MY CHEMISTRY 1 MODULE SDS : SK015

CHAPTER 2

ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
Prepared by:

Suryati bt Rasdi
Noor Wahyuni bt Nadzri
Saiful Bahrin bin Hassan
Nurul Hidayah bt Kamardin
Ruziana bt Abdullah

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JK Bahan PdPc Tutorial Sesi 2021/ 2022, Unit Kimia, KMPh

MY CHEMISTRY 1 MODULE SDS: SK015

2.0: ATOMIC STRUCTURE

2.1: BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

(f) Calculate energy change of an electron during transition.

1 1
∆E= RH ( 2 - 2 ) where RH = 2.18 x 10-18 J
ni nf
(g) Calculate the photon of energy emitted by an electron that produces a particular
wavelength during transition.
c
∆E = hv, v =
λ
(h) Perform calculations involving the Rydberg equation.
1 1 1
= RH ( 2 - 2 ) where RH = 1.097 x 107 m-1
λ n1 n2
(i) Calculate the ionization energy of hydrogen atom from Lyman series.

(2)
Formation of line
spectrum &
(1) explanation of energy (3)
Four Postulates level diagram Calculate energy of
(Theories) of Bohr’s
electron, wavelength
atomic model
& frequency using
Rydberg equation

2.1
BOHR’S ATOMIC
MODEL

(5) (4)
Weakness of Bohr’s Calculate ionization
atomic model energy of electron

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SUMMARY OF BOHR’S ATOMIC POSTULATES

Bohr’s Atomic Postulates Summary Formula

1 Electron moves in circular No energy is absorbed or released when

-
orbits around the nucleus. electron moves around the nucleus
2 The energy of an electron in Electron moving at each energy level can 1 Rydberg constant, RH =
a hydrogen atom is only has specific amount of energy E𝑛 = −RH ( 2 ) RH = 2.18 x 10-18 J
quantized. n
3 If energy is supplied, Rydberg constant,
1 1
electron absorbs the energy ∆E= RH ( 2 - 2 ) RH = 2.18 x 10-18 J
and is promoted from a ni nf
lower energy level to a
higher energy level.

4 1 1 Rydberg constant,
Electron at its excited state is ∆E= RH ( 2 - 2 ) RH = 2.18 x 10-18 J
unstable. It will fall back to ni nf
lower energy level and c
∆E = hv hc
releases a specific amount of v= ∆E =
energy (photon) in the form λ λ
of light. Planck's constant, h =6.6256 x 10-34 Js
Speed of light in a vacuum, c =3.0 x 108 m s-1
1 1 1
= RH ( 2 - 2 ) n1 < n2
λ n1 n2 Rydberg constant,
RH = 1.097 x 107 m-1
Through the formation of line spectrum, where…
frequency and wavelength can be  = frequency
calculated λ = wavelength
Relationship between energy during transition, ∆E, wavelength, λ and As ∆E increase, frequency also increase, while
frequency,  wavelength become shorter.

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FORMATION OF LINE SPECTRUM FOR HYDROGEN ATOM

Line Spectrum Electron Transition in the Bohr Model

1) Line spectrum consist of discrete line
with specific wavelength.
2) Only certain energies are allowed for
electron transition in the hydrogen atom
(quantized).
3) When electron falls, it emits energy in the
form of light, and produce discrete line in
the line spectrum.
for Hydrogen Atom
1) This explains how a line spectrum is
produced.
2) Electrons absorb energy and excited to
higher energy level.
3) At excited state, electrons are unstable,
and falls back to lower energy level.
This form series of line spectrum
depending on where the electrons fall.

Energy level diagram for a hydrogen atom

This diagram shows five series of hydrogen

spectrum on the line spectrum, which occur
on various wavelength & region.

Lyman series
∆E increase, frequency increase,
wavelength decrease n=5
n=4
n=3
n=2
The first line, has the lowest energy,
lowest frequency and the longest
wavelength.
n=1
The last line (4th line), has the highest 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
energy, highest frequency and the shortest
wavelength.

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

1
∆E α v α
λ
n=2 n=3 n=4 n=5
to to to to
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1

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ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM OF BOHR'S ATOMIC MODEL

Energy increases

ni = 6,7,8 …… to nf =5

ni = 5,6,7 …… to nf =4

1st 2nd 3rd 4th Paschen series

line line line line
ni = 4,5,6 …… to nf =3

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

line line line line Balmer series
ni = 3,4,5 …… to nf =2

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Lyman series
line line line line ni = 2,3,4 …… to nf =1

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FIVE SERIES OF HYDROGEN SPECTRUM

Series How the series is produced on the line spectrum Spectrum region
Lyman n=1 Ultraviolet
Produced when electrons
Balmer n=2 Visible
fall from higher energy
Paschen n=3 Infrared
level to:
Brackett n=4 Infrared
Pfund n=5 Infrared

EXAMPLE 1

The line spectrum of hydrogen atom in the visible region is observed as below:

A B C D
Draw the electron transition corresponding to the above line spectrum, and label all the lines
produced.

HINT: Balmer series is observed in the visible region.

Solution
Energy

n=6
n=5

n=4

n=3

n=2
A B C D

n=1

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EXAMPLE 2

(a) Illustrate how the first, second and third line of Paschen series is produced.
(b) Show how the lines are observed on the line spectrum.

Solution

(a) HINT: Include ground

Energy state when drawing
electron transition

n=6

n=5

n=4

n=3
st nd rd
1 line 2 line 3 line

n=2

n=1

Electrons fall from n = 4, n = 5 and n = 6 to n = 3 to form first, second and third line
respectively.

(b)

1st line 2nd line 3rd line

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EXAMPLE 3

Explain the formation of Balmer series.

Solution

Electrons absorb energy and excited to higher energy level. At excited state, electrons are
unstable and falls to n = 2. When electrons fall, they emit energy in the form of light, and
produced discrete lines on the line spectrum.

PRACTICE QUESTION 1

Describe Bohr’s atomic postulates.

Answer

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PRACTICE QUESTION 2

The line spectrum below shows the Lyman series of hydrogen emission spectrum

(a) Explain why the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom is a line spectrum.
(b) Explain why each successive line becomes closer to the previous one

Answer

PRACTICE QUESTION 3
(a) Illustrate how the first, second and third line of Brackett series is produced.
(b) Show how the lines are observed on the line spectrum.

Answer

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EXAMPLE 4

For a second line in the Balmer series of the hydrogen spectrum, calculate:
(a) the wavelength (in nm).
(b) the frequency.
(c) the energy.

HINT: second line of Balmer series is produced when electron falls from n = 4 to n = 2

2nd 1st
line line

Energy Two lines above n=2

n=4
n=3
n=2

n=1

Solution

1 1 1
(a) = RH ( 2 - 2 ), n1 < n2
λ n1 n2

1 1
= 1.097 x 107 m-1 ( 2-
)
2 42 Conversion note:
1 m = 1x109 nm
Λ = 4.86 x 10-7 m = 486 nm
c
(b) λ =
v
-7 3.0 x 108 ms-1
4.86 x 10 m =
v

v = 6.17 x 1014 s-1

(c) ∆E = hv
= (6.6256 x 10-34 Js)(6.17 x 1014 s-1 )
= 4.09 x 10-19 J released or – 4.09 x 10-19 J

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EXAMPLE 5

A photon of light with a wavelength of 2166 nm is produced in the Brackett series when an
electron makes a transition from higher energy level to lower energy level. Calculate:
(a) Calculate the energy released (in J).
(b) Indicate the transition of electron.

HINT: Brackett series is produced when electron falls to n = 4.

Solution

hc
(a) ∆E =
λ

(6.6256 x 10-34 Js)(3.0 x 108 ms-1 )

=
2166 x 10-9 m

= 9.177 x 10-20 J released or – 9.177 x 10-20 J

1 1
(b) ∆E = RH ( 2
- 2)
ni nf
1 1
- 9.177 x 10-20 J = 2.18 x 10-18 J ( - )
x2 42

x=7

OR

1 1 1
= RH ( 2 - 2 ) , n1 < n2
λ n1 n2

1 1 1
-9 = 1.097 x 107 m-1 ( 2-
)
2166 x 10 m 4 x2

1
= 48.96
x2

x=7

Electron falls from n = 7 to n = 4

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EXAMPLE 6

The line spectrum of hydrogen atom in the ultraviolet region is observed as below:

A B C D E

(a) Calculate energy of electron at ground state.

(b) Calculate energy of electron transition that corresponds to line C.
(c) Identify the line with the shortest wavelength.
(d) Identify the line with the lowest frequency.

HINT: Lyman series is observed in ultraviolet region.

Solution

1
(a) En = - RH ( 2 )
n

1
E1 = -2.18 x 10-18 J ( 2 )
1

= -2.18 x 10-18 J

1 1
(b) ∆E = RH ( - )
ni 2 nf 2

1 1
= -2.18 x 10-18 J ( 2-
)
4 12

= - 2.04 x 10-18 J

(c) E

(d) A

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PRACTICE QUESTION 4

An electron of a hydrogen atom is excited to the energy level n= 5 and falls back to a lower energy
level forming the Paschen series. Calculate:
(a) the energy of the electron at excited state.
(b) the energy emitted as a result of the transition.
(c) wavelength of the photon.

Answer

a) E5= -8.72x10-20J b) ΔE= -1.55 x10-19J c) λ = 1.284 x 10-6m

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PRACTICE QUESTION 5

The line spectrum below was observed in the visible region:

K L M

(a) Describe the transition of electron that produce line K and L

(b) Calculate the energy released and frequency when line K is formed
(c) Calculate the wavelength and wave number frequency of line L
(d) Identify the line with:
(i) The longest wavelength
(ii) The highest frequency

Answer

1
(b) ∆E =-4.84 x 10-20 J , v = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟎 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟑 s-1 (c) λ = 4.34 x 10-7 m, λ = 2.30 x106 m-1

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PRACTICE QUESTION 6

When an electron makes a transition from a higher energy level to lower energy level, to form
the second line of Brackett series. Calculate:
(a) The energy of electron at ground state
(b) The wavelength of the photon.
(c) The wave number
(d) The energy emitted by 1 mole electrons for the above transitions.

Answer

(a) E1 = - 2.18 x 10-18 𝐉 (b) λ = 2.62 x 10-6 m (c) 3.81 x 105 m-1 (d) ∆E = - 45.57 kJ mol-1

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PRACTICE QUESTION 7

The wavelength of red and green line in the line spectrum are 656.3nm dan 486.3nm respectively.
(a) Find the transition (value of n initial & n final) which result in the formation of red line and
green line.
(b) Draw the electron transition on energy level diagram.
(c) Calculate the energy released when the green line is formed

HINT: red line and green line are observed in the visible region (Balmer series).

Answer

(c) ∆E =-4.09 x 10-19 J

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PRACTICE QUESTION 8

The line spectrum above is a part of the emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom in the Paschen
series.

A B C D E F

(a) Calculate the energy emitted to produce line A.

(b) Calculate the wave number for line C.
(c) Describe the transition of electron that gives rise to line D.
(d) Determine the line that corresponds to electron with:
(i) The highest energy.
(ii) The lowest frequency.
(iii) The longest wavelength.

Answer

(a) ∆E =-1.06 x 10-19 J (b) λ = 9.14 x 105 m-1

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IONIZATION ENERGY OF HYDROGEN ATOM

Definition
• Ionization energy is the
minimum energy
required to remove one
mole of electron from
one mole of gaseous
atom or ion.
Calculation
1 1
• Using: ∆E = R H (n 2 - n 2)
i f
• Removing an electron from a
hydrogen atom in its ground state
corresponds to taking the electron
from n initial = 1 and n final = ꝏ

CONVERGENCE LIMIT

In a Lyman series, as the energy difference increase, the wavelength

becomes shorter, therefore the lines converge (become closer to one
another).

When only a single line is formed in the end, it means the electron is
completely free from the nucleus. The electron is said to be ionized.

The value of n at this point is ꝏ, and we can calculate the value of

ionization energy.

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EXAMPLE 7

Calculate the energy required to remove one mole of electron from one mole of hydrogen atom
in its ground state.

HINT: ninitial =1 & nfinal = ∞.

Solution

For one electron:

1 1
∆E = RH ( 2
- 2 )
ni nf

1 1
= 2.18 x 10-18 J ( 2- )
1 ∞2

1
= 2.18 x 10-18 J ( - 0)
12
= 2.18 x 10-18 J

For one mole of electron;

IE = energy of an electron x NA

= 2.18 x 10-18 J x 6.02 x 1023 mol-1

= 1312 360 J mol-1

= 1.31 x 103 kJ mol-1

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PRACTICE QUESTION 9
By using the Lyman series, calculate:
(a) the ionization energy of hydrogen atom in kJ mol-1.
(b) the frequency.
(c) the wavelength of electron transition.

Answer

(a) IE = = 1.31 x 103 kJ mol-1 (b) v= 3.29 x 1015 s-1 (c) λ=9.12 x 10-8 m

PRACTICE QUESTION 10
Lyman series is formed when electron makes a transition to n = 1. Explain why each successive
line becomes closer to the previous one until the lines form a continuum.

Answer

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LIMITATION OF BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL

Can only explain the hydrogen spectrum

or any spectrum of ions that contain only
one electron such as He+ and Li2+.

Electrons are restricted to orbit of the

nucleus at certain fixed distance.
WEAKNESSES OF
BOHR’S ATOMIC
It cannot explain the dual nature of
MODEL
electrons.

It cannot explain for the extra lines

formed in the hydrogen spectrum.

DUAL NATURE OF ELECTRON USING DE BROGLIE’S POSTULATE AND

HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

De Broglie’s postulate Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle

In 1924, Louis de Broglie stated that particles It is impossible to know simultaneously both
such as electrons possesses dual nature, which the momentum, p and the position, x of a
are both the wave and particles properties. moving particles with certainty.
h
∆x.∆mv ≥
The relationship of waves energy and matter 4π
is represented by Einstein equation:
Δx = uncertainty in position
E = mc2 Δmv = uncertainty in momentum
H = Planck’s constant
m = mass of particles
And the radiation energy is:
v = velocity of moving particles
E = hv

Combination of the two equations: We can only calculate the probability of

hv = mc2 finding an electron in a certain position at
hc certain time.
= mc2
λ
h This violates Bohr’s first postulate which
λ= states that electron moves around the nucleus
mc
at certain distance.
h λ = wavelength of moving particles
λ= h = Planck’s constant The region in space within which there is a
mv
m = mass of particles high probability of finding electron in an atom
v = velocity of moving particles or molecule is known as an orbital.
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2.0: ATOMIC STRUCTURE

2.2: QUANTUM MECHANICS
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
(b) Explain all four quantum numbers of an electron in an orbital:
(i) Principal quantum number, n
(ii) Angular momentum quantum number, l
(iii) Magnetic quantum number, m
(iv) Electron spin quantum number, s
(c) Sketch the 3-D shapes of s, p and d orbitals.
R

Principal quantum number,

n
Definition of an orbital
Angular momentum
quantum number, l
2.2 QUANTUM
Four quantum numbers:
MECHANICS
Magnetic quantum number,
m
3-D shapes of s, p and d
orbitals
Electron spin quantum
number, s

ORBITAL
Three-dimensional region in space around the nucleus where there is high probability to find
an electron.
QUANTUM NUMBERS
The quantum mechanical model of the atom is a mathematical model which predicts the
probability of electron location and paths in electron clouds.

Principal 1. The principal quantum number (n) is related to the size and energy of the
quantum orbital.
number (n) 2. The principal quantum number is positive integer (1, 2, 3, and onwards).
3. As n increases, the orbital becomes larger and the electron spends more
time farther from the nucleus.

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Angular 1. The angular momentum quantum number (l) indicates the shape of the
momentum orbitals, type of orbitals and angular momentum of the electron.
quantum 2. The values of l depend on the value of the principle quantum number, n.
number (l) 3. For a given value of n, l has possible integral values from 0 to (n – 1).
4. The value of l is generally designated by the letter s,p,d,f.
Alternative
name: Numerical Type of Shape of orbital
Subsidiary / value of l subshells
Azimuthal/ (Letter used)
Orbital
Quantum
Number 0 s

Spherical

1 p

Dumb-bell

2 d

Cloverleaf
3 f (complex shape)

Magnetic 1. The magnetic quantum number (m) describes the orientation of the
quantum orbital in space. The number of m values indicates the number of
number (m) orbitals in a subshell.
2. The magnetic quantum number (m) is an integer from -l, …,0, …, +l

Numerical Type of Magnetic quantum Number of

value of l subshells number (m) Orbitals
0 s 0 1
1 p -1, 0, +1 3
2 d -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5

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Electron spin 1. The value of s determines the direction of spinning motions of an

quantum electron (either clockwise or anti clockwise) which is spinning on its
number (s) own axes, as earth does.
2. S can have only two values. These turn out to be + ½ and – ½.

The direction of spinning motion of electron

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN n, l, m AND s

QUANTUM NUMBERS

n
1,2,3…. ∞ 1
(size of orbital,
energy of electron
of orbital)
0
l
s
0 to n-1
(shape and type of
orbital)

0
m
2l + 1 orientation -
1…0…+1
(each m value
represents 1
orbital)
1 1
s + −
2 2
spinning motion
1 1
(+ 𝑜𝑟 − )
2 2

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN n, l, m AND s

QUANTUM NUMBERS

n 2
1,2,3…. ∞
(size of orbital,
energy of electron of
orbital)

0 1
l
s p
0 to n-1
(shape and type of
orbital)

m
2l + 1 orientation - 0 -1 0 +1
1…0…+1
(each m value
represents 1 orbital)

s
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
spinning motion + − + − + − + −
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(+ 𝑜𝑟 − )
2 2

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN n, l, m AND s

QUANTUM NUMBERS

n
1,2,3…. ∞
(size of orbital,
3
energy of
electron of
orbital)

l 0 1 2
0 to n-1 s p d
(shape and
type of orbital)

m
2l + 1
orientation - 0 -1 0 +1 -2 -1 0 +1 +2
1…0…+1
(each m value
represents 1
orbital)

s 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
spinning + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + −
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
motion
1 1
(+ 𝑜𝑟 − )
2 2

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Angular
Principle Electron Number of Number of
Momentum Magnetic
Quantum Orbital spin orbitals in electrons in
Quantum Quantum
Number, notation quantum subshell the shell
Number, l Number, m
n (shell) number, s (2l+1) (2n2)
(subshell)

1 +½
0 1s 0 1 2
-½

0 +½
2s 0 1
-½
2
+½ 8
1 2p +1,0,-1 3
-½

+½
0 3s 0 1
-½

+½
1 3p +1,0,-1 3
-½
3 18
+2,+1,0,-1,- +½
2 3d 5
2 -½

+½
0 4s 0 1
-½

+½
1 4p +1,0,-1 3
-½

4 +2,+1,0,-1,- +½ 32
2 4d 5
2 -½

+3,+2,+1,0,- +½
3 4f 7
1,-2,+3 -½

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EXAMPLE 8
Write the corresponding values of n and l for each of the following orbital designations.

Orbital n l
1s
2p
3p
3d
Solution

Orbital n l
1s 1 0
2p 2 1
3p 3 1
3d 3 2

EXAMPLE 9

For each of the quantum numbers given below, state the orbitals and maximum number of
electrons that can occupy each orbital.

(a) n=6, l=0

(b) n=4, l=2
(c) n=5, l=1

Solution

(a) 6s; max electrons: 2

(b) 4d; max electrons: 10
(c) 5p; max electrons: 6

EXAMPLE 10

What is the maximum number of electrons in an atom that can have the following quantum
numbers?

(a) n=3 l=1 m = -1

(b) n=3 l=0 m = 0 s = -½

Solution
(a) 2 electrons
(b) 1 electron

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EXAMPLE 11

Determine whether the following sets of quantum numbers are allowed in an atom. If not allowed,
explain your answer.

(a) n=2 l=2 m = +1 s = -½

(b) n=3 l=0 m = -1 s = +½
(c) n=1 l=0 m=0 s = +½
(d) n=2 l=1 m = +1 s=0

Solution

(a) Not allowed.

When n = 2, the possible values of l is 0 and 1. Thus, l = 2 is not allowed.
(b) Not allowed.
When l = 0, the possible values of m is 0. Thus, m = -1 is not allowed.
(c) Allowed
(d) Not allowed.
The possible value of s is +½ or -½. Thus, s = 0 is not allowed.

PRACTICE QUESTION 11

Find one set of possible quantum numbers for an electron in 3s, 4p and 3d orbitals.

Answer

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PRACTICE QUESTION 12

For each set of the quantum numbers given below,

Set n l
I 2 0
II 3 2
III 5 1

(a) Identify the orbitals.

(b) Predict the maximum number of electrons that can occupy each orbital.

Answer

PRACTICE QUESTION 13

Determine which of the following orbitals are allowed?

(a) 2d (b) 7s (c) 3f (d) 4p

Answer

PRACTICE QUESTION 14

Determine which of the following quantum numbers are not allowed? Explain your answer.
(a) (1, 1, 0, +½) (b) (3, 1, -2, +½)
(c) (2, 1, 0, +½) (d) (2, 0, 0, +1)

Answer

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PRACTICE QUESTION 15
Consider the relationship among the quantum numbers and orbitals, subshells and shells to answer
the following questions.

(a) How many orbitals are there in the 5p subshell?

(b) Determine the total number of orbitals in the n=4?
(c) Determine subshell of the hydrogen atom that consists of 7 orbitals?

Answer

PRACTICE QUESTION 16

Determine the similarities and the differences between:

(a) 2s orbital and 3s orbital?
(b) 3s orbital and 3p orbital in an atom?

Answer

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3-D SHAPES OF s, p AND d ORBITALS

Type of
Shape of orbitals
orbitals

s orbital

spherical
shape

p orbital

dumbbell
shape

px py pz

d orbital

cloverleaf
shape
dxy dyz dxz d x2 − y 2 d z2

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EXAMPLE 12

Draw the shape of the following orbitals:

(a) 1s (b) 2s (c) 3py

Solution

(a) (b) (c)

3py

PRACTICE QUESTION 17

Draw the shape of the following orbitals:

(a) 3dxy (b) 4px (c) 4d x 2 − y 2

Answer

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2.0: ATOMIC STRUCTURE

2.3 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
(b) Predict the electronic configuration of atoms or monatomic ions using spdf notation and
orbital diagram.
(c) Justify the anomalous electronic configurations of copper and chromium.

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
❖ Explain how electrons are filled in the orbital
❖ Represent the arrangement of electrons distributed among the orbital.

Represent using two methods:

Orbital diagram
spdf notation Example :

9 F:9 F:
Example:
1s 1s 2s 2s 2p2p
: 1s22s22p5 or
9F

9 F:
9 F:

1s 1s 2s 2s 2p2p

PRINCIPLE & RULES APPLIED

Aufbau Principle Pauli’s Exclusion Principle Hund’s Rule

Electrons are arranged in its
atomic orbitals in order of
increasing energy.
The orbitals of lower energy
are filled in first with the
electrons and only then the
orbitals of high energy are
filled.
No two electrons in an
atom can have the same
four quantum numbers.
Electrons in a given orbital
must have the same values
of n, l and m but they must
have different values of s.
Only two values of s are
possible, + ½ and – ½.
When electrons are added
to the orbital of equivalent
energy (degenerate
orbitals), each orbital are
filled singly with electron of
the same spin first before it
is paired.

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General procedure for writing electronic configuration

STEP1 Determining the proton number of element

Example:

4Be ; p=4
3+
13Al ; p=13
-
17Cl ; p=17

STEP2 Determine the number of electron

Example:

4Be ; e=4
3+
13Al ; e=10
-
17Cl ; e=18

STEP 3 Arrange electrons in the order of increasing energy according to the Aufbau Principle.

ORBITAL DIAGRAM spdf NOTATION

8O: 8O: 1s22s22p4

The electrons are arranged in its atomic orbitals in order of increasing energy.
The increasing order of energy are as 1s < 2s <2p

STEP 4 Apply the Pauli Exclusion Principle to assign electrons in an orbital.

No two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers.

1 1
1s = (1,0,0,+ 2) and (1,0,0,− 2)
1 1
2s = (2,0,0,+ 2) and (2,0,0,− 2)

STEP 5 For degenerate orbitals apply the Hund's Rule.

For degenerate orbitals of 2p, electron is filled singly with electron of the same spin
before it is paired.

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EXAMPLE 13

Write the electronic configurations for beryllium atom and its ion using both the spdf notation
and an orbital diagram. Beryllium (Z=4)

Solution

Beryllium atom:

spdf notation: Orbital diagram:

4Be: 1s22s2 4Be:

or
1s 2s 1s 2s
Beryllium ion:

spdf notation: Orbital diagram:

2+
4Be : 1s2 2+ or
4Be :
1s 1s

EXAMPLE 14

Write the electronic configurations for sulphur atom and sulphide ion using both the spdf
notation and an orbital diagram. Sulphur (Z=16)

Solution

Sulphur atom:
spdf notation: Orbital diagram:

16S: 1s22s22p63s23p4 16S:

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

Sulphide ion:
2-
spdf notation: 16S :
2- 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
16S : 1s22s22p63s23p6

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EXAMPLE 15

Write the electronic configurations for titanium atom and its ion (Ti2+) using both the spdf
notation and an orbital diagram. Titanium (Z=22)

Solution

Titanium atom:
spdf notation: Orbital diagram:

22Ti: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d2 22Ti:

1s 2s 2p 3s

3p 4s 3d

Titanium ion:
2+
spdf notation: 22Ti :

2+ 1s 2s 2p 3s
22Ti : 1s22s22p63s23p63d2

3p 3d

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PRACTICE QUESTION 18

Write the electronic configuration for the following atoms/ions using

(a) spdf notation and
(b) orbital diagram

i. Na ii. Mg2+ iii. N3-

Answer
(b) An atom of element X is 19.6 times heavier than one carbon-12 atom.
What is the relative atomic mass of X?

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PRACTICE QUESTION 19

Given the set of quantum numbers for the highest energy electron in atom Y:
1
(4,1,0,+ 2)

(a) Write the electronic configuration of Y.

(b) Predict is the most stable ion of Y? Write its electronic configuration

Answer

PRACTICE QUESTION 20

The valance electron of an element X has the orbital diagram of,

(a) Write the set of four quantum numbers to describe the electron in its orbital.
(b) What is the electronic configuration of X if this were the electron with the
highest energy?
Answer

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PRACTICE QUESTION 21

(a) Explain how the Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule and Pauli’s exclusion principle is used in
the placement of electrons in the element 8X at ground state.

(b) Suggest an oxidation number of a stable ion of this element. Write its electronic
configuration.

Answer

PRACTICE QUESTION 22

The following sets of quantum numbers represent the 3 outermost electrons of element S at
ground state.
1
n= 3 l=2 m= 0 s= + 2
1
n= 4 l=0 m= 0 s= + 2
1
n= 4 l=0 m= 0 s= + 2

a) Write the spdf notation for element S.

b) Predict the oxidation number of element S.

Answer

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THE ANOMALOUS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF COPPER, Cu AND

CHROMIUM, Cr.
(EXCEPTION TO THE AUFBAU PRINCIPLE)

Cr and Cu have electronic configurations which are inconsistent with the Aufbau principle. The
electronic configurations of these two elements are shown below:

Element Chromium (Z = 24)

Expected electronic
24Cr: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d4
configuration
Actual electronic
24Cr: 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5
configuration
- One electron from 4s moved to 3d orbital in order to have a half-
Explanation filled orbital arrangement.
- Half-filled 3d orbital is more stable than partially-filled 3d orbital.

Element Copper (Z = 29)

Expected electronic
29Cu: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9
configuration
Actual electronic 29Cu: 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10
configuration
- One electron from 4s moved to 3d orbital in order to have a fully-
Explanation filled orbital arrangement.
- Fully-filled 3d orbital is more stable than partially filled 3d orbital.

EXAMPLE 16

Write the spdf notation of copper with 29 electrons. Write the expected and actual configuration,
and explain the reason.

Answer

Expected: 29Cu: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9

2 2 6 2 6 1 10
Actual: 29Cu: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

- One electron from 4s moved to 3d orbital in order to have a fully-filled orbital arrangement.
- Fully-filled 3d orbital is more stable than partially filled 3d orbital

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PRACTICE QUESTION 23

Given that the proton number of element Y is 24.

(a) Write the electronic configuration for the valence electrons of element Y. Explain
anomaly for this configuration
(b) Write a set of quantum numbers for the valence electron in s orbital of element Y.

Answer

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