chapter

EER

Motlon
 Motion
+

|From an electron to galaxies, everything in the universe is in ä

Continuousstate of motion. For example electrons turn around
the nucleus of atoms. planets revoive around the Sun. The sun,
rotates together with the Milky way galaxy.
On the earth, all living things move to Survive: Plant's leaves
turn towards the Sun. Animals move to nd food.
Day and night occurbecause of the motion of the Earth around
its axis. Everything on the earth is in motion together with it.
So we can say that we live in a world full of motion.
In this chapter we wil learn the meaning of motion. speed and
other terms related with it.

3.1 WHAT IS MOTION?

Suppose that you are in a train. How can you decide if the train is moving, or
waiting at the station? Can you say that the train is moving by just looking at
the passengers inside the train?

1if4

To make a decision about the train's motion, you must ook outside the
window. If the buildings, trees and electric lines appear to move past, you
know that they are not moving, you and the train are moving.
An object is in motion if its place changes with respect to a xed point which
Figure 3.1 Living things move to we call the reference point. The reference point can be any stationary point
survive. such as that on a tree, a building, a bridge, an electric pylon etc.

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 a) What is position? There b a dog away from the tree, but where?
Read the sentences below and look at the picture in Figure 3.2.
B There is a dog on the hill.
B There is a dog on the hill near the tree.
B There is a dog on the hill 50 metres away from the tree.
B There is a dog on the hill 50 metres away from the tree, due east.
Which sentence describes the location of the dog the best?
The distance of an object to a reference point in a
stated direction gives the position of the object.
Position is a vector quantity which has both direction
and magnitude. Therefore the last sentence gives the
necessary information about the location of the dog.
Figure 3.2
The position is shown as a vector in the drawing below.
The dogs 50 m away from the tree due east.

west +east
-magnitude-
startina direction
point

The arrow on the letter x shows that it is vector. When

we talk about magnitude, we don't use arrows.
We can show the position of the dog with a vector as
shown in the gure on the right.

b) What is displacement? Figure 3.3

The change in position of an object is called
displacement. Displacement is also a vector quantity.
We can nd the displacement of an object by
subtracting the initial position from the nal position:

Displacement = Final position – Initial position

Ax = Xinalnitial Here, "A" means change.

If the dog moves away from the tree due east and its
nal position is now 87 m, what will its displacement be?

The dog's initial position was 50 m it's, nal position is

Figure 3.4
87 m due east;
Showing the dog's position using a vector.
X nal= 7 m; xnikal = 50 m
Ax = Xinal - Xnitial Ar initalposition
Ax nalposition
Ax = 87- 50 = 37 m
direction
The dog's displacement is 37 m due east. This is dispacement
shown in the gure to the right. Ar= Ax-Ax,

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Motion
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 W- To make clear the concept, let's think about the following example: A
250 m postman walks around a building, as shown in the gure to deliver the mail.
What is the distance travelled by the postman and what is his displacement?

The postman travels 150 m to the north, 250 m to the east and 150 m to
the south. In total he travels 150 + 250 + 150 = 550 m but his
displacement is different: It is the change in his initial and nal positions.
His nal position is 250 m due east. If we take the initial position to be 0,
the displacement of the postman is:

Ax = Xinalinitial
Post of ce Market Ax = 250–0 = 250 m

Figure 3.5

A boy with a dog crosses a street. The width

of the street is 25 m. The boy goes on a
straight path, but the dog follows a curved
path. At the end their displacements will be
the sarme, but the distances travelled by the
boy and dog will not be the same!

25 metre
displacement

Example 3.1 Finding distance and displacement

A girl travels 5 m due right and then returns and travels7 m. What is the
initia! position
distance moved and the displacement of this motion? nal position x
Solution Calculation
The boy moves 5 m due to the right and 7 m to First, it is better to -2 m -1 m 0 1m 2m 3m 4m 5m
the left. The distarnce taken by the girl is: sketch a diagram as
Ktotal Xty=5+7=12 m shown on the right.
AR=%,+
Let's take displacerment to the right to be positive Ax=5 + (-7)
and that towards the left to be negative. Ax shows Ax=-2 mn
the change in position. Although the girl moves 12 m, her displacement is -2m.

Exercise (3.1) Finding distance and displacement

A ball is released from a height of 5 m, bounces from the oor and is caught at a height of 2 m from the oor. Find
the distance covered by the ball and its displacement.
Ans : Distance covered, x=7 m; displacement, Ax=3m with respect to the ground

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 Example 3.2 Finding displacement,
Look at the gure below. a) State the positions of the students and draw their position vectors.
b) After a while they all move to point C, what will their nal positions be? What will their nal displacements be?

Kirm
Wmad

Davtd

-x
50 -30 20 -10
E
J0 20 30
D
40

Solution
a) Kim's initial position is – 50 m, that of David is -30 m, and that of Ahmad is + 40 m. Their position vectors are
as follows:
Kim Dauid Ahmad

-x
A
B D
+x(m)
50 40 -30 -20 20 30 40
Kim's initial pasition

Ahmad's initial
David's initial position
position

b) The students meet at the point C. Their nal position is +10 m.

B
-4-50 40 30 20 -I0 10 20 30 40 50
+an)
Sudents fnal postlon

Kim moves from point A to point C, his displacement is; AKim X- X = +10-(-50) =+60 m

David moves from point B to point C, his displacement is;Apasid X-X =+10- (-30) =+40 m

Ahmad moves from point D to point C, his displacementis;AAbmad -X = +10-(+40) =-30 m

R
C D
+x(m)
50 40 -30 -20 -o jo 20 40
Axxm

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Motion
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 c) What is Speed?
We usually classify motion as either fast or slow. When we travel, we prefer safe
and fast vehicles to travel long distances in a short time. For example a car is
a fast vehicle but a plane is faster than a car. The measure of how fast an
object moves is called speed. All moving things cover different distances
during their motion depending on their speeds. For example a car can cover
90 km in one hour but an aeroplane can y 900 km in the same duration.
Study the diagram below, which two quantities should we know to calculate
the speed of an object?

Ax
Figure 3.7

We can de ne speed as the distance travelled in unit time. If we know the

distance travelled and the time taken during the motion, we can nd the
speed. The speed is calculated by dividing the distance travelled by the time
taken. We can state it as in an equation;

Distance travelled Ax
Speed = in symbols V=
Time taken

If the baby takes
20 cm in 1 s, his
speed is 20 cm/s.
Figure 3.8
where v represents speed, x represents distance and t represents time.
In scienti c measurements the distance is measured in metres(m) and the
time in seconds(s), so the unit of speed is metres per second(m/s). For
example a baby crawling on the ground a distance of 20 cm in 1 second, has
a speed of 20 cm/s see the Figure 3.8.
If we measure the distance in kilormeters (km) and the time in hours (h) then
the unit of speed is kilometres per hour (km/h). For example a man riding a
bicycle a distance of 12 km in 1 hour has a speed of 12 kmh (12 km per hour.
Here the slash () is read as "per").

distance travelled in a unit of time

12 km
Vbicycle l2 km/h
1h
unit of time

If the man rides at a constant speed of 12 kmh, he travels 24 kilometresin two hours.

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 1) Average speed
Study the diagram below, what can you say about the speed of car during the
motion? Is it the same everywhere?

10
kmh
60km/h
90 kmh
120 km/h

L
Figure 3.9

A car on a highway cannot go with the sarme speed every time. On at roads
it can go very fast but slows down when climbing uphill. A car rarely moves at
a constant speed. Due to this reason, we usually prefer to use the average
speed of objects. Average speed is calculated by dividing the total distance
travelled by the total time taken. We can state it as an equation;

Total distance
Average speed =
Total time
in symbols averacetotal
At total

Figure 3.10 In marathons competitors

Lets' say a car moves 210 km during the rst 3 hours and 220 km during the run with varying speeds, therefore we
next 2 hours. The average speed of the car is calculated as follows: talk about their average speeds.

3 h 2h

210 km 220 km

Figure 3.11 Racing cars on the

track cannot move with the same
Total distance = 210 km + 220 km = 430 km
speed every instant.
Total time =3h+2 h 5h
Averagespeed = Total distance/ Total time = 430 km/5 h
= 86 kmh
The car's average speed is 86 km per hour. It takes 86 km in
one hour on average.

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 t=*
We can derive other equations from the
speed formula to calculate distance and
tirne. Look how this is done in the gures.

X=v.t

Example 3.3 Finding distance covered

A ship moves with a speed of 5 m/s for half an hour. Calculate the distance
covered by the ship in metres and in kilometres.
Solution Calculation
What is asked in the question? X= v t WAASA

The distance covered by the ship, x=? x=5X 1800

What is the information given? X= 9000m
Speed, v= 5 m/s; time, t= 10 min. x=9 km
What is the equation needed to solve the problem?
X=V*t
distance= speed x time

UExercise (3.3) Finding time taken

An athlete runs 3 km at a speed of 5 m/s. Calculate the time taken by the athlete in min.
Ans : 10min

LExample3.4 Finding speed

In a race, a runner covers a distance of 1200 m with an average speed of 4 m/s.
How long does it take to run this distance?
Solution Calculation
What is asked in the question? t=x/v
The time to run the distance, t=? t= 1200/4
What is the information given?
t= 300m/s
Distance, x=1200 m, v,= 4 m/s The runner completes
1200 m in 300 s seconds.
What is the equation needed to solve the problem?
X
t= time = distance /speed
V

Exercise (3.4) Finding speed

A train travels 4 hours and covers 380 km during it's motion. Calculate its speed.
Ans: 95kmh

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 The speed of objects don't detail everything about their motion. It is also
important to know the objects' direction of motion together with it's speed. If
you know the direction of a storm, you can decide better whether you must
take it's dangers into consideration or not. It may not even be directed towards
your neighbourhood.
When we talk about direction and speed of motion, we use the term
velocity. The speed of an object may be the same in different
west east locations but its direction can change, this causes its velocity to
change. In short, velocity is the speed in a given direction, look at the
60 knlh 60 km/h Figure 3.13. We represent the magnitude of velocity with the letter v,
when we represent both direction and magnitude as velocity we add
an arrow over the letter, u. When we write down the speed, we don't
Figure 3.13 The cars have the same speed
but their velocities are different. What are
use an arrow: For example v=8 m/s. Study the gures below and
their velocities? state the velocities of the bodies.

North

oms
262)
JETJERKS
hat-Trak

Figure 3.14

w Look at the gure on the left, a cyclist riding around a circle has the same
speed at every instant but its direction always changes. What are the velocities
of the rider at the points A, B, C, D?
5 ms

30 m
In sorme jobs, the velocity of objects is very important. For example aeroplane
pilots require to keep precise control over the velocity of their aircraft when
5 ms
they y. They work together with the control tower teams to avoid collisions
5 mis
with other aircraft. Another example is on the seas: ship captains must know
both the wind direction and speed to navigate correctly.
Figure 3.15

Why is the velocity important?

Figure 3.16 What is the relationship between these two pictures?

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 ) Finding displacement using the velocity-time graph
The area under the velocity-time graph gives us the displacement of the
moving object. Analyze the graph below. We can calculate the area by
multiplying the velocity by the time. Now let's calculate the area;

15
Ax = vAt = 25 5 =75 m
10---"" According to the information
Ax= U A U= 15 mn
given in the graph, the car travels
75 m in 5 seconds.

g) What is non uniform motion?

If an object speeds up or slows down, we say that the object performs non
uniform motion.

a. Speeding up
If an object covers more distance than before in each second this motion is
called speeding up. Study the motion of the car below in Figure 3.18. At the
beginning, the car stops at the red light. When the green light is on, the car
begins it's motion from rest and travels a greater distance during each second,
that is "it speeds up".
(=0s (=ls t=2s t=3 s (=4s

Om/s 3 m/s 6 m/s 9 m/s 12 m/s

-*****.*
u*.

vww.w

0 !S Is 1s
Figure 3.18
The graph below shows car above speeding up.
40 (mis)
At
12-

A
(s)
A
I 2 3 4
„SS. .!s.
A fruit falling from a tree, a ball roling down a ...
slope and water owing from a height speed up.
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 d) What is uniform motion?
Look at the gure below. What can you say about the mnotion of the car? Does
it take the same distance every second?

1 second 1 second I second- -1second

0 5m 10 m 15 m 20 m

5 metres 5 metres 5 metres 5 metres

Figure 3.17
If an object moves at constant speed, we call its motion uniform motion. An
object moving with constant speed travels equal distances in equal times. The
car shown in the gure travels equal distances in the same time intervals, so
it performs uniform motion.

e) Graphing motion
To study the motion of an object we can draw a graph showing changes in
distance with respect to time. The gure below shows a distance-time graph
of the car above. Changes in time are shown on the horizontal axis, the so
called x-axis; changes in distance are shown on the vertical axis, the so called
y-axis. A point on the graph includes two pieces of information: One
containing the distance and one containing the time. For a chosen point on
the graph we can nd the distance covered by the car in the given time
interval. Adistance(m)
20t ....
15

.....
time(s)
0 3 4
For each second of the motion, the car travels the same distance. Therefore
the line on the graph rises the sarne arnount in each second. If the car moves
with a greater speed, it will cover more distance in one second and the graph
will be steeper. Using this graph we can nd the position of the car at any
moment and calculate the speed of the object. As stated before, speed is
found by dividing the change in position by the change in time.The gure
below shows the velocity-time graph of the motion above.
jdistance(m)
........

75....- o ***
velocity(m/s)
Ax=15 m
10+ ***te
v-Ax20-5_155m/s 5
5 ****** ***
At 4-1 3
AF
time(s)
ime(s) 0 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
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 b. Slowing down
If an object travels less distance than before in each second, this motion is
called slowing down.
Look at the picture below, the car decreases its speed as it gets closer to the
red light, and then stops.

t=0s t=ls t=2s t=3 s t=4s

12 m/s 9 mis 6 mls 3 m/s mis

******,. w***..

vewwwve

..... S -ị4.....1s .0
Figure 3.19

The following gure shows the graph of the car above slowing down.

v(ms)
12 y

****. 1 2 3 4

1s

A ball thrown up verticallyslows down. Due to the

gravity of the earth, as the ball goes up higher, its
speed continuously decreases and stops, then it
falls down.

When we put on the brakes, we

slow down the bike.

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Motion
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 h) Kinds of motion
If you look around, you will see that the objects surrounding you perform
different kinds of motion. We can study motion in two ways:

a. According to the speed of objects

As we stated before, objects perform uniform or non uniform motions.
b. According to the path of objects
We can classify the motion of objects according to the path that the objects
follow. Linear, circular, vibrational, elliptic and projectile motions are some
examples of paths objects may follow.

1- Linear motion (Iranslational motion)

Linear motion is motion in a straight line as shown on the left. A car travelling
on a straight road, a train on a straight railroad or a plane ying along a
Figure 3.20 straight path in air perform linear motion. Water droplets falling from a tap, a
ball rolling along a straight line are other examples of linear motion.

Figure 3.21 Examples of linear motion.

- ---
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First Step in Physics-1
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 2- Circular motion
This is the motion of an object around a central point, as shown in the gure
3.22 on the right. The motion of a wheel around its axle, the rotation of earth
and other planets around their axis, the rotation of the blades of wind mills and
air fans are some examples of circular motion.
The motion of records, cds, mixers, drums of washing machines, car or
motor tyres are also examples of circular motion.
The roller coaster, fairground whirler and amusement park rides perform
circular motion. Look at the pictures below. State the name of the objects that Figure 3.22 Circular motion
perform circular motion.

3- Vibrational motion
Vibrational motion is the movement of an object back and forth about a central
point. A child swinging back and forth, a spring moving up and down, a guitar
string moving back and forth perform vibrational motion. Study the gures
below.

Figure 3.23

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 4- Elliptic motion
The earth and other planets move around the sun in elliptic paths.
Although it looks like a circle, an ellipse has some differences compared
to a circle. Study the gures below.

Circular motion Eliptic motion

Figure 3.24

5- Projectile motion
In many games, a ball is thrown upwards into the air, it follows a different path
to a straight line or a circular path, as shown in the gures. We call this type
of motion projectile motion. State some other examples of projectile motion.

***.

Figure 3.25 Projectile motion

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 Example 3.6 Graphing motion,
The table below shows the displacement of a car with respect to time. Using the table, answer the
following questions.
a) Draw the distance-time graph of the car.
b) What kind of motion does the car perform? (speeding up, uniform motion, slowing down)
c) Draw the velocity-time graph of the car.

Time (s) 1
23 4 5

Distance(m) o 816|24 32 |40

Solution
a) Graphing of this table will help us to analyse the progress of the moving ca.
1. Draw the axes rst and than label them x andt, together with their units.
2. Divide the axes into equal segments according to the data given in the
table.
3. Plot the data given in the table correctly on the axes and plot the graph.

Steps 1 Step 2 Step 3

*(m) 4x (m)
40 40+
32 32
24 24-
16 16
8 8
() (s)
0I 2 3 4 5
t(s)

b) If we look at the graphs above, we observe that the object moves with a
constant speed, since the straight line rises by the same height on the
distance axis for each unit on the tỉme axis.

c) The line rises 8 m on the distance axis for 1 4x (m)

second on the time axis. Therefore we can
calculate the speed fron the slope of the line.
to (ms)
24
Ax
40m8m/s 16
At 5s
The velocity-time graph of the motion is as
shown in the gure.
S) 0 1 2 3 4 5
t (s)

Exercise (3.6) Graphing motion

If the car in the question above moves with this speed for 2.5 h, what will the distance covered be?
Ans :72 kn

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 Example 3.7 Distance-time graph,
The graph shows the motion of a car through traf c.
tx (m)
1200-
a) Did the car stop during the trip?
800
b) How many metres did the car travel away from the starting point?
c) When did the car turn around, drive back and arrive at the starting point.
t (min)

Solution 5 10 15 20 25
a) When we look at the graph see that the car stops between the 5th
and 15th minutes, since the car did not change its position during this
time interval.
b) In the rst 5 minutes the car travelled 800 m and stopped for 10
minutes. Then it moved 400 metres further. Thus the car travelled a
maximum distance of 1200 m away from the starting point.
c) At the 20th minute, the car turned back and moved to the starting
point. It arrived at the starting point in the 25th minute.

Exercise (3.7) Distance-time graph

What is the total distance covered by the car in the graph above?
Ans : 2400 m

<periment Speed of a foy cat

Aim : To calculate speed Time Distance Speed

Materials : A metre stick, a toy car, a stopwatch, a chalk
First trial 2 m
Procedure : Draw a line 2 metres long on the ground. Mark one end
of the line "start" and the other "stop". Place the car about 50 cm Second trial 2 m
before the starting point as if the car will move on the line. Start the
car moving, when its front reaches the starting point, start the Third trial 2 m
stopwatch. When its front reaches the stop point, stop the
stopwatch.
Note the times in a table as
shown in the gure. You can Stop Start
repeat the same steps two or
more times to get a more
accurate result. For each time
calculate the speed and take
the average.
What is your car's average
speed? 2m

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 Example 3.8 Velocity-timegraphs,
The gure on the ight shows the velocity-time graph of a car.
4o(m/s)
a) What kind of motion does the car make? (speeding up, uniform,
slowing down)
b) What is the speed of the car?
c) What is the distance covered by the car between the 2nd and 9th Ls)
0 2 3 4 56 78 9 10
seconds?
Solution
a) The graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis. This shows that the car
performs uniform motion. It travels equal distances in equal time intervals.
b) The car moves with a constant velocity of 6 m/s.
c) The area under the velocity time graph equals the distance covered by the car.
Ax
From the equation, u= we get Ax=vAt.
At tu(mis)
At=ty-ti
t,=4 s; t=9 s; At=9 - 4=5s
Ax=uAt = 6m/s x 5s= 30 m
The distance covered by the object is 30 m. 0 123 4 56 78 9 10

Exercise (3.8) Distance-time graphs

If the car given in the example above, moves with this speed for a half an hour, what will distance travelled be?
Ans : 12 800 m

i) Acceleration
If an object changes its velocity, the object accelerates. Acceleration is
de ned as the change in velocity of an object in a unit of time. We usually
experience acceleration when a car starts motion from rest.

The greater the change in velocity, the greater the acceleration. Velocity is a
vector quantity, so is the acceleration. Therefore a change in direction of
motion also causes acceleration even though the object moves at constant
speed.
When a moving object slows down, its velocity decreases, this has a special
name; deceleration. We experience deceleration when a moving car slows
down. Look at the gures below, which gure shows acceleration, deceleration.

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Motiou
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 Experiment What is your walking speed?
Aim : To calculate speed

Materials : A metre stick, a stopwatch, a piece of chalk

Procedure : You can calculate your walking speed using a metre

stick and a stopwatch. With the metre stick, draw a 3 m path on the
ground. Stand one metre before the path. Start walking at a steady
rate. When you step on the path start the stopwatch, when you nish
the path stop it. Measure the time and note it in a table. Do the sarme
things three times. Then calculate your speed. Take the average. The
result is your normal walking speed. Now you can nd how many
metres you can walk in one hour with this speed.

Time Distance Speed

First trial 3

Second trial 3 m

Third trial 3 m

PROJECTTIME MAKINGA POSTER

Materials : A 50 x 70 cm piece of coloured cardboard paper,

colour pencils SPEED AND VELOCITY
Eagle . ms
Procedure : Let's prepare a poster about speed and velocity. Concorde
:- n
distance
Ising the coloured paper. Write the speed equation in the middle Speed:............
of the paper as shown in the gure. Write some explanations Velocity:
about what speed and velocity are around this central equation. speed Units of speed:
.....es
Find some information about the speed of some animals and
vehicles: For example a cheetah's speed, an antelopes speed; the
time
fastest car's speed, an aeroplane's speed. Find pictures about the Rodt
examples you used. Now, stick them on the piece of cardboard
around the formula and write down the information that you
Racecar: ms
found. Give your poster a title. Get your teacher to help you hang
the poster on the wall in the classroom. A sample poster. You can do better!

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 SUMMARY
A reference point is a stationary object such as a tree, an
electricity pylon, a pole etc.
Motion is a change in place with respect to a reference point.

Position is the distance away of an object with respect to a

reference point in a stated direction.

Displacerment is a change in position.

Speed is the distance travelled in a unit of tirme.

Velocity is the speed in a stated direction.

We can classify notion according to the speed of an object

and it's path.
Acceleration is the change in velocity. When a car speeds up
it accelerates; when it slows down it decelerates,

Fill in theboxescorrectly.
PUZZLE
1. change in position.
2. The distance of an object from a 2
reference point in a stated direction.
3. The distance travelled by an object in
1
a unit of time. 4 5

4.A type of motion around a central

3
point:.. motion. 6
5. The name of speed in a given direction.
6. The name of the speed of an object at a
given instant of time:.. speed.
A type of motion where the object moves 8

with a steady speed.

8.A type of motion where the object covers
more and more distance in each second.

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Motiog