 0 1 2
(c) attract each other with a force of 2πd
µ 0 i2 / (2πd 2) (4p # 10−7) # 5 # 8 # 1
=

(d) repel each other with a force of 2p # 0.5
µ 0 i2 / (2πd 2)
= 1.6 # 10−5 N
Ans : (a) attract each other with a force of (where, µ 0 = Absolute permeability of free
µ 0 i2 / (2πd) space equal to 4π # 10-7 Wb A-1 m-1 )
Given, Since, when current in both the conductors
Distance between wires = d flows in the same direction, therefore force
between them will be attractive.
95
6. The direction of null points are on the 8. An electromagnetic wave of frequency 3
equatorial line of a bar magnet, when MHz passes from vacuum into a medium
the north pole of the magnet is pointing with dielectric constant k = 4 . Then
towards (a) both wavelength and frequency remain
(a) north (b) south unchanged
(c) east (d) west (b) wavelength is doubled and frequency
becomes half
Ans : (a) north
We know that when the north pole of a bar (c) wavelength is halved and frequency
magnet is pointing towards north direction, remains unchanged
then magnetic lines of force pass through (d) wavelength is doubled and the
the magnet. frequency remains unchanged
Ans : (c) wavelength is halved and frequen-
7. A conducting rod of length 2l is rotating cy remains unchanged
with a constant angular speed ω about Given,
its perpendicular bisector as shown in the
figure. A uniform magnetic field B exists Frequency, v = 3 MHz
parallel to the axis of rotation. The E.M.F. and dielectric constant of medium,
induced between two ends of the rod is k = 4
We know that refractive index of medium,
µ = e
e0
= k e0

e0
= k = 4 = 2
and wavelength of electromagnetic wave in
medium,
(a) zero (b) Bωl 2
λ = λ = λ
(c) 1 Bωl 2 (d) 1 Bωl 2 µ 2
2 8
(where λ = Wavelength of wave is vacuum)
Ans : (a) zero Since, frequency of wave is independent
Given, Length of rod = 2l of the medium, therefore it remains
Angular speed = ω unchanged.
and Uniform magnetic field = B
We know that induced E.M.F. in a small
element dx of the rod from its centre
= Bvdx .
Therefore, induced E.M.F. between the two
ends of the rod,
+l
E = #
−l
Bvdx
Bωxdx = Bω ;x E
+l 2 +l
=

−l
#
2 −l
^− l h2
= Bω ;l − E= 0
2

2 2
96
9. If a wire of length 2 m is moving with 2
(c) n1 = n 2 (d) n1 = n 12
a velocity of 1 m -s-1 perpendicular to n2 n 1 n2 n 2
a magnetic field of 0.5 T, then E.M.F.
induced in the wire will be Ans : (c) n1 = n 2
n2 n 1
(a) 0.2 V (b) 0.5 V Given,
(c) 1 V (d) 2 V In First Beam,

Ans : (c) 1 V No. of photons = n1
Given, Frequency of each photon = ν 1
Length of wire, l = 2 m In Second Beam,
Velocity of wire, v = 1 m−s−1 No. of photons = n2
Magnetic field, B = 0.5 T and Frequency of each photon = ν 2
We know that E.M.F. induced in the wire, We know that energy of n1 photons in first
E = Bvl beam of light,
= 0.5 # 1 # 2
E 1 = n 1 h ν 1
Similarly, energy of n2 photons in second
= 1 Volt

beam of light,
E 2 = n 2 h ν 2
Since both the beams of light are equally
energetic,
Therefore, n 1 h ν 1 = n 2 h ν 2
or n 1 = n 2
n2 n1
10. When a compact disc is illuminated by a
where, h = Planck’s constant
source of white light, coloured lanes are
observed. This is due to
12. The total energy of an electron in the first
(a) dispersion (b) diffraction
excited state of hydrogen atom is about
(c) interference (d) refraction - 3.4 eV . Its kinetic energy in this state is
Ans : (b) diffraction (a) - 3.4 eV (b) 3.4 eV
We know that when a compact disc is (c) - 6.8 eV (d) 6.8 eV
illuminated by a source of white light, then
Ans : (b) 3.4 eV
the small ripples on the surface of disc,
Given,
break up white light into different colours
Total energy of electron in first excited
due to diffraction.
state,
As a result of this, coloured lanes are
observed. E =− 3.4 eV
We know that kinetic energy of electron in
11. There are n1 photons of frequency ν 1 in a first excited state,
beam of light. In an equally energetic beam, EK =− E =− − 3.4 = 3.4 eV
there are n2 photons of frequency ν 2 . Their
correct relation is
(a) n1 = 1 (b) n1 = n 1
n2 n2 n 2
97
13. A nuclear reaction given by: with drawn is
A A 0
Z X " Z + 1 Y + −1 e + ν represents
(a) β -decay (b) γ -decay

(c) fusion (d) fission
Ans : (a) β -decay
Given,
Nuclear reaction: Z XA " Z + 1 YA + −1 e0 + ν
We know that in β -decay, the atomic number
increases by 1 and mass number remains
the same. Since in the given reaction, the
atomic number increases from Z to ^Z + 1h
and the mass number A remains the same,
therefore it represents β -decay.
14. An energy source will supply a constant

current into the load, if its internal
resistance is Ans : (b)
(a) zero We know that potential difference across a
(b) equal to load resistance parallel plate capacitor,
qd
(c) very large than load resistance V = ?1
(d) non-zero but less than load resistance ε 0 κA κ
Therefore as the dielectric plate is taken
Ans : (a) zero out, this potential difference increases.
We know that current in the circuit, And it becomes constant when the dielectric
I = E plate is completely removed.
R+r Therefore the graph of potential difference
Therefore an energy source will supply a V across the plates and length of the
constant current equal to E into the load dielectric plate L will be as shown in option
R
if its internal resistance r is zero. (b).
16. Assertion : The value of current through

p - n junction in the given figure will be
10 mA .
15. A dielectric plate is inserted between plates

of a parallel plate capacitor, to fill the Reason : In the above figure, p -side is at
space between the plates. The capacitor is higher potential than n -side.
charged and later disconnected from the (a) Both Assertion and Reason are
battery. Now the dielectric plate is slowly correct and the Reason is a correct
withdrawn from the capacitor. The graph explanation of the Assertion.
of potential difference V across the plates (b) Both Assertion and Reason are
and the length of the dielectric plate L correct but Reason is not a correct
98
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is 18. Assertion : Mass of moving photon varies
incorrect. inversely as the wavelength.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are Reason : Energy of the particle = mass #
incorrect. (speed of light)2
Ans :
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is a correct
correct but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
The p -side of the junction diode is at a correct but Reason is not a correct
higher potential than the n -side. So p -n explanation of the Assertion.
junction is forward biased. Hence a current (c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
flows through it and is given by incorrect.
I = V = 5 − 2 = 10−2 A = 10 mA (d) Both the Assertion and Reason are
R 300
incorrect.
Ans : (b) Both Assertion and Reason are
17. Assertion : Thin films such a soap bubble or We know that for photon,
a thin layer of oil on water show beautiful
colours when illuminated by white light. mv = h
λ
Reason : It happens due to the interference mass varies inversely as the wavelength.
of light reflected from the upper surface of For particle E = mc2 , E is energy of particle
the thin film. if its mass is converted into energy. Both
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are are uncorrelated.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are SECTION-B
explanation of the Assertion. 19. How are electromagnetic waves produced?
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is What is the source of energy of these waves?
incorrect. Write mathematical expressions for electric
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic
incorrect. wave propagating along the z -axis.
Write any two important properties of
Ans : (c) The Assertion is correct but electromagnetic waves.
Reason is incorrect.
Ans :
Interference in between two rays, one is
Electromagnetic wave produced by
reflected from the upper surface and second
oscillating charged particle.
from the lower surface.
Mathematical expression for electromagnetic
wave travel along z -axis.
Ex = E 0 sin (kz − ωt)
[For electric field]
By = B 0 sin (kz − ωt)
99
[For magnetic field] Ans :
Properties The fusion reactions take place under the
1. Have oscillating electric and magnetic conditions of extreme temperature and
fields along mutually perpendicular density due to the following reasons:
direction. 1. The high temperature is necessary for
2. Transverse nature. the light nuclei to have sufficient kinetic
energy so that they can overcome their
20. State two characteristic properties mutual coulombic repulsions and come
distinguishing behaviour of paramagnetic closer than the range of nuclear force.
and diamagnetic materials. That is why a fusion reaction is also
Ans : called a thermonuclear reaction.
2. High density or pressure increases the
Diamagnetic Paramagnetic frequency of collision of light nuclei and
Substance Substance hence increases the rate of fusion.
In non-uniform In non-uniform
magnetic field, magnetic field,
the diamagnetic paramagnetic
substances are substances move
attracted towards from weaker to
the weaker field, stronger part of
i.e., they move from the magnetic field
stronger to weaker slowly.
magnetic field.
Their permeability Their permeability
is less then one is lightly greater 22. A ray of light passes though an equilateral
(µ < 1). than one (µ > 1). glass prism such that the angle of incidence
is equal angle of emergence and each of
21. What are isotones and isomers? Give these angles is equal to 34 of angle of prism.
suitable examples. What is the value of deviation?
Ans : Ans :
Isotones : The nuclides having the same In prism, i + e = A + D
number of neutrons are called isotones. For
example, 17
37
Cl and 19
39
K are isotones, as both and i = e = 3 A (given)
4
contain the same number of neutrons i.e.,
for both N = A − Z = 20. So, A + D = 3 A + 3 A
4 4
Isomers : These are the nuclei with same
atomic number and same mass number D = 3A − A = A
but existing in different energy states. For 2 2
example, a nucleus in its ground state and Since, A = 60c (being an equilateral glass
the identical nucleus in metastable excited prism)
state are isomers.
o So, D = 60c
2
State the necessary conditions for nuclear
fusion to occur. = 30c

100
23. Distinguish between n -type and p-type 24. Two plane monochomic waves propagating
semiconductors. in the same direction with amplitudes
Ans :
A and 2A and differing in phase by π/3
superpose. Calculate the amplitude of the
Distinguish between n -type and p-type resultant wave.
semiconductor :
Ans :
n -type p-type
Semiconductor Semiconductors Here, A1 = A
1. These are extrinsic These are extrinsic A2 = 2A
semiconductors semiconductors φ = π
obtained by obtained by 3
doping impurity doping impurity Hence,
atoms of group atoms of group III A R = A 12 + A 22 + 2A1 A2 cos φ
V to Ge or Si to Ge or Si crystal.
crystal. = A2 + (2A) 2 + 2A # 2A cos π

3
2. The impurity The impurity
atoms added atoms added = 5A2 + 4A2 # 1

2
provide free create vacancies
= 7A2 =
7A
electrons and are of electrons (or
called donors. holes) and are
called acceptors
o
The graph shown in the figure represents
a plot of current versus voltage for a given
semiconductor. Identify the region at
which the semiconductor has a negative
resistance. 25. Find the electric dipole moment electron
and a proton which distance is 4.3 nm
apart.
Ans :
Given,
Charge, q = 1.6 # 10−19
d = 4.3 # 10−9 cm
Dipole moment,
p = q # d
= 1.6 # 10−19 # 4.3 # 10−9

Ans : = 6.8 # 10−28 C − m

Resistance of a material can be found
out by the slope of the curve V versus I.
Part BC of the curve shows the negative
resistance as with the increase in current
and decrease in voltage.
101
SECTION-C As the direction of Fv is perpendicular to
both vv and Bv , so we can express Fv as
26. State the factors on which the force acting Fv = q (vv # Bv)
on a charge moving in a magnetic field
depends. Write the expression for this
force. When is this force minimum and
maximum? 27. A metal rod makes contact and completes
the circuit as shown in the figure. The
Ans :
direction of motion of rod is perpendicular
As shown in figure, suppose a charge q to the magnetic field of 0.5 T. If the
moves with velocity vv in a magnetic field resistance R is 2 Ω . What is the force
Bv at angle θ . needed to move the rod as indicated with a
constant velocity of 8 m -s-1 ?
Magnetic Lorentz Force

Ans :
Form experiments, it is found that the
Given,
charge q experiences a force Fv such that,
1. The force is proportional to the Magnetic field, B = 0.5 T
magnitude of the magnetic field, i.e., Resistance, R = 2 Ω
F?B
Velocity of rod, v = 8 m −s−1
2. The force if proportional to the charge
q , i.e., F ? q Length of rod, l = 10 = 0.1 m
3. The force is proportional to the We know that E.M.F. induced in the rod,
component of the velocity v in the E = Bvl
perpendicular direction of the field B,
= 0.5 # 8 # 0.1 = 0.4 Volt
i.e., F ? v sin θ
Therefore, induced current in the rod,
Combining the above factors, we get
F ? Bqv sin θ I = E = 0.4 = 0.2 A
R 2
F = kqvB sin θ We also know that force acting on the rod
The unit of magnetic field is so defined that in magnetic field,
the proportionality constant k becomes F = BIl
unity in the above equation. Then,
= 0.5 # 0.2 # 0.1

F = qvB sin θ
= 0.01 N

102
28. An applied voltage signal consists of a phase φ .
superposition of a DC voltage of high 2. When f < fr , then XL < XC and the
frequency. The circuit consists of an circuit is capacitive dominant circuit,
inductor and a capacitor in series. Show and tan φ is negative, so the current
the DC signal will appear across C and the will lead the applied voltage by a phase
AC voltage across L. φ.
Ans :
The current will remain in phase if f = fr ,
then XL = XC and the circuit is purely
Inductive reactance, XL = ωL resistive and hence current and voltage are
in phase.
Capacitive reactance, XC = 1
ωC
For DC in steady state ω = 0 ; XL = 0 ,
XC = 3 (for DC).
Thus, the inductive reactance has zero
value for DC and very high value for
high frequency AC. On the other hand
capacitance offers infinite reactance to DC
and very low reactance to high frequency
29. Describe the construction and work of a
AC.
photocell (or photo-emissive cell).
So, when inductor and capacitor are
connected in series, the capacitor gives Ans :
easy path to AC and does not allow DC; Photo-emissive cell works on the principle
while inductor gives easy path to DC and of photoelectric emission.
offers very high opposition to AC. Hence,
DC signal will appear across C and AC
voltage across L.
o
An alternating voltage of frequency f is
applied across LCR circuit. Let fr be the
resonance frequency for the circuit. Will the
current in the circuit lag, lead or remain in
phase with the applied voltage when
1. f > fr
2. f < fr ?
Explain your answer in each case.
Ans :
In an LCR circuit, the phase angle φ is
given by,
2πfL − 2πfC
1
A Photo-emissive Cell
tan φ = XL − XC =
R R
Construction : It consists of an evacuated
1. When f > fr , then XL > XC and the
glass tube which encloses two electrodes, as
circuit is inductive dominant circuit
shown in figure. The cathode or emitter is a
and tan φ is positive. So the current
parabolic metal plate coated with a layer of
will lag behind the applied voltage by a
some photosensitive material like oxide of
103
Cs. The anode or collector is a thin rod of So, the pairs of curves (1 and 3) and (2 and
Pt or Ni. The two electrodes are connected 4) correspond to different materials but
externally to a high tension battery and a same intensity of incident radiation.
micro-ammeter ( µA ).
Working : When light of frequency greater
than the threshold frequency falls on
the cathode, photoelectrons are emitted
which are attracted by the collector. The
circuit gets completed and a current starts
flowing in the circuit. As the number of
photoelectrons emitted is proportional
to the intensity of incident light, the
photoelectric current indicated by the
micrometer gives a measure of the intensity
of light.
o
The given graph shows the variation of 30. A hydrogen atom initially in its ground
photoelectric current I versus applied absorbs a photon and is in the excited state
voltage V for two different photosensitive with energy 12.5 eV. Calculate the longest
materials and for two different intensities wavelength of the radiation emitted and
of the incident radiations. Identify the identify the series to which it belongs.
pairs of curves that corresponds to different [Take Rydberg constant R = 1.1 # 107 m−1]
materials but same intensity of incident Ans :
radiation.
Let ni and n f are the quantum numbers of
initial and final states, then we have
cn2 n2 m
1 = R 1 − 1
λ max f i
The energy of the incident photon = 12.5 eV

Energy of ground state =− 13.6 eV
Hence, Energy after absorption of photon
can be - 1.1 eV
This means that electron can go to the
excited state ni = 3 .
It emits photon of maximum wavelength
on going to n f = 2 , therefore,
1 = 1 − 1 R
Ans :
λ max b 22 32 l
Curves 1 and 2 correspond to similar
materials while curves 3 and 4 represent λ max = 36
5R
different materials, since the value of 36
stopping potential for the pair of curves (1 =
5 # 1.1 # 107
and 2) and (3 and 4) are the same. For c
given frequency of the incident radiation, = 6.555 # 10−7 m 6555A
the stopping potential is independent of its It belongs to balmer series.
intensity.
104
SECTION-D
"
p = q # 2a
Let us take the origin at the centre of
31. Two uniformly large parallel thin plates the dipole. We have to calculate electric
having charge densities + σ and - σ are potential at any point P .
kept in the X - Z plane at a distance d $ "
apart. Sketch and equipotential surface Where, OP = r
due to electric field between the plates. If a And +BOP = θ
particle of mass m and charge - q remains
stationary between the plates, what is the
magnitude and direction of this field ?
Ans :
The equipotential surface is at a distance
d/2 from either plate in X - Z plane. For a
particle of charge (- q) at rest between the
plates, then
Let the distance of P from charge - q at A

(i) weight mg acts vertically downward be r1 , i.e., AP = r1
(ii) electric force qE acts vertically upwards. and distance of P from charge + q at B be
r2 , i.e.,BP = r2 .
So, mg = qE Electrostatic potential at P due to - q
mg charge at A,
E = ,
q
−q
vertically downward, i.e. along (-) Y V1 = ...(1)
4πε 0 r1
-axis.
Electrostatic potential at P due to q charge
at A,
q
V2 ...(2)
4πε 0 r2
o
Find the electric potential and then electric Therefore, Potential at P due to the dipole,
field due to an electric dipole by differential V = V2 + V1
relationship between field and potential. From equation (1) and (2), we get
q 1 1
4πε 0 :r2 r1 D
Ans : V = − ...(3)
Let an electric dipole consist of two equal
Now, by geometry,
and unlike point charges - q at A and
+ q at B , separated by a small distance r 12 = r2 + a2 + 2ar cos (180c − θ)
AB = 2a , with centre at O . The dipole = r2 + a2 − 2ar cos θ
moment, We may rewrite,
105
r 22 = r2 + a2 + 2ar cos (180c − θ) $
AB . O is the centre of dipole. We have to
"
= r2 + a2 − 2ar cos θ calculate electric field intensity E at any
We may rewrite, point K ,
r 12 = r2 c1 + a2 + 2a cos θ m
2

r r
2
If a << r , a is small, a2 can be neglected.
r r
Hence, r 12 = r2 b1 + 2a cos θ l
r
r1 = r b1 + 2a cos θ l
1/2

r
rb l
1 = 1 1 + 2a cos θ 1/2
r1 r
Similarly, 1 = 1 b1 − 2a cos θ l
−1/2
r2 r r
Putting these values in (3), we get
where, OK = r
;
q 1
b 1 − 2a cos θ l
−1/2
V =
4πε 0 r r
+BOK = θ
− 1 b1 + 2a cos θ l E
−1/2
The dipole moment p can be resolved into
r r two rectangular components:
Using Binomial theorem and retaining (p cos θ) along A1 B1 and (p sin θ) along
terms upto the first order in a/r , we get A 2 B 2 = A1 B1 .
q Field intensity at K on the axial line of
4πε 0 r 9
=
V 1 + a cos θ − a1 − a cos θ kC
r r A1 B1 ,
q 2p cos θ
4πε 0 r 9
1 + a cos θ − 1 + a cos θC
"
= E1 =
r r 4πε r
$
q 2a cos θ p cos θ
= # = Let it be represented by KL OK
4πε 0 r2 4πε 0 r2 K
As, A2 B
""
p cos θ = p.r " p sin θ
E2 =
where, rt = is unit vector along the position 4πε 0 r3
$
vector Let it be represented by KM z B2 A2 and
$
$ " = KL . Complete the rectangle KLNM
OP = r $
Hence, Electrostatic potential at P due to KN
$
a short dipole (a << r) is, KN
^E h at K
"
"
p.rt
V =
4πε 0 r2
Electric Field Intensity at any Point due to KN = KL2 + KM2
"
a Short Electric Dipole Hence, E = E 12 + E 22
In figure (as shown below), AB represents
"
a short electric dipole of moment p along
106
2p cos θ 2 p sin θ 2 or 7I1 + 4I2 = 4 ...(1)
= c
2πε 0 r3 m c 4πε 0 r3 m
+
For the mesh ACDBA,
p 40 (I1 + I2) − 40 + 20I2 − 80 = 0
=
4 cos2 θ + sin2 θ
4πε 0 r3 or 40I1 + 60I2 − 120 = 0
"
E or 2I2 + 3I2 = 6 ...(2)
p
= 3 cos2 θ + (cos2 θ + sin2 θ)
4πε 0 r3
2
E = P 3 cos θ3 + 1 ...(1)
"
i.e.,
4πε 0 r
Let, +LKN = α
In TKLN ,
tan α = LN = KM
KL KL
p sin θ 4πε 0 r3
=
.
4πε 0 r3 2p cos θ
Solving eqs. (1) and (2), we get
= 1 tan θ
2 I1 = − 12 A
Hence, α can be calculated. 13
I2 = 34 A
13
Current through arm,
32. AC = I1 + I2 = 22 A
13
(b) Metre bridge works on Wheatstone’s
bridge balancing condition.
Metal strips will have less resistance to
maintain continuity without adding to
circuit.
o
Define the terms drift velocity and
relaxation time. Establish the relation
between drift velocity of electrons and
electric field applied to the conductor.
(a) Using Kirchhoff’s rules, calculate the Ans :
current in the arm AC of the given
circuit. In the absence of any electric field, the
(b) On what principle does the meter free electrons of a metal are in a state
bridge work? Why are the metal strips of continuous random motion. At room
used in the bridge? temperature, their random velocities
correspond to 105 ms-1 . The average
Ans : random velocity of free electrons is zero.
(a) For the mesh ERCAE , " " "
u = u1 + u2 + ..... + uN = 0
"
− 30I1 + 40 − 40 (I1 + I2) = 0
N
or - 7I1 - 4I2 = 4 Thus, there is no net flow of charge in any
107
direction. 33. Two wavelengths of sodium light 590 nm
"
In the presence of an external field E , each and 596 nm are used, in turn, to study the
" diffraction taking place at a single slit of
electron experiences a force - eE in the
" aperture 2 # 10-4 m . The distance between
opposite direction of E (since an electron the slit and the screen is 1.5 m. Calculate
has negative charge) and undergoes an the separation between the positions of
acceleration av given by the first maxima of the diffraction pattern
"
obtained in the two cases.
a = Force =− eE
"

Mass m Ans :
where m is the mass of an electron. As
For maxima other than central maxima.
the electrons accelerate, they frequently
a $ θ = bn + 2 l λ
collide with the positive metal ions or 1

other electrons of the metal. Between two y
successive collisions, an electron gains a and θ =
D
velocity component (in addition to its
a $ = bn + 2 l λ
y 1
random velocity) in a direction opposite to
D
"
E . However, the gain in velocity lasts for a For light of wavelength λ 1 = 590 nm
2 # 10-14 # 1 = b1 + 2 l # 590 # 10−9
short time and is lost in the next collision. y 1
The average time that elapses between two 1.5
−9
successive collisions of an electron is called y1 = 3 # 590 # 10 −# 1.5
relaxation time. It is given by 2 2 # 10 4
= 6.64 mm
τ = t1 + t2 + ... + tN
N
During the relaxation time τ , an electron
gains an average velocity given by
" "
vd = 0 + a τ [since v = u + at]
"
vd =− eE τ
"

m
"
The parameter vd is called drift velocity of
electrons. It may be defined as the average
velocity gained by the free electrons of a
conductor in the opposite direction of the
externally applied electric field.
For light of wavelength λ 2 = 596 nm
2 # 10-4 # 2 = b1 + 2 l # 596 # 10−9
y 1
1.5
−9
y2 = 3 # 596 # 10 −# 1.5
2 2 # 10 4
= 6.705 mm
Separation between two positions of first
maxima
Ty = y2 − y1
= 6.705 − 6.64 = 0.065 mm

108
of minima if a θ = nλ
o
(i) State the essential conditions for
diffraction of light.
(ii) Explain diffraction of light due to a
narrow single slit and the formation of
pattern of fringes on the screen. This can be explained by dividing the
(iii) Find the relation for width of central slit into even number of parts. The
maximum in terms of wavelength λ , path difference between waves from
width of slit a , and separation between successive parts is 180c out of phase
slit and screen D . and hence cancel each other leading to
(iv) If the width of the slit is made double a minima. Any point P , in direction Q ,
is a location of maxima if a θ = bn + 2 l λ
the original width, how does it affect 1
the size and intensity of the central
This can be explained by dividing the
band?
slit into odd number of parts. The
Ans : contributions from successive parts
(i) Essential conditions for diffraction of cancel in pairs because of 180c phase
light difference. The unpaired part produce
(a) Sources of light should be intensity at P , leading to a minima.
monochromatic. (iii) If θ is the direction of first minima,
(b) Wavelength of the light used should then aθ = λ
be comparable to the size of the θ = λ
obstacle. a
(ii) Single slit diffraction is explained by Angular width of central maxima
treating different parts of the wavefront = 2θ = 2λ
at the slit as sources of secondary a
Linear width of central maxima,
wavelets.
At the central point C on the screen, β = 2θ $ D = 2λD
a
θ is zero, All path differences are zero (iv) If a is doubled, β becomes half and
and give maximum intensity at C . intensity becomes 4 times.
At any other point P , the path
difference between two edges of the slit
is NP − LP = NQ
= a sin q - aq
Any point P , in direction θ , is a location
109
SECTION-E light are as under.
(i) Light source should be
34. A child is observing a thin film such as a monochromatic.
layer of oil on water show beautiful colours (ii) Both the waves should be of same
when illuminated by white light. He feels frequency.
happy and surprised to see this. His teacher (iii) Both the waves should be travel in
explains him the reason behind it. The the same direction.
child then gives an example of spreading (iv) The amplitude of both the waves
of kerosene oil on water to prevent malaria should be nearly same or equal.
and dengue. (v) Both the sources(slits) should be
very thin.
35. Vijay was preparing an electronic project

for science exhibition. He required to light
the LED using a 6V supply. LEDs need only
a very small current to make them light
and they do not heat up in use. So he put a
(a) Name the phenomenon involved ? resistor in series to limit the current. Then,
(b) What do you mean by interference? there would be potential difference of 4V
(c) Write any four the necessary conditions across the resistor as there is always 2.0V
for interference of light. across the LED itself when it is conducting.
Ans : The current should be 10 mA through both
(a) The phenomenon involved in a thin LED and the resistor. He could use the
film is interference. Different colours resistance by equation, R = V to calculate
I
of light interfere at different points in the value of R.
space and hence child is able to see
different colours. R = V = 4V
I 10mA
(b) Interference is defined as the
phenomenon of superimposition of = 4V = 400 Volt
0.01A
two or more waves of same frequency Thus the protecting resistor should be
emitted by coherent sources such that around 400 Ω .
the resultant wave is equal to the sum of (a) What do you mean by semiconductor?
the amplitude of the individual waves. (b) A semiconductor has equal electron
Depending on whether the interference and hole concentration 6 # 108 /m3 . On
is constructive or destructive, the doping with certain impurity, electron
amplitude of the resultant wave can concentration increases to 9 # 1012 /m3 .
either be larger or smaller than the (i) Identify the new semiconductor
individual waves. obtained after doping.
(c) The conditions for the interference of (ii) Calculate the new hole concentration.
110
Ans :
(a) Semiconductors are the materials which
have a conductivity between conductor
and non-conductor.
(b)
(i) New semiconductor must be n -types,
because electron concentration
increases.
(ii) Given,
ni = 6 # 108 /m3 ,
ne = 9 # 1012 /m3
Now, ne nh = n i2
2
(6 108) 2
nh = n 1 = # 12
ne 9 # 10
16
= 36 # 1012
9 # 10
Thus, the new hole concentration will
be 4 # 10 4 /m3 .
******
111
CBSE Sample Paper 5

Physics
marks each.
SECTION-A
Q
1. In the figure, if net force on Q is zero then value of is:
q
(a) 2 (b)
2 2
(c) 1
1 (d)
2 2 2
2. Two plates of a parallel plate capacitor are 1 cm apart and potential difference between them
is 10 V. The electric field between the plates is
(a) 10 N-C-1 (b)
250 N-C-1
(c) 500 N-C-1 (d)
1000 N-C-1
112
3. The voltage V and current I graphs for a conductor at two different temperatures T1 and T2
are shown in the figure. The relation between T1 and T2 is
(a) T1 > T2 (b)

T1 . T2
(c) T1 = T2 (d)
T1 < T2
4. A circular coil of radius r carries a current I. The magnetic field at its center is B . At what
distance from the centre, on the axis of the coil, the magnetic field will be B/8
(a) 2 R (b)
2R
(c) 3 R (d)
3R
5. An electric current passes through a long straight copper wire. At a distance 5 cm from the
straight wire, the magnetic field is B . The magnetic field at 20 cm from the straight wire would
be
(a) B (b) B
6 4
(c) B (d)
B
3 2
6. If a bar magnet is dropped down in an infinitely long vertical copper tube, then the magnet
will move continuously
(a) increasing velocity and acceleration
(b) increasing velocity but constant acceleration
(c) decreasing velocity and ultimately comes to rest
(d) increasing velocity and ultimately acquires a constant terminal velocity
113
7. An aluminium ring B faces an electromagnet A. Which of the following statement is correct?
(a) if I increases, A will repel B

(b) if I decreases, A will repel B
(c) if I increases, A will attract B
(d) whether I increases or decreases B will not experience any force
8. Which scientist experimentally proved the existence of electromagnetic waves?

(a) Marconi
(b) Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
(c) James Clerk Maxwell
(d) Jagdish Chander Bose
9. Two coils are placed close to each other. The mutual inductance of the pair of coils depends
upon
(a) currents in the coils
(b) materials of the wires of the coils
(c) relative position and orientation of the coils
(d) rates at which the currents are changing in the coils
10. What happens if a monochromatic light used in the Young’s double slit experiment is replaced
by white light?
(a) no fringes are observed
(b) all bright fringes become white
(c) all bright fringes are coloured between violet and red
(d) only central fringe is white and all other fringes are coloured
114
11. A particle of mass m and charged q is accelerated through a potential V. The De-Broglie
wavelength of the particle will be:
Vh (b) q
(a)
2qm 2mV
(c) h mh
(d)
2qmV 2qV
12. The minimum angular momentum of electron in Hydrogen atom will be

(a) h Js (b) h Js
π 2π
(c) hπJs (d) 2πh Js
13. If elements with principal quantum n > 4 were not allowed in nature, the number of possible
elements would have been
(a) 4 (b) 32
(c) 60 (d) 64
14. Which of the following set up can be used to verify the Ohm’s law?
15. The equivalent capacity between A and B is
(a) 20 µF (b)
9 µF
9
(c) 1 µF (d) 1 µF
9
115
16. Assertion : The resistivity of a semi-conductor increases with temperature.
Reason : The atoms of semi-conductor vibrate with larger amplitude as higher temperatures
thereby increasing its resistivity.
Assertion.
Assertion.
17. Assertion : In Young’s experiment, the fringe width for dark fringes is different from that for
white fringes.
Reason : In Young’s double slit experiment the fringes are performed with a source of white
light, then only black and bright fringes are observed.
Assertion.
Assertion.
18. Assertion : Photo-sensitivity of a metal is high if its work function is small.

Reason : Work function = hf 0 where f 0 is the threshold frequency.
Assertion.
Assertion.
SECTION-B
19. A capacitor of capacitance C is being charged by connecting it across a DC source along with
an ammeter. Will the ammeter show a momentary deflection during the process of charging? If
so, how would you explain this momentary deflection and the resulting continuity of current in
the circuit? Write the expression for the current inside the capacitor.
116
20. A small magnet of magnetic moment M , is placed at a distance r from the origin O with its
axis parallel to X -axis as shown. A small coil, if one turn is placed on the X -axis, at the same
distance from the origin, with the axis of the coil coinciding with X -axis. For what value of
current in the coil does a small magnetic needle, kept at origin, remains undefiled ? What is the
direction of current in the coil ?
21. What is Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence? What is its importance?

o
A chain reaction dies out sometimes. Why?
22. You are given two converging lenses of focal length 1.25 cm and 5 cm to design a compound
microscope. If it is desired to have a magnification of 30, then find out the separation between
the objective and eyepiece.
23. Draw the voltage-current characteristic curve of a diode and mark its important parameter.
o
Draw V - I characteristics of a p - n junction diode. Answer the following questions, giving
reasons:
(i) Why is the current under reverse bias almost independent of the applied potential upto a
critical voltage?
(ii) Why does the reverse current show a sudden increase at the critical voltage?
24. Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity against the position x on the screen in Young
double slit experiment.
25. Two point charges having equal charges separated by 1 m distance experience a force of 8 N
. What will be the force experienced by them, if they are held in water, at the same distance?
(Given: K water = 80 )
117
SECTION-C
26. Give some points of similarities and differences between Biot-Savart law for the magnetic field
and Coulomb’s law for the electrostatic field.
27. A horizontal conducting rod 10 m long extending from east to west is falling with a speed
5.0 ms-1 at right angle to the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field, 0.3 # 10-4
Wb - m-2 . Find the instantaneous value of the emf induced in the rod.
28. A capacitor C , a variable resistor R and a bulb B are connected in series to the AC mains in
the circuit as shown in the figure. The bulb glows with some brightness. How will the glow of
the bulb change if (i) a dielectric slab is introduced between the plates of the capacitor keeping
resistance R to be the same (ii) the resistance R is increased keeping the same capacitance?
o
State the condition under which the phenomenon of resonance occurs in a series LCR circuit.
Plot a graph showing the variation of current with frequency of an AC source in series LCR
circuit.
29. A proton and an alpha particle are accelerated through the same potential. Which one of the
two has (i) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated with it and (ii) less kinetic energy?
Give reason to justify your answer.
o
(a) Give a brief description of the basic elementary process involved in the photoelectric
emission in Einstein’s picture.
(b) When a photosensitive material is irradiated with the light of frequency v, the maximum
2
speed of electrons is given by Vmax . A plot of V max is found to vary with frequency v as
shown in the figure.
Use Einstein’s photoelectric equation to find the expressions for (i) Planck’s constant and (ii)
work function of the given photosensitive material, in terms of the parameters l, n and mass
m of the electron.
118
30. The electron in a given Bohr orbit has a total energy of - 1.5 eV. Calculate its
(i) kinetic energy
(ii) potential energy
(iii) wavelength of radiation emitted, when this electron makes a transition to the ground
state.
[Given, energy in the ground state =− 13.6 eV and Rydberg’s constant = 1.09 # 107 m−1 ]
SECTION-D
31. A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the same area as that of the plates of a parallel
plate capacitor but has the thickness d/2, where d is the separation between the plates. Find
out the expression for its capacitance when the slab is inserted between the plates of the
capacitor.
o
1. Define capacitance of a capacitor.
2. Derive expression for stored energy between plates of parallel plate capacitor. Show that
energy-density between plates of the capacitor can be expressed as 1/2 ε 0 E 2 , when E =
Electric field between plates.
32. 1. Derive an expression for the current density in terms of the drift speed of electrons.
2. Derive Ohm’s law on the basis of the theory of electron drift.
3. Derive an expression for the resistivity of a conductor in terms of number density of free
electrons and relaxation time.
119
o
A 100 W bulb B1 and two 60 W bulbs B2 and B 3 , are connected to a 250 V source as shown in
the figure. Now W1 , W2 and W3 are the output powers of the bulbs B1 , B2 and B 3 respectively.
What is the relation between the output powers of bulbs?
33. (a) How is a wavefront defined ? Distinguish between a plane wavefront and a spherical
wavefront. Using Huygen’s constructions draw a figure showing the propagation of a
plane wave refracting at a plane surface separating two media. Hence verify Snell’s law of
refraction.
When a light wave travels from a rarer to a denser medium, the speed decreases. Does it
imply reduction its energy ? Explain.
(b) When monochromatic light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, explain the following.
(i) Is the frequency of reflected and refracted light same as the frequency of incident
light ?
(ii) Does the decrease in speed imply a reduction in the energy carried by light wave ?
o
(a) In Young’s double slit experiment, two slits are 1 mm apart and the screen is placed 1 m
away from the slits. Calculate the fringe width when light of wavelength 500 nm is used.
(b) What should be the width of each slit in order to obtain 10 maxima of the double slits
pattern within the central maximum of the single slit pattern ?
(c) The intensity at the central maxima in Young’s double slit experiment is I 0 . Find out the
intensity at a point where the path difference is l , l and λ .
6 4 3
SECTION-E
34. Total internal reflection (TIR) is the optical phenomenon in which waves arriving at the
interface (boundary) from one medium to another (e.g., from water to air) are not refracted
into the second (“external”) medium, but completely reflected back into the first (“internal”)
medium. It occurs when the second medium has a higher wave speed (i.e., lower refractive
index) than the first, and the waves are incident at a sufficiently oblique angle on the interface.
For example, the water-to-air surface in a typical fish tank, when viewed obliquely from below,
120
reflects the underwater scene like a mirror with no loss of brightness.
TIR occurs not only with electromagnetic waves such as light and microwaves, but also with
other types of waves, including sound and water waves. If the waves are capable of forming a
narrow beam , the reflection tends to be described in terms of “rays” rather than waves; in a
medium whose properties are independent of direction, such as air, water or glass, the “rays”
are perpendicular to the associated wave fronts.
Repeated total internal reflection of a 405nm laser beam between the front and back surfaces of
a glass pane. The colour of the laser light itself is deep violet; but its wavelength is short enough
to cause fluorescence in the glass, which re-radiates greenish light in all directions, rendering
the zigzag beam visible.
Refraction is generally accompanied by partial reflection. When waves are refracted from a
medium of lower propagation speed (higher refractive index) to a medium of higher speed e.g.,
from water to air the angle of refraction (between the outgoing ray and the surface normal) is
greater than the angle of incidence (between the incoming ray and the normal). As the angle
of incidence approaches a certain threshold, called the critical angle, the angle of refraction
approaches 90°, at which the refracted ray becomes parallel to the boundary surface. As the
angle of incidence increases beyond the critical angle, the conditions of refraction can no longer
be satisfied, so there is no refracted ray, and the partial reflection becomes total. For visible
light, the critical angle is about 49° for incidence from water to air, and about 42° for incidence
from common glass to air.
1. What is refractive index of a medium? (in terms of speed of light)

2. In the above diagram, calculate the speed of light in the liquid of unknown refractive
index?
3 What is refractive index of a medium (in terms of real and apparent depth)?
o
4 What is the relation between refractive index and critical angle for a medium?
35. A pure semiconductor germanium or silicon, free of every impurity is called intrinsic
semiconductor. At room temperature, a pure semiconductor has very small number of current
carriers (electrons and holes). Hence its conductivity is low. When the impurity atoms of
valance five or three are doped in a pure semiconductor, we get respectively n -type or p-type
extrinsic semiconductor. In case of doped semiconductor ne nh = ni2 . Where ne and nh are the
number density of electron and hole charge carriers in a pure semiconductor. The conductivity
of extrinsic semiconductor is much higher than that of intrinsic semiconductor.
Answer the following questions :
121
1. What is n -type semiconductor?
2. Do pure semiconductors obey Ohm’s law?
3. Why do semiconductors behave as conductors at room temperature?
o
4. Why does a semiconductor behaves as an insulator at very low temperature?

******
122

Class XII 2022-23
Physics
marks each.
SECTION-A
1. In the figure, if net force on Q is zero then
Q
value of is:
q
In TABC ,
According to Pythagorean theorem,
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
AC = a2 + a2 = 2a
(a) 2 (b) 2 2 We know that,
1 (d) 1 Resultant force,
(c)
2 2 2 FR = F 12 + F 22 ...(1)
According to coulomb’s law,
Ans : (b) 2 2
According to the question, KQq
F1 = 2
a
KQq
Similarly, F2 = 2
a
KQQ KQ2
F3 = =
( 2 a) 2 2a2
From equation (1),
123
KQq 2 KQq 2 3. The voltage V and current I graphs for a
FR = c a2 m c a2 m
+
conductor at two different temperatures T1
and T2 are shown in the figure. The relation
KQq 2
= c 2 m (1 + 1)
between T1 and T2 is
a
KQq 2
=

a2
Since, FR - F3 = 0
FR = F3
KQq 2 KQ2
2 =
a 2a2
Q
= 2 2
q
(a) T1 > T2 (b) T1 . T2

(c) T1 = T2 (d) T1 < T2
Ans : (a) T1 > T2
We know from the Ohm’s law that resistance
of a conductor,
R = V
2. Two plates of a parallel plate capacitor are I
1 cm apart and potential difference between We also know from given figure that V is
I
them is 10 V. The electric field between the the slope of the V - I graph.
plates is
b I l > b I l
Since, V V
(a) 10 N-C-1 (b) 250 N-C-1 1 2
(c) 500 N-C-1 (d) 1000 N-C-1 Therefore, R1 > R2 ...(1)
Ans : (d) 1000 N-C-1 We also know that the resistance at a
Given, temperature T ,
Distance between plates, R = R 0 (1 + αT )
d = 1cm or, R ? T ...(2)
= 0.01 m From equation (1) and (2), we get
and potential difference between them, T1 > T2
V = 10 Volt
We know that electric field between the 4. A circular coil of radius r carries a current
plates in a parallel plate capacitor, I. The magnetic field at its center is B . At
what distance from the centre, on the axis
E = V of the coil, the magnetic field will be B/8
d
(a) 2 R (b) 2R
= 10
(c) 3 R (d) 3R
0.01
= 1000 N−C−1
Ans : (c) 3 R
According to the question,
124
Magnetic field at distance x from the =B
centre, 4
where, B2 = magnetic field at second point
magnetic field at center (B)
B axis =
8 6. If a bar magnet is dropped down in an
infinitely long vertical copper tube, then
B axis = B
8 the magnet will move continuously
µ 0 NiR2 µ 0 Ni (a) increasing velocity and acceleration
2 3/2 = 8 (b) increasing velocity but constant
2
2 (R + x ) # 2R
acceleration
8R3 = (R2 + x2) 3/2
(c) decreasing velocity and ultimately
This is possible only when x = ! 3 R . comes to rest
Hence, 3 R distance from the centre (d) increasing velocity and ultimately
magnetic field is equal to magnetic field at acquires a constant terminal velocity
centre. Ans : (b) increasing velocity but constant
acceleration
5. An electric current passes through a long
We know that when a bar magnet is dropped
straight copper wire. At a distance 5 cm
down in an infinitely long vertical copper
from the straight wire, the magnetic field
tube, its velocity continuously increases
is B . The magnetic field at 20 cm from the
due to the gravitational attraction. As a
straight wire would be
result of this, the velocity of bar magnet
(a) B (b) B continuously goes on increasing but having
6 4
constant acceleration due to free fall under
(c) B (d) B gravity.
3 2
Ans : (b) B
4
Given,
Distance of first point from the wire,
r1 = 5 cm
Magnetic field at first point,
B1 = B
7. An aluminium ring B faces an electromagnet
and distance of second point from the wire,
A. Which of the following statement is
r2 = 20 cm correct?
We know that magnetic field due to current-
carrying long straight wire at the point,
µ
B = 0 # I ? 1
2π r r
B
Therefore, 1 = 2 r
B2 r1
= 20 = 4

5
B 2 = B1
4
(a) if I increases, A will repel B
125
(b) if I decreases, A will repel B of the medium in which the coils wounded
(c) if I increases, A will attract B and degree of coupling i.e., the extent to
(d) whether I increases or decreases B which the magnetic flux primary current
will not experience any force links the secondary.
Ans : (a) if I increases, A will repel B 10. What happens if a monochromatic light
We know that when circuit is closed, used in the Young’s double slit experiment
increasing current in the coils of is replaced by white light?
electromagnet A produces time varying (a) no fringes are observed
magnetic flux which magnetised it. (b) all bright fringes become white
We also know from lenz’s law that when
(c) all bright fringes are coloured between
time varying magnetic flux links with a
violet and red
nearby ring, then direction of induced
current (or E.M.F.) in the ring will be such (d) only central fringe is white and all
that it opposes the cause which produces other fringes are coloured
it. Ans : (d) only central fringe is white and
all other fringes are coloured
8. Which scientist experimentally proved the We know that if white light is used
existence of electromagnetic waves? in Young’s double slit experiment, we
(a) Marconi get a central white fringe, because all
(b) Heinrich Rudolf Hertz wavelengths of white light have zero path
(c) James Clerk Maxwell difference. And all other points on both
(d) Jagdish Chander Bose sides of central white fringe have different
path differences for different wavelengths
Ans : (b) Heinrich Rudolf Hertz of white light. Therefore no condition of
We know that Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was brightness or darkness is satisfied.
the first scientist to produce and detect As a result of this, coloured fringes are
the existence of electromagnetic waves observed on both sides of central white
experimentally in 1887. fringe.
9. Two coils are placed close to each other.

The mutual inductance of the pair of coils
depends upon
(a) currents in the coils
(b) materials of the wires of the coils
(c) relative position and orientation of
the coils
11. A particle of mass m and charged q is
(d) rates at which the currents are
accelerated through a potential V. The De-
changing in the coils
Broglie wavelength of the particle will be:
Ans : (c) relative position and orientation q
of the coils. (a) Vh (b)
2qm 2mV
We know that mutual inductance of the
(c) h (d) mh
pair of coils depends upon the geometry
2qmV 2qV
of the coils, distance between the coils,
relative position and orientation of the Ans : (c) h
coils, no. of turns in the coils, permeability 2qmV
126
13. If elements with principal quantum n > 4
A particle of mass m and charged q is
were not allowed in nature, the number of
accelerated through a potential V .
possible elements would have been
Kinetic energy gained by the particle,
2
(a) 4 (b) 32
K = 1 mv 2 = P (c) 60 (d) 64
2 2m
Work done on electron = qV . Ans : (c) 60
P2 = qV Given,
Hence, Principal quantum number allowed in
2m
nature, n = 4 .
P = 2mqV We know that number of possible elements
Hence, the de-Broglie wavelength of the for principal quantum number,
particle, 4
λ = h
N = / 2n 2
n=1
P
= 2 6^1 h2 + ^2 h2 + ^3h2 + ^4h2@

h
=

2mqV = 2 630@ = 60

14. Which of the following set up can be used

to verify the Ohm’s law?
12. The minimum angular momentum of

electron in Hydrogen atom will be
(a) h Js (b) h Js
π 2π
(c) hπJs (d) 2πh Js
Ans : (b) h Js
2π
According to Bohr’s atomic model, the
electrons are permitted to circulate only
in those orbits in which the angular
momentum of an electron is an integral
multiple of h , h being plank’s constant
2π
L = nh
2π
When, n = 1
L = h
2π Ans : (a)
Hence, the minimum angular momentum We know that Ohm’s law gives the resistance
of electron in Hydrogen atom will be h . offered by a conductor by measuring steady
2π
current I flowing through the conductor
127
and voltage drop across the ends of the capacitance,
conductor. Cl = C1 + C2
We also know that ammeter is always
connected in series with the cell to measure = 3 + 2 = 5 µF
current flowing through the conductor and Cl and C 3 are connected in series
voltmeter is always connected in parallel to combination Now, equivalent capacitance
the cell to measure voltage drop across the between A and B ,
CAB = C # C 3
conductor. l

Therefore, option (a) is used to verify the Cl + C3
Ohm’s law. = 5#4
5+4
= 20 µF

9
16. Assertion : The resistivity of a semi-
conductor increases with temperature.
Reason : The atoms of semi-conductor
vibrate with larger amplitude as higher
temperatures thereby increasing its
resistivity.
15. The equivalent capacity between A and B explanation of the Assertion.
is (b) Both Assertion and Reason are
incorrect.
incorrect.
(a) 20 µF (b) 9 µF Ans : (d) Both the Assertion and Reason

9 are incorrect.
(c) 1 µF (d) 1 µF The resistivity of semiconductor decreases
9
with increase in temperature as more
Ans : (a) 20 µF electrons jump into conduction band
9
increasing its conductivity.
17. Assertion : In Young’s experiment, the

fringe width for dark fringes is different
from that for white fringes.
Reason : In Young’s double slit experiment
the fringes are performed with a source
of white light, then only black and bright
fringes are observed.
In the given circuit C1 and C2 are connected
in parallel combination Hence, equivalent
128
correct and the Reason is a correct SECTION-B
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are 19. A capacitor of capacitance C is being
correct but Reason is not a correct charged by connecting it across a DC source
explanation of the Assertion. along with an ammeter. Will the ammeter
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is show a momentary deflection during the
incorrect. process of charging? If so, how would you
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are explain this momentary deflection and
incorrect. the resulting continuity of current in the
circuit? Write the expression for the current
Ans : (d) Both the Assertion and Reason inside the capacitor.
are incorrect.
Ans :
In Young’s experiment, fringe width of
dark and white fringes are equal. If white The ammeter will show the momentary
light is used as source, coloured fringes deflection.
are observed representing bright band of This momentary deflection occurs due
different colours. to the fact that the conduction current
flows through connection wires during
the charging of capacitor. This lead to
gathering of charge at two plated and hence
varying electric field of increasing nature
is produced between the plated which in
18. Assertion : Photo-sensitivity of a metal is
turn produce displacement current in space
high if its work function is small.
between two plates. This maintains the
Reason : Work function = hf 0 where f 0 is
continuity with the conduction current.
the threshold frequency.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are Ic = Id
correct and the Reason is a correct The current inside the capacitor,
explanation of the Assertion. dφ
Displacement current I and Id = ε 0 E .
c dt
incorrect.
incorrect.
Ans : (b) Both Assertion and Reason are
20. A small magnet of magnetic moment M ,
is placed at a distance r from the origin O
with its axis parallel to X -axis as shown.
The photo-sensitivity of a metal is high A small coil, if one turn is placed on the X
when its work function is small. Work -axis, at the same distance from the origin,
function of a metal depends not on the with the axis of the coil coinciding with
threshold frequency but on the nature of X -axis. For what value of current in the
the metal. coil does a small magnetic needle, kept at
origin, remains undefiled ? What is the
129
direction of current in the coil ? 1. Excessive neutron leakage if the size of
the fissionable material is smaller than
the critical size.
2. Fast neutrons may escape the
fissionable material without causing
further fissions.
3. Some neutrons may suffer non-fission
capture by 23892 U nuclei.
Ans :
This happens when magnetic field of
bar magnet is equal and opposite to the
magnetic field of coil
" "
Bm = Bc 22. You are given two converging lenses of
focal length 1.25 cm and 5 cm to design
µ0M µ 0 Ia2 a compound microscope. If it is desired to
3 =
4πr 2r3 have a magnification of 30, then find out
I = 2M 2 the separation between the objective and
4πa eyepiece.
Current is in anti-clockwise sense, an seen
Ans :
from the origin.
Given, f0 = 1.25 cm
21. What is Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence?
fe =− 5 cm
What is its importance?
Magnification, M = 30,
Ans :
D = 25 cm
In his special theory of relativity, Einstein
If the objective is very close to the principal
showed that,
focus of the objective and the image formed
E = mc2 by the objective is very close to eyepiece,
This equation expresses equivalence then magnifying power of a microscope is
between mass and energy. Thus the energy given by
content of an object is its mass times the
square of the speed of light. This principle M =− 1 $ D
fo f2
is central to our understanding of nuclear
energy and harnessing it as a source of 30 = 1 $ 25
1.25 5
power. Using this principle, the Q -value of
nuclear process can be expressed in terms L = 1.25×30×5
25×100
of initial and final masses.
o L = 25×30
100
A chain reaction dies out sometimes. Why?
L = 30
Ans :
4
L = 7.5 cm
A chain reaction may die out due to any of
This is a required separation between the
the following causes:
objective and the eyepiece.
130
23. Draw the voltage-current characteristic drifting of minority charge carriers
curve of a diode and mark its important from one region to another through the
parameter. junction.
Ans : A small applied voltage is sufficient to
sweep the minority charge carriers through
the junction. So, reverse current is almost
independent of critical voltage.
(ii)
At critical voltage (or breakdown
voltage), a large number of covalent
bonds break, resulting in the increase of
large number of charge carriers. Hence,
current increases at critical voltage.
24. Draw a graph showing the variation of

o intensity against the position x on the
Draw V - I characteristics of a p - n screen in Young double slit experiment.
junction diode. Answer the following Ans :
questions, giving reasons:
On plotting the intensities of bright and
(i) Why is the current under reverse bias
dark fringes against distance x from O , we
almost independent of the applied
get a curve as shown in figure. The intensity
potential upto a critical voltage?
is maximum at the central point O . Then
(ii) Why does the reverse current show a
it becomes zero and maximum alternately
sudden increase at the critical voltage?
on either side of O , depending on x is odd
Ans : multiple of D2dλ and integral multiple of Dλ
d ,
respectively.
(i) In the reverse biasing, the current

of order of µA is due to movement/ Intensity Distribution Curve for an Interference
Pattern
131
25. Two point charges having equal charges Points of Similarity
separated by 1 m distance experience a force 1. Both fields depend inversely on the
of 8 N . What will be the force experienced square of the distance from the source.
by them, if they are held in water, at the 2. Both are long range fields.
same distance? (Given: K water = 80 ) 3. The principle of superposition is
Ans : applicable to both fields.
Two point charges system is taken from Points of Difference
air to water keeping other variables (e.g. 1. The magnetic field is produced by a
distance, magnitude of charge) unchanged. vector source: the current element I dl v.
So, the only factor which may affect the The electrostatic field is produced by a
interacting force is dielectric constant of scalar source: the electric charge dg .
medium. 2. The direction of the electrostatic
Force acting between two point charges. field is along the displacement vector
q1 q 2 joining the source and the field point.
F = 1 The direction of the magnetic field is
4πε 0 K r2
perpendicular to the plane containing
or F ? 1 the displacement vector rv and the
K current element I dlv.
Fair = K 3. In Bio-Savart law, the magnitude
FMedium of the magnetic field is proportional
8 = 80 to the sine of the angle between the
v and displacement
Fwater current element I dl
vector rv while there is no such angle
Fwater = 8 = 1 N dependence in the Coulomb’s law for
80 10
the electrostatic field.
SECTION-C
26. Give some points of similarities and
differences between Biot-Savart law for the
magnetic field and Coulomb’s law for the
electrostatic field.
Ans :
According to Coulomb’s law, the electric
field produced by a charged element is,
dq
dE = 1 2
4πε 0 r 27. A horizontal conducting rod 10 m long
According to Biot-Savart law, the magnetic extending from east to west is falling
field produced by a current element I dl is, with a speed 5.0 ms-1 at right angle to
µ θ the horizontal component of the Earth’s
dB = 0 I dl sin magnetic field, 0.3 # 10-4 Wb - m-2 . Find
4π r 2
On comparing the above two equations, we the instantaneous value of the emf induced
can note the following points: in the rod.
Ans :

132
increased keeping the same capacitance?
Ans :
−4 −2
Given, B = 0.3 # 10 Wb− m (i) As, the dielectric slab is introduced
v = 5 m/s between the plates of the capacitor,
θ = 90c its capacitance will increase. Hence,
the potential drop across the capacitor
l = 10 m Q
will decrease, i.e., V = . As a result,
e = B vl sin θ C
the potential drop across the bulb will
= 0.3 # 10−4 # 10 # 5 # sin 90c
increase as they are connected in series.
= 15 # 10−4 V
Thus its brightness will increase.
(ii) As the resistance R is increased, the
Hence, e = 1.5 # 10−3 V = 1.5 mV potential drop across the resistor will
increase. As a result, the potential
drop across the bulb will decrease as
they are connected in series. Thus, its
brightness will decrease.
o
State the condition under which the
phenomenon of resonance occurs in a series
LCR circuit. Plot a graph showing the
variation of current with frequency of an
AC source in series LCR circuit.
Ans :
The condition for series resonance is,
28. A capacitor C , a variable resistor R and a
bulb B are connected in series to the AC
mains in the circuit as shown in the figure.
The bulb glows with some brightness. How
will the glow of the bulb change if (i) a
dielectric slab is introduced between the
plates of the capacitor keeping resistance
R to be the same (ii) the resistance R is
133
XL = XC Clearly, λ p 2 λ a
Hence, proton has a greater de-Broglie
ω 0 L = 1 wavelength.
ω0C
2. Kinetic energy,
ω 20 = 1
LC EK = qV
1 For same V ,
ω 0 =
LC EK ? q
2πν 0 = 1
EK q
= p
p
LC EK a
qa
(where ν 0 is resonance frequency)
= e =1

1 2e 2
ν 0 =
2π LC Clearly, EK 1 EK
p a
The graph between I and ν is as shown in

figure. o
(a) Give a brief description of the basic
elementary process involved in the
photoelectric emission in Einstein’s
picture.
(b) When a photosensitive material is
irradiated with the light of frequency
v, the maximum speed of electrons is
2
given by Vmax . A plot of V max is found to
29. A proton and an alpha particle are vary with frequency v as shown in the
accelerated through the same potential. figure.
Which one of the two has (i) greater value Use Einstein’s photoelectric equation
of de-Broglie wavelength associated with it to find the expressions for (i) Planck’s
and (ii) less kinetic energy? Give reason to constant and (ii) work function of the given
justify your answer. photosensitive material, in terms of the
Ans : parameters l, n and mass m of the electron.
1. De-Broglie wavelength,
Since, λ = h
p
= h
2mqV
For same V ,
λ ? 1
mq
l ma qa
Hence, p =
la mp qp
4m p 2e
=
.
mp e
Ans :
= 8

(a) According to Einstein, packets of energy
=2 2
called photons, which are absorbed
134
completely by electrons. This absorbed E = hv = h c
energy is used to reject the electron λ
and also provide kinetic energy to the hc = 12.1 eV

emitted electron. λ
1 mV 2 = hv − φ = energy of radiation
(b) max 0
2 1 = 12.1 # 1.6 # 10−19
Hence,
2φ λ 6.62 # 10−34 # 3 # 108
2
V max = b 2h l v − b 0 l
m m λ = 1.025 # 10−7 m
= 2h = l
Hence, Slope c
= 1025 A
m n
h = ml
2n
2φ
= 0 =l
Intercept
m
Hence, φ 0 = ml
2
30. The electron in a given Bohr orbit has a
total energy of - 1.5 eV. Calculate its SECTION-D
(i) kinetic energy
31. A slab of material of dielectric constant
(ii) potential energy
K has the same area as that of the plates
(iii) wavelength of radiation emitted, when
of a parallel plate capacitor but has the
this electron makes a transition to the
thickness d/2, where d is the separation
ground state.
between the plates. Find out the expression
[Given, energy in the ground state
for its capacitance when the slab is inserted
=− 13.6 eV and Rydberg’s constant
between the plates of the capacitor.
= 1.09 # 107 m−1
Ans :

Ans :
Initially when there is vacuum between
(i) The kinetic energy (KK ) of the electron
the two plates, the capacitance of the two-
in an orbit is equal to negative of its
parallel plates is,
total energy (E).
EK =− E C 0 = ε 0 A
d
=− (− 1.5) = 1.5 eV
where, A is the area of parallel plates.
(ii) The potential energy (U) of the electron Suppose that the capacitor is connected to
in an orbit is equal to twice its total a battery, an electric field E 0 is produced.
energy (E) Now, if we insert the dielectric slab of
thickness t = d/2 , the electric field reduces
i.e., U = 2E
to E .
=− 1.5 # 2 =− 3 eV Now, the gap between plates is divided in
(iii)
As, a result of transition of electron two parts, for distance t there is electric
from excited state of ground state. field E and for the remaining distance
Energy of radiation =− 1.5 − (− 13.6) (d - t) the electric field is E 0 .
If V be the potential difference between
(Since, Ground state energy of H-atom
the plates of the capacitor, then
=− 13.6 eV )
135
V = Et + E 0 (d − t) Suppose the positive charge is transferred
from plate 2 to plate 1 bit by bit. In this
= Ed + E 0 d = d (E + E 0) process, external work has to be done
2 2 2
because at any stage plate 1 is at higher
ba t = 2 l
d
potential than the plate 2. Suppose at any
instant the plates 1 and 2 have charges Ql
= d b E0 + E0 l
and - Ql respectively, as shown in Figure
2 K
a. Then the potential difference between
= dE 0 (K + 1)
the two plates will be
2K
Ql
Vl =
b As, E = K l
E0 C
q
E 0 = σ =
ε0 ε0A
q
V = d $ (K + 1)
2K ε 0 A
q
C =
V
= 2Kε 0 A

d (K + 1)

o
1. Define capacitance of a capacitor.
2. Derive expression for stored energy (a) (b)
between plates of parallel plate Suppose now a small additional charged
capacitor. Show that energy-density dQl be transferred from plate 2 to plate 1.
between plates of the capacitor can The work done will be,
be expressed as 1/2 ε 0 E 2 , when E =
Ql
Electric field between plates. dW = V l$dQl = $ dQl
C
Ans : The total work done in transferring a
1. Capacitance charge Q from plate 2 to plate 1 (Figure
The capacitance of capacitor may be defined b) will be,
as the charge required to be supplied to Q
Ql
either of the conductors of the capacitor #
W = dW = #
0 C
$ dQl
so as to increase the potential difference
Ql2 Q
= ; E = 1$
Q2
between them by unit amount.
2C 0 2 C
Capacitance,
Charge on either plate (Q)
This work done is stored as electrical
=
C potential energy U of the capacitor.
Potential difference between the two plates (V )
2
SI unit of capacitance is farad (F ). Q
U = 1$ = 1$CV 2
2. Expression for the Energy Stored in a 2 C 2
Capacitor
= 1 QV ( Since, Q = CV )

Consider a capacitor of capacitance C. 2
Initially, its two plates are uncharged.
136
Energy Density between Plates of Capacitor conductor is given by
Capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor
E = V
is given by, l
"
C = ε 0 A ...(1) Under the influence of field E , the free
d electrons begin to drift in the opposite
If σ is the surface charge density on the "
direction E with an average drift
capacitor plates, then electric field between velocity vd .
the capacitor plates will be, Let the number of electrons per unit
E = σ volume or electron density = n
ε0 Charge on an electron = e
σ = ε 0 E Number of electrons in length l of
Charge on either plate of capacitor is, the conductor = n # volume of the
Q = σA = ε 0 EA ...(2) conductor = nAl
Hence, Energy stored in the capacitor is, Total charge contained in length l of
the conductor is q = enAl
Q2 (ε EA) 2
U = = 0 ε A [From All the electrons which enter the
2C 2$ d 0
Eq. (1) and (2)] conductor at the right end will pass
through the conductor at the left end
in time,
= 1 ε 0 E 2 Ad
2
But Ad = volume of the capacitor between t = distance = l
velocity vd
its two plates. Therefore, the energy stored q
per unit volume or the energy density of Hence, Current, I = = enAl
t l/vd
the electric field is given by,
I = enAvd
u = U = 1 ε0E 2
The equation relates the current I with
Ad 2
the drift velocity vd .
The current density j is given by,
j = I = envd
A
32. 1. Derive an expression for the current 2. Deduction of Ohm’s law : If m is
density in terms of the drift speed of the mass of an electron and τ is the
electrons. relaxation time, then drift velocity,
2. Derive Ohm’s law on the basis of the
theory of electron drift. vd = eEτ = eVτ
m ml
3. Derive an expression for the resistivity
of a conductor in terms of number :since E = V D
l
density of free electrons and relaxation
time. Hence, Current, I = enAvd
Ans : = enA $ eVτ

ml
1. Relation between Electric Current and
V = ml
Drift Velocity : Suppose a potential dif- I ne2 τA
ference V is applied across a conductor
of length l and of uniform cross-section At a fixed temperature, the quantities
A. The electric field E set up inside the m , l , n , e , τ and A, all have constant
137
value for a given conductor.
Therefore, V =a constant R
I
This proves Ohm’s law for a conductor
and here
R = ml
ne2 τA
is the resistance of the conductor.
3. Resistivity in Terms of Electron
Density and Relaxation Time : The
resistance R of a conductor of length l Ans :
, area of cross-section A and resistivity
Given,
ρ is given by,
Power of bulb B1 , P1 = 100 W
R = ρ l
A Power of bulb B2 , P2 = 60 W
But, R = ml Power of bulb B 3 , P3 = 60 W
ne2 τA
Source voltage, V = 250 Volt
where, τ is the relaxation time.
Comparing the above two equations, Output power of bulb, B1 = W1
we get Output power of bulb, B2 = W2
ρ = m2 Output power of bulb, B 3 = W3
ne τ
We know that resistance of bulb B1 ,
Obviously, ρ is independent of the
2 (250) 2
dimensions of the conductor but R 1 = V = = 625 Ω
depends on its two parameters : P1 100
(a) Number of free electrons per unit Similarly, resistance of bulb B2 ,
volume or electron density of the 2 (250) 2
conductor. R 2 = V = = 1042 Ω
P2 60
(b) The relaxation time τ , the average and resistance of bulb B 3 ,
time between two successive collisions 2 (250) 2
of an electron. R 3 = V = = 1042 Ω
P3 60
We also know that as the resistance R1
and R2 are connected in series. Therefore,
output power of bulb B1 ,
W1 = V2 R
(R1 + R2) # 1
(250) 2
o =
# 625
(625 + 1042) 2
A 100 W bulb B1 and two 60 W bulbs B2
and B 3 , are connected to a 250 V source as = 14.1 W

shown in the figure. Now W1 , W2 and W3
Similarly, output power of bulb B2 ,
are the output powers of the bulbs B1 , B2
and B 3 respectively. W2 = V2
# R2
What is the relation between the output (R1 + R2) 2
powers of bulbs?
138
(250) 2 every point on wavefront again behaves
=
# 1042
(625 + 1042) 2 like a light source and emit secondary
wavelets in all directions (Huygen’s
= 23.4 W

wave theory) including the region of
and output power of bulb B 3 , geometrical shadow. This explains
2 diffraction.
W3 = V 2 # R 3 Proof of Snell’s law of Refraction using
R3
Huygen’s wave theory : When a wave
(250) 2
=
# 1042 = 60 W starting from one homogeneous medium
(1042) 2
enters the another homogeneous
Therefore, W1 < W2 < W3 medium, it is deviated from its path.
This phenomenon is called refraction.
In transversing from first medium to
another medium, the frequency of
wave medium to another medium, the
frequency of wave remains unchanged
but its speed and the wavelength both
are changed. Let XY be a surface
33. (a) How is a wavefront defined ? Distinguish separating the two media 1 and 2. Let
between a plane wavefront and a v1 and v2 be the speeds of waves in
spherical wavefront. Using Huygen’s these media.
constructions draw a figure showing the
propagation of a plane wave refracting
at a plane surface separating two media.
Hence verify Snell’s law of refraction.
When a light wave travels from a
rarer to a denser medium, the speed
decreases. Does it imply reduction its
energy ? Explain.
(b) When monochromatic light travels from
a rarer to a denser medium, explain the
following.
(i) Is the frequency of reflected and
refracted light same as the frequency
of incident light ?
(ii) Does the decrease in speed imply a
reduction in the energy carried by Suppose a plane wavefront AB in first
light wave ? medium is incident obliquely on the
boundary surface XY and its end A
Ans :
touches the surface at A at time t = 0
(a) Wavefront : A wavefront is a locus of while the other end B reaches the
all particles of medium vibrating in the surface at point B after time-interval
same phase. t. Clearly BBl = v1 t . As the wavefront
Huygen’s Principle : When a wavefront AB advances, it strikes the points
strikes to the corner of an obstacle, light between A and Bl of boundary surface.
wave bends around the corner because According to Huygen’s principle,
139
secondary spherical wavelets originate Hence, sin r = sin +ABlAl
from these points, which travel with
speed v1 in the first medium and speed = AAl = v2 t ...(2)
ABl ABl
v2 in the second medium. Dividing equation (1) by (2), we get
First of all secondary wavelet starts sin r = v1 = constant
from A which transverses a distance
sin r v2
AAl (= v2 t) in second medium in time ...(3)
t. In the same time-interval t , the point
of wavefront transverses a distance
$ µ 0 Idl R
dBx = $
BBl (= v1 t) in first medium and reaches 4 πr 2 r
Bl, from where the secondary wavelet µ IR
= 0 3 dl
now starts. Clearly BBl = v1 t and 4πr
AAl = v2 t . As the rays are always normal to the
Assuming A as centre, we draw a wavefront, therefore the incident and
spherical arc of radius AAl (= v2 t) and refracted rays make angles i and r with
draw tangent BlAl on this arc from Bl. the normal drawn on the surface XY
As the incident wavefront AB advances, i.e., i and r are the angle of incidence
the secondary wavelets start from points and angle of refraction respectively.
between A and Bl, one after the other According to equation (3). The ratio of
and will touch AlBl simultaneously. sine of angle of incidence and the sine
According to Huygen’s principle AlBl of angle of refraction for a given pair
is the new position of wavefront AB in of media is a constant and is equal to
the second medium. Hence AlBl will the ratio of velocities of waves in the
be the refracted wavefront. two media. This is the second law of
First law : As AB , AlBl and surface refraction and is called the Snell’s law.
XY are in the plane of paper, therefore (b)
the perpendicular drawn on them will (i) If the radiation of certain frequency
be in the same plane. As the lines drawn interact with the atoms/molecules
normal to wavefront denote the rays, of the matter, they start to vibrate
therefore we may say that the incident with the same frequency under forced
ray, refracted ray and the normal at the oscillations.
point of incidence all lie in the same Thus, the frequency of the scattered
plane. This is the first law of refraction. light (under reflection and refraction)
Second law : Let the incident wavefront equals to the frequency of incident
AB and refracted wavefront AlBl radiation.
make angles I and r respectively with (ii) No, energy carried by the wave
refracting surface XY . depends on the amplitude of the
wave, but not on the speed of the
In right angled TABlB ,
wave.
+ABBl = 90c
Hence, sin r = sin +BABl
= BBl = v1 t ...(1)
ABl ABl
Similarly in right-angled
TAAlBl, +AAlBl = 90c
140
o
(a) In Young’s double slit experiment, two
SECTION-E
slits are 1 mm apart and the screen 34. Total internal reflection (TIR) is the optical
is placed 1 m away from the slits. phenomenon in which waves arriving at the
Calculate the fringe width when light interface (boundary) from one medium to
of wavelength 500 nm is used. another (e.g., from water to air) are not
(b) What should be the width of each slit refracted into the second (“external”)
in order to obtain 10 maxima of the medium, but completely reflected back into
double slits pattern within the central the first (“internal”) medium. It occurs
maximum of the single slit pattern ? when the second medium has a higher wave
(c) The intensity at the central maxima in speed (i.e., lower refractive index) than
Young’s double slit experiment is I 0 . the first, and the waves are incident at a
Find out the intensity at a point where sufficiently oblique angle on the interface.
the path difference is l , l and λ . For example, the water-to-air surface in a
6 4 3
Ans :
typical fish tank, when viewed obliquely
from below, reflects the underwater scene
(a) Fringe width is given by
like a mirror with no loss of brightness.
β = λD TIR occurs not only with electromagnetic
d
−9 waves such as light and microwaves, but
= 500 # 10 # 1 = 0.5 mm also with other types of waves, including
10−3
sound and water waves. If the waves are
= 0.5 # 10−3 m = 5 # 10−4 m
capable of forming a narrow beam , the
(b) β 0 = 2λD = 10β reflection tends to be described in terms
d
−9 of “rays” rather than waves; in a medium
d = 2 # 500 # 10 −# 1 whose properties are independent of
10 # 5 # 10 4
direction, such as air, water or glass, the
= 2 # 10−4 m “rays” are perpendicular to the associated
(c) The general expression, for the intensity,
wave fronts.
at a point is
Repeated total internal reflection of a
φ 405nm laser beam between the front and
I = I 0 cos2
2 back surfaces of a glass pane. The colour
(i) For path difference = λ , φ = 60c of the laser light itself is deep violet; but
6
its wavelength is short enough to cause
I = 3I 0 fluorescence in the glass, which re-radiates
4
[For path difference λ , phase difference greenish light in all directions, rendering
φ = 2π ] the zigzag beam visible.
Refraction is generally accompanied by
(ii) For path difference = λ , φ = 90c partial reflection. When waves are refracted
4
I = I 0 from a medium of lower propagation speed
2 (higher refractive index) to a medium of
λ
(iii) For path difference = , φ = 120c higher speed e.g., from water to air the
3 angle of refraction (between the outgoing
I = I 0 ray and the surface normal) is greater
4
than the angle of incidence (between the
incoming ray and the normal). As the
angle of incidence approaches a certain
141
threshold, called the critical angle, the atoms of valance five or three are doped in
angle of refraction approaches 90°, at which a pure semiconductor, we get respectively
the refracted ray becomes parallel to the n -type or p-type extrinsic semiconductor.
boundary surface. As the angle of incidence In case of doped semiconductor ne nh = ni2 .
increases beyond the critical angle, the Where ne and nh are the number density
conditions of refraction can no longer be of electron and hole charge carriers in a
satisfied, so there is no refracted ray, and pure semiconductor. The conductivity of
the partial reflection becomes total. For extrinsic semiconductor is much higher
visible light, the critical angle is about 49° than that of intrinsic semiconductor.
for incidence from water to air, and about Answer the following questions :
42° for incidence from common glass to air. 1. What is n -type semiconductor?
2. Do pure semiconductors obey Ohm’s
law?
3. Why do semiconductors behave as
conductors at room temperature?
o
4. Why does a semiconductor behaves as
an insulator at very low temperature?
Ans :
1. An n -type semiconductor is an intrinsic
1. What is refractive index of a medium? semiconductor doped with phosphorus
(in terms of speed of light) (P), arsenic (As), or antimony (Sb) as
2. In the above diagram, calculate the an impurity. Silicon of Group IV has
speed of light in the liquid of unknown four valence electrons and phosphorus
refractive index? of Group V has five valence electrons.
3 What is refractive index of a medium 2. Semiconductors do not obey Ohm’s
(in terms of real and apparent depth)? law because I –V characteristics is a
o curved line instead of straight line.
4 What is the relation between refractive 3. At room temperature, a few electrons
index and critical angle for a medium? in valence band acquire energy greater
than the forbidden energy gap and move
Ans : to conduction band. Hence, at room
1. Speed of light in vacuum/speed of light temperature a pure semiconductor
in medium. behaves slightly as a conductor.
2. 1.8 × 108 m/s. o
3. Real depth/Apparent depth. 4. Pure semiconductor is almost an
o insulator at low temperature because
4. n = 1/ sin ic in this condition the electrons form the
valence band cannot move towards the
35. A pure semiconductor germanium or silicon, conduction band. Hence, it is almost
free of every impurity is called intrinsic insulator.
semiconductor. At room temperature, a pure
semiconductor has very small number of
current carriers (electrons and holes). Hence
its conductivity is low. When the impurity ******
142
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CBSE Physics Class 12

Sample Paper 4 Page 1

CBSE Sample Paper 1

(a) Can never be in equilibrium.

5. A circular loop of area 0.01 m2 carrying a current of 10 A , is held perpendicular to a magnetic

6. A diamagnetic material in a magnetic field moves

14. Internal resistance of a cell of e.m.f. 12 V is 0.05 Ω . It is connected to an unknown resistance.

19. Write an expression for the momentum carried by an electromagnetic wave.

(a) Which phenomenon is responsible for proving Such case?

Sample Paper 1 Solutions

are placed at the corners of an equilateral

2. A parallel plate air capacitor is charged

4. A current-carrying loop is placed in a

8. According to the Maxwell’s displacement

14. Internal resistance of a cell of e.m.f. 12 V

20. The motion of copper plate is damped

29. (i) Describe briefly three experimentally

o The Rutherford nuclear model of the atom

less than stored initially in the single U = W = 1

and energy stored in it is given by

32. (a) State Kirchhoff’s rules for an electric

or, sin θ n = (2n + 1) λ

1. Does current flow when diode is reverse

CBSE Sample Paper 2

2. A 10 µF capacitor is charged by a battery of e.m.f. 100 V. The electrostatic energy stored in

3. A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non-uniform cross-section. Which of the

8. Which of the following radiations have the least wavelength?

31. (a) A capacitor of capacitance C is charged fully by connecting it to a battery of emf E . It is

Sample Paper 2 Solutions

20. 1. How does a diamagnetic material behave =− 13.6 ;− 3E = 10.2 eV

24. In Young’s double slit experiment, the

29. Define the term “cut off frequency” in

From equations (1) and (2) we get λ = h

A parallel Combination of two Cells is Equivalent

As the two cells are connected in parallel

33. What do you mean by wave front? Write

a sin θ = nλ ...(3) (n = 1, 2, 3, .4..) ...(4)

35. Rectifier is a device which is used for

CBSE Sample Paper 3

(a) sin θ (b) cos θ

8. The unit of ratio of magnetic field, B and electrical field, E (B/E) is

(c) 2eV (d) eV

(c) M ^N, Z h = NMn + ZM p + B2

(d) M ^N, Z h = NMn + ZM p − B2

15. The charge on plate X in the given figure

21. Write any two properties of X -rays.

23. What happens when a forward bias is applied to a p-n -junctions

1. What do you mean by semiconductor ?

Sample Paper 3 Solutions

We know that electric field due to

5. A current passing through a circular coil of

(a) eV (b) eV =− 13.6 # − 5

Ans : (c) 2eV

(a) 20 µC (b) − 20 µC 17. Assertion : When tiny circular obstacle

22. The radii of curvature of both the surfaces

Focal length of lens, 1 = (n − 1) b 1 + 1 l

3. Electric field Electric field is

Hence, Capacitance of the capacitor in the

where, XXl = reflecting surface

1. What do you mean by semiconductor ?

CBSE Sample Paper 4

(a) zero (b) Bωl 2

(c) 1 Bωl 2 (d) 1 Bωl 2

9. If a wire of length 2 m is moving with a velocity of 1 m -s-1 perpendicular to a magnetic field of