CBSE Physics Class 12

Sample Paper 4 Page 1

CBSE Sample Paper 1

Class XII Exam 2022-23
Physics
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions:
1. There are 35 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section
E. All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains eighteen MCQ of 1 mark each, Section B contains seven questions of two
marks each, Section C contains five questions of three marks each, section D contains three
long questions of five marks each and Section E contains two case study based questions of 4
marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D
and E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SECTION-A
1. Three point charges are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle as shown in figure.
Assuming only electrostatic forces are acting, the system

(a) Can never be in equilibrium.

(b) Will be in equilibrium if charges rotate about the centre of the triangle.
(c) Will be in equilibrium if charges have same magnitude but different signs.
(d) Will be in equilibrium if charges have different magnitudes and different signs.

2. A parallel plate air capacitor is charged to a potential difference of V . If distance between the
plates is increased, then potential difference between the plates.
(a) decreases (b) increases
(c) becomes zero (d) does not change
3. A battery of 12 V and internal resistance 0.5 Ω is connected across a variable resistance R. The
value of R, for which the power delivered is maximum is equal to
(a) 0.25 Ω (b) 0.5 Ω
(c) 1.2 Ω (d) 2.4 Ω

4. A current-carrying loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field. The torque acting on it does not
depend upon
(a) area of loop
(b) shape of loop
(c) number of turns in loop
(d) strength of current and magnetic field

5. A circular loop of area 0.01 m2 carrying a current of 10 A , is held perpendicular to a magnetic

field of intensity 0.1 T. The torque acting on the loop is
(a) zero (b) 0.01 N-m
(c) 0.1 N-m (d) 0.8 N-m

6. A diamagnetic material in a magnetic field moves

(a) from weaker to stronger parts
(b) perpendicular to the field
(c) from stronger to weaker parts
(d) in none of the above directions

7. A small piece of metal wire is dragged across the gap between the poles of a magnet in 0.4 s . If
change in magnetic flux in the wire is 8 # 10-4 Wb , then E.M.F. induced in the wire is
(a) 8 # 10-3 V (b) 6 # 10-3 V
(c) 4 # 10-3 V (d) 2 # 10-3 V

8. According to the Maxwell’s displacement current law, a changing electric field is source of
(a) an e.m.f. (b) magnetic field
(c) pressure gradient (d) all of these
9. A 2 m long solenoid with radius 2 cm and 2000 turns has a another solenoid of 1000 turns
wound closely near its mid-point. The mutual inductance of solenoids is
(a) 0.8 mH (b) 1.6 mH
(c) 3.2 mH (d) 6.4 mH

c and diffraction
10. A single slit of width 0.5 mm is illuminated by parallel light of wavelength 5000 A
pattern is observed on a screen 1 m from the slit. The width of the central maxima is
(a) 500 mm (b) 600 mm
(c) 700 mm (d) 800 mm

11. In photoelectric effect, the number of electrons ejected per second is proportional to
(a) intensity of light (b) wavelength of light
(c) frequency of light (d) frequency of the metal

12. If the energy of hydrogen atom in ground state is - 13.6 eV , then its energy in the first excited
state will be
(a) - 3.4 eV (b) - 6.8 eV
(c) - 27.2 eV (d) - 52.4 eV

13. As the mass number A increase which of the following quantities related to a nucleus does not
change?
(a) Mass (b) Volume
(c) Density (d) Binding energy

14. Internal resistance of a cell of e.m.f. 12 V is 0.05 Ω . It is connected to an unknown resistance.

Voltage across the cell, when a current of 60 A is drawn from it, is
(a) 15 V (b) 12 V
(c) 9 V (d) 6 V

15. Two capacitors of capacitances 3 µF and 6 µF are charged to a potential of 12 V each. They are
now connected to each other, with the positive plate of each joined to the negative plate of the
other. The potential difference across each capacitor will be
(a) 6 V (b) 4 V
(c) 3 V (d) Zero
16. Assertion : If the temperature of a semiconductor is increased then it’s resistance decreases.
Reason : The energy gap between conduction band and valence band is very small.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

17. Assertion : A white source of light during interference forms only white and black fringes.
Reason : Width of fringe is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the light used.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

18. Assertion : Photoelectric saturation current increases with the increase in frequency of incident
light.
Reason : Energy of incident photons increases with increase in frequency and as a result
photoelectric current increases.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

SECTION-B

19. Write an expression for the momentum carried by an electromagnetic wave.

20. The motion of copper plate is damped when it is allowed to oscillate between the two poles of
a magnet. What is the cause of this damping?
21. 1. Write the β -decay or tritium in symbolic form.
2. Why is it experimentally found difficult to detect neutrinos in this process?


o
In β -decay, the experimental detection of neutrino is found to be difficult.

22. A ray of light incident on an equilateral glass prism (µ g = 3 ) moves parallel to the base line
of the prism inside. it Find the angle of incidence for this ray.

23. The circuit shown in the figure has two oppositely connected ideal diodes connected in parallel.
Find the current flowing through each diode in the circuit.

o
What do you mean by doping ? What is the dopants ?

24. In Young’s experiment, the width of the fringes obtained with light of wavelength 6000 A c is
2.0 mm . Calculate the fringe width if the entire apparatus is immersed in a liquid medium of
refractive index 1.33.

25. Two metallic spheres of exactly equal masses are taken. One is given a positive charge q
coulomb and the other an equal negative charge by friction. Art their masses after charging
equal?

SECTION-C

26. Considering the case of a parallel plate capacitor being charged, show how one is required to
generalise Ampere’s circuital law to include the term due to displacement current.
27. Write the generalised expression for the Ampere’s circuital law in terms of the conduction
current and the displacement current. Mention the situation when there is
(i) only conduction current and no displacement current.
(ii) only displacement current and no conduction current.

28. Sketch a graph to show how the reactance of (1) a capacitor (2) an inductor varies as a function
of frequency.


o
In a series L - C - R circuit, obtain the conditions under which (i) the impedance of circuit is
minimum and (ii) wattless current flows in the circuit.

29. (i) Describe briefly three experimentally observed features in the phenomenon of photoelectric
effect.
(ii) Discuss briefly how wave theory of light cannot explain these features.


o
The given graph shows the variation of photoelectric current (I) with the applied voltage (V)
for two different materials and for two different intensities of the incident radiations. Identity
and explain using Einstain’s photoelectric equation for the pair of curves that correspond to (i)
different materials but same intensity of incident radiation, (ii) different intensities but same
materials.

30. Using Rutherford model of the atom, derive the expression for the total energy of the electron
in hydrogen atom. What is the significance of total negative energy possessed by the electron?

SECTION-D
31. Explain, using suitable diagram, the difference in the behaviour of a
1. Conductor
2. Dielectric in the presence of external electric field. Define the terms polarisation of a
dielectric and write its relation with susceptibility.


o
(i) Derive the expression for the energy stored in parallel plate capacitor. Hence, obtain the
expression for the energy density of the electric field.
(ii) A fully charged parallel plate capacitor is connected across an uncharged identical
capacitor. Show that the energy stored in the combination is less than stored initially in
the single capacitor.

32. (a) State Kirchhoff’s rules for an electric network. Using Kirchhoff’s rules, obtain the balance
condition in terms of the resistances of four arms of Wheatstone bridge.
(b) In the meter bridge experimental set up, shown in the figure, the null point D is obtained
at a distance of 40 cm from end A of the meter-bridge wire. If a resistance of 10 Ω is
connected in series with R1 , null point is obtained at AD = 60 cm. Calculate the values of
R1 and R2 .

o
(i) Plot a graph showing variation of voltage Vs the current drawn from the cell. How can one
get information from this plot about the emf of the cell and its internal resistance?
(ii) Two cells of emf is E1 and E2 internal resistance r1 and r2 are connected in parallel. Obtain
the expression for the emf and internal resistance of a single equivalent cell that can
replace this combination?

33. (a) In Young’s double slit experiment, deduce the conditions for (i) constructive and (ii)
destructive interference at a point on the screen. Draw a graph showing variation of the
resultant intensity in the interference pattern against position X on the screen.
(b) Compare and contrast the pattern which is seen with two coherently illuminated narrow
slits in Young’s experiment with that seen for a coherently illuminated single slit producing
diffraction.


o
(i) Describe briefly how a diffraction pattern is obtained on a screen due to a single narrow
slit illuminated by a monochromatic source of light. Hence, obtain the conditions for the
angular width of secondary maxima and secondary minima.
(ii) Two wavelengths os sodium light of 590 nm and 596 nm are used in turn to study the
diffraction taking place at a single slit of aperture 2 # 10-6 m . The distance between the
slit and the screen is 1.5 m. Calculate the separation between the positions of first maxima
of the diffraction pattern obtained in the two cases.
 SECTION-E

34. A glass window has been broken into tiny particles of glass in a robbery case. Some of there
tiny Particles are found at the scene of crime and some in the robbers clothing If the police can
both particles found from the places are similar. They have a strong case. Being a responsible
person Deepak helped the police to prove such case.

(a) Which phenomenon is responsible for proving Such case?

(b) How do you prove such case?
(c) What do you mean by refraction of light?


o
(d) What is the cause of refraction ?

35. p-n junction is a semiconductor diode. It is obtained by bringing p-type semiconductor in close
contact with n - type semiconductor. A thin layer is developed at the p-n junction which is
devoid of any charge carrier but has immobile ions. It is called depletion layer. At the junction a
potential barrier appears, which does not allow the movement of majority charge carriers across
the junction in the absence of any biasing of the junction. p-n junction offers low resistance
when forward biased and high resistance when reverse biased.
1. Does current flow when diode is reverse biased?
2. What is meant by reverse bias?
3. What is the value of electric current in the middle of the depletion layer of reverse biased
p-n junction? why?


o
4. Explain how a potential barrier is developed in a p-n junction diode.

******
CBSE Physics Class 12 Sample Paper 4 Solutions Page 1

Sample Paper 1 Solutions

Class XII 2022-23
Physics
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions:
1. There are 35 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section
E. All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains eighteen MCQ of 1 mark each, Section B contains seven questions of two
marks each, Section C contains five questions of three marks each, section D contains three
long questions of five marks each and Section E contains two case study based questions of 4
marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D
and E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

are placed at the corners of an equilateral

SECTION-A triangle, then some electrostatic forces will
act on the system. As a result of this, the
1. Three point charges are placed at the system can never be in equilibrium.
corners of an equilateral triangle as shown
in figure. Assuming only electrostatic forces
are acting, the system

2. A parallel plate air capacitor is charged

(a) Can never be in equilibrium.
(b) Will be in equilibrium if charges rotate
about the centre of the triangle.
(c) Will be in equilibrium if charges have
same magnitude but different signs.
(d) Will be in equilibrium if charges have
different magnitudes and different
signs.


Ans : (a) Can never be in equilibrium.
We know that when three point charges
to a potential difference of V . If distance
between the plates is increased, then
potential difference between the plates.
(a) decreases (b) increases
(c) becomes zero (d) does not change


Ans : (b) increases
Given,
Initial potential difference of capacitor,
V1 = V
We know that charge on the plates of a
parallel plate air capacitor always remains
constant after increasing or decreasing the
distance between the plate.
 i.e., Q = Constant
We also know that capacitance of a parallel
plate capacitor,
C = ε 0 A
d
We also know that charge on the plates of
capacitor,
Q = CV = ε 0 A # V
d
or V \ d
Since distance between the plates is
increases, therefore potential difference V
between the plates also increases.
3. A battery of 12 V and internal resistance
0.5 Ω is connected across a variable
resistance R. The value of R, for which the
power delivered is maximum is equal to
(a) 0.25 Ω (b) 0.5 Ω
(c) 1.2 Ω (d) 2.4 Ω


Ans : (b) 0.5 Ω
Given,
Voltage of battery, V = 12 Volt
Internal resistance, r = 0.5 Ω and
Variable resistance = R
We know that for maximum power, the
value of variable resistance is equal to the
internal resistance of the battery,
i.e., R = r = 0.5 Ω
4. A current-carrying loop is placed in a
uniform magnetic field. The torque acting
on it does not depend upon
(a) area of loop
(b) shape of loop
(c) number of turns in loop
(d) strength of current and magnetic field


Ans : (b) shape of loop
We know that torque acting on a current-
carrying loop in a uniform magnetic field,
τ = nIAB sin θ
Therefore, torque does not depend on the
shape of loop.
(where, I = current, A = area of loop, B =
magnetic field, n = no. of turns in loop
and θ = Angle between magnetic field and
normal to the surface of coil)
5. A circular loop of area 0.01 m2 carrying a
current of 10 A , is held perpendicular to
a magnetic field of intensity 0.1 T. The
torque acting on the loop is
(a) zero (b) 0.01 N-m
(c) 0.1 N-m (d) 0.8 N-m


Ans : (a) zero
Given,
Area of circular loop,
A = 0.01 m2
Current in the loop, I = 10 A
Angle between the magnetic field and
normal to the surface of coil,
θ = 0c
Magnetic field, B = 0.1 T
We know that torque acting on the loop,
τ = IAB sin θ
= 10 # 0.01 # 0.1 # sin 0c
=0
6. A diamagnetic material in a magnetic field
moves
(a) from weaker to stronger parts
(b) perpendicular to the field
(c) from stronger to weaker parts
(d) in none of the above directions


Ans : (c) from stronger to weaker parts
We know that diamagnetic materials are
magnetised in the opposite direction of the
magnetising field. Therefore diamagnetic
material moves from stronger to weaker
 parts of the magnetic field. N1 = 2000
No. of turns in second solenoid,
7. A small piece of metal wire is dragged across N2 = 1000
the gap between the poles of a magnet in We know that area of solenoid,
0.4 s . If change in magnetic flux in the wire
is 8 # 10-4 Wb , then E.M.F. induced in A = πr2 = π # ^0.02h2
the wire is = 4π # 10−4 m2
(a) 8 # 10-3 V (b) 6 # 10-3 V Therefore, mutual inductance of two
(c) 4 # 10-3 V (d) 2 # 10-3 V solenoids,


Ans : (d) 2 # 10-3 V µ NNA
M = 0 1 2
l
Given,
Time-taken dt = 0.4 s and change in ^4p #10 h # 2000 # 1000 # ^4p #10−4h
−7
=
magnetic flux dφ = 8 # 10−4 Wb . 2
We know that E.M.F. induced in the wire, = 1.6 # 10−3 H = 1.6 mH
−4
dφ
E = = 8 # 10
dt 0.4
−3
= 2 # 10 V

8. According to the Maxwell’s displacement

current law, a changing electric field is
source of
(a) an e.m.f. 10. A single slit of width 0.5 mm is illuminated
(b) magnetic field by parallel light of wavelength 5000 Ac and
(c) pressure gradient diffraction pattern is observed on a screen
(d) all of these 1 m from the slit. The width of the central
maxima is


Ans : (b) magnetic field (a) 500 mm (b) 600 mm
We know according to the Maxwell’s (c) 700 mm (d) 800 mm
displacement current law that a changing
electric field is a source of magnetic field.

Ans : (d) 800 mm
Given,
9. A 2 m long solenoid with radius 2 cm and Width of slit, a = 0.5 mm = 0.5 # 10−3 m
2000 turns has a another solenoid of 1000
Wavelength of light,
turns wound closely near its mid-point.
The mutual inductance of solenoids is c
λ = 5000 A
(a) 0.8 mH (b) 1.6 mH = 5000 # 10−10 m
(c) 3.2 mH (d) 6.4 mH and distance between slit and screen,


Ans : (b) 1.6 mH D = 1 m
Given, We know that width of central maxima,
Length of each solenoid, l = 2 m β = 2λD
a
Radius of first solenoid, r = 2 cm
2 # (5000 # 10−10) # 1
= 0.02 m =
0.5 # 10−3
No. of turns in first solenoid,
= 500 # 10−3 m = 500 mm
11. In photoelectric effect, the number of
electrons ejected per second is proportional
to
(a) intensity of light
(b) wavelength of light
(c) frequency of light
(d) frequency of the metal


Ans : (a) intensity of light
We know that in photoelectric effect
for a given photosensitive material and
frequency of incident light above the
threshold frequency of the material, the no.
of electrons ejected per second is directly
proportional to the intensity of light.
12. If the energy of hydrogen atom in ground
state is - 13.6 eV , then its energy in the
first excited state will be
(a) - 3.4 eV (b) - 6.8 eV
(c) - 27.2 eV (d) - 52.4 eV


Ans : (a) - 3.4 eV
Given,
Energy of hydrogen atom in ground state,
E1 =− 13.6 eV
We know that energy level of a hydrogen
atom in its first excited state,
n = 2
Therefore energy of hydrogen atom in first
excited state,
E2 = E21
n
=− 13.62 =− 3.4 eV
^2 h
13. As the mass number A increase which of
the following quantities related to a nucleus
does not change?
(a) Mass (b) Volume
(c) Density (d) Binding energy


Ans : (c) Density
Density of nuclear matter is the ratio of
mass of nucleus and its volume. It is given
by,
ρ = 3m 3
4πR 0
Hence density is not depends on the mass
number therefore when mass number A
increase than density remains constant.
14. Internal resistance of a cell of e.m.f. 12 V
is 0.05 Ω . It is connected to an unknown
resistance. Voltage across the cell, when a
current of 60 A is drawn from it, is
(a) 15 V (b) 12 V
(c) 9 V (d) 6 V


Ans : (c) 9 V
Given,
E.m.f. of cell, E = 12 Volt
Internal resistance of cell,
r = 0.05 Ω
Current drawn from the cell,
I = 60 A
We know that voltage across the cell,
V = E − Ir
= 12 − (60 # 0.05)
= 12 − 3 = 9 Volt
15. Two capacitors of capacitances 3 µF and
6 µF are charged to a potential of 12 V
each. They are now connected to each other,
with the positive plate of each joined to the
negative plate of the other. The potential
difference across each capacitor will be
(a) 6 V (b) 4 V
(c) 3 V (d) Zero


Ans : (d) Zero
 Given,
Capacitance of first capacitor,
C 1 = 3 µF
Capacitance of second capacitor,
C2 = 6 µF
Potential difference,
V = 12 Volt
We know that when the capacitors are
connected to each other with the positive
plate of each joined to the negative plate
of the other, then the potential difference
across each capacitor will be zero.
16. Assertion : If the temperature of a
semiconductor is increased then it’s
resistance decreases.
Reason : The energy gap between
conduction band and valence band is very
small.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct and the Reason is a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct but Reason is not a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are
incorrect.


Ans : (a) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct and the Reason is a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
In semiconductors the energy gap between
conduction band and valence band is small
(. 1 eV). Due to temperature rise, electron
in the valence band gain thermal energy and
may jumpy across the small energy gap, (to
the conduction band). Thus conductivity
increases and hence resistance decreases.
17. Assertion : A white source of light during
interference forms only white and black
fringes.
Reason : Width of fringe is inversely
proportional to the wavelength of the light
used.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct and the Reason is a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct but Reason is not a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are
incorrect.


Ans : (d) Both the Assertion and Reason
are incorrect.
A white source of light during interference
will form coloured fringes.
Fringe width is given by β = λdD i.e., it is
directly proportional to wavelength.
18. Assertion : Photoelectric saturation current
increases with the increase in frequency of
incident light.
Reason : Energy of incident photons
increases with increase in frequency and as
a result photoelectric current increases.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct and the Reason is a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct but Reason is not a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are
incorrect.


Ans : (d) Both the Assertion and Reason
are incorrect.
 Photoelectric saturation current is
independent of frequency. It only depends
on intensity of light.
SECTION-B
19. Write an expression for the momentum
carried by an electromagnetic wave.


Ans :
An electromagnetic wave transports linear
momentum as it travels through space. If
an electromagnetic wave transfers a total
energy U to a surface in time t , then total
linear momentum delivered to the surface
is,
p = U
c to detect, since they can penetrate a large
[For complete absorption of energy U ]
If the wave is totally reflected, the
momentum delivered will be 2U/c , because
the momentum of the wave will change
from p to - p .
20. The motion of copper plate is damped
when it is allowed to oscillate between the
two poles of a magnet. What is the cause
of this damping?


Ans :
As the copper plates oscillate in the
magnetic field between the two plates of
the magnet, there is a continuous change
of magnetic flux linked with the pendulum.
Due to this, eddy currents are set up in
the copper plate which try to oppose the
motion of the pendulum according to the
Lenz’s law and finally bring it to rest.
21. 1. Write the β -decay or tritium in symbolic
form.
2. Why is it experimentally found difficult
to detect neutrinos in this process?


Ans :
β− 3
1. 31H 2 He + −0 1 e + ν + Q .
2. It is due to very weak interaction with
matter.


o
In β -decay, the experimental detection of
neutrino is found to be difficult.


Ans :
Neutrinos are neutral particles with very
small mass compared to electrons. They
have only weak interaction with other
particles. They are, therefore, very difficult
quantity of matter without any interaction.
22. A ray of light incident on an equilateral
glass prism (µ g = 3 ) moves parallel to the
base line of the prism inside. it Find the
angle of incidence for this ray.


Ans :
The reflection of light through prism is
shown as below
By geometry Angle of refraction, r = 30c
Given, refractive index, µ = 3
Using Snell’s law, µ = sin i
sin r
sin i = µ sin r
= ( 3 ) sin (30c) = 3
2
 Angle of incidence, i = 60c = π
3
π

Ans :
Hence, i =
3
23. The circuit shown in the figure has two
oppositely connected ideal diodes connected
in parallel. Find the current flowing through
each diode in the circuit.


Ans :
(i) Diode D1 is reverse biased, so it offers
an infinite resistance. So, no current
flows in the branch of diode D1 .
(ii) Diode D2 is forward biased, and offers
no resistance in the circuit. So, current
in the branch.
I = V = 12V = 2A
Req 2Ω + 4Ω


o
What do you mean by doping ? What is
the dopants ?


Ans :
The process of deliberate addition of a
desirable impurity to a pure semiconductor
So as to increase its conductivity is called
doping. The impurity atoms added are
called dopants and the semiconductors
doped with the impurity atoms are called
extrinsic or doped semiconductor.
24. In Young’s experiment, the width of the
fringes obtained with light of wavelength
6000 Ac is 2.0 mm . Calculate the fringe
width if the entire apparatus is immersed
in a liquid medium of refractive index 1.33.
Here, β = 2.0 mm
µ = 1.33
Refractive index of liquid,
Wavelength of light in vacuum
µ =
Wavelength of light in liquid
or λl = λ
µ
Fringe width in air,
β = Dλ
d
Fringe width in liquid,
β
βl = Dλl = Dλ =
d dµ µ
= 2.0 mm = 1.5 mm
1.33
25. Two metallic spheres of exactly equal
masses are taken. One is given a positive
charge q coulomb and the other an equal
negative charge by friction. Art their masses
after charging equal?


Ans :
No, Because when two bodies are rubbed
together, there is transfer of electrons from
one body to another. Since electrons are
material particles, so their transfer from
one body to another causes a change in
mass. The body from which electrons are
removed becomes positively charged and
body to which electrons get transferred
becomes negatively charged. Hence the
mass of negatively charged body will be
more than positively charged body.
 SECTION-C
26. Considering the case of a parallel plate
capacitor being charged, show how one is
required to generalise Ampere’s circuital
law to include the term due to displacement
current.


Ans :
Ampere’s circuital law conduction current
during charging of a capacitor was found
inconsistent. Therefore, Maxwell modified
Ampere’s circuital law by intro-ducting
displacement current.
Ampere’s circuit law,
# v = µ 0 I was modified to
Bv $ dl
# Bv $ dlv = µ (I
0 C + I D)
It is called modified Ampere’s circuital law
or Ampere-Maxwell’s circuital law.
The displacement current arising due
to time varying electric field is given by
dφ
ID = ε 0 E .
dt
Therefore, modified Ampere’s circuital law
may be expressed as
# v = µ 0 I bIC + ε 0 dφ E l
Bv $ dl
dt
The following inferences can be drawn from
the above discussion
(i) The conduction and displacement
currents are individually discontinuous,
but the currents together possess the
property of continuity through any
closed electric circuit.
(ii) The displacement current is precisely
equal to the conduction current when
the two present in different parts of the
circuit.
(iii) The displacement current arises due to
the rate of change of electric flux (or
electric field) between the two plates of
the capacitor.
(iv) Just as the conduction current is the
displacement current is also the source
of magnetic field.
27. Write the generalised expression for the
Ampere’s circuital law in terms of the
conduction current and the displacement
current. Mention the situation when there
is
(i) only conduction current and no
displacement current.
(ii)
only displacement current and no
conduction current.


Ans :
Generalised Ampere’s circuital Law :
# v = µ 0 IC + µ 0 ε 0 d φ E
Bv $ dl
dt
Line integral of magnetic field over closed
loop is equal to µ 0 times sum of conduction
current and displacement current.
(i) In case of steady electric field in a
conducting wire, electric field does not
change with time, conduction current
exists in the wire but displacement
current may be zero.
So, # v = µ 0 IC
Bv $ dl
(ii) In large region of space, where there
is no conduction current, but there
is only a displacement current due to
time varying electric field (or flux).
v = µ 0 ε 0 d φ E
So, φBv $ dl
dt
28. Sketch a graph to show how the reactance
of (1) a capacitor (2) an inductor varies as
a function of frequency.


Ans :
(1) Capacitive reactance,
XC = 1 = 1
ωC 2πνC


Ans :
i.e., XC ? 1 (i) The impedance of a series L - C - R
ν
circuit is given by
More the frequency, lesser the XC and
R 2 + b wL − 1 l
2
vice-versa. Z =
The graph between XC and ν is as wC
shown in Figure (a).
Z will be minimum when ωL = I , i.e.,
ωC
When the circuit is under resonance.
Hence, for this condition Z will be
minimum and equal to R.
(ii) Average power dissipated through a
series L - C - R circuit is given by
Pav = Ev Iv cos φ
Where, EV = r.m.s. value of alternating
voltage
IV = value of alternating current
φ = phase difference between current and
Figure : (a) voltage
For wattless current, the power dissipated
(2) Inductive reactance, through the circuit should be zero.
XL = ωL i.e., cos φ = 0
XL = 2πνL
cos φ = cos π
XL ? ν 2
i.e. inductive reactance is directly φ = π
proportional to frequency. 2
The graph between XL and ν is as Hence, the condition for wattless current
shown in Figure (b). is that the phase difference between the
current and the circuit is purely inductive
or purely capacitive.

29. (i) Describe briefly three experimentally

Figure : (b)


o
In a series L - C - R circuit, obtain the
conditions under which (i) the impedance
of circuit is minimum and (ii) wattless
current flows in the circuit.
observed features in the phenomenon of
photoelectric effect.
(ii) Discuss briefly how wave theory of light
cannot explain these features.


Ans :
(i) Three experimentally observed features in
the phenomenon of photoelectric effect.
 (a) Intensity : When intensity of incident
light increases as one photon ejects
one electron, the increase in intensity
will increase the number of ejected
electrons. Frequency has no effect on
photoelectrons.
(b) Frequency : When the frequency of
incident photon increase, the kinetic
energy of the emitted electrons
increases, intensity has no effect on
kinetic energy of photoelectrons.
(c) No time lag : When energy incident

Ans :
photon is greater than the work
(i)
function, the photoelectrons is
(a) 1 and 2 correspond to same intensity
immediately ejected. Thus, there is no
but different material.
time lag between the incidence of light
(b) 3 and 4 correspond to same intensity
and emission of photoelectrons.
but different material.
(ii) These features cannot be explained in the
This is because the saturation current are
wave theory of light because wave nature
same and stopping potentials are different.
of radiation cannot explain the following.
(ii)
(a) The instantaneous ejection of the
(a) 1 and 3 correspond to different
photoelectrons.
intensity but same material.
(b) The existence of threshold frequency
(b) 2 and 4 correspond to different
for a metal surface.
intensity but same material.
(c) The fact that kinetic energy of the
This is because the stopping potentials are
emitted electrons is independent of
same but saturation currents are different.
the intensity of light and depend
upon its frequency.
30. Using Rutherford model of the atom,
derive the expression for the total energy
of the electron in hydrogen atom. What
is the significance of total negative energy
possessed by the electron?


Ans :

o The Rutherford nuclear model of the atom

The given graph shows the variation of
photoelectric current (I) with the applied
voltage (V) for two different materials
and for two different intensities of the
incident radiations. Identity and explain
using Einstain’s photoelectric equation for
the pair of curves that correspond to (i)
different materials but same intensity of
incident radiation, (ii) different intensities
but same materials.
pictures the atom as an electrically neutral
sphere consisting of a very small, massive
and positively charged nucleus at the centre
surrounded by the revolving electrons in
their respective dynamically stable orbits.
The electrostatic force of attraction Fe
between the revolving electrons and the
nucleus provides the requisite centripetal
force (FC ) to keep them in their orbits.
Thus, for a dynamically stable orbit in a
hydrogen atom.
 FC = Fe polarisation of a dielectric and write its
mv2 = 1 $ e2 (Since, Z = 1) relation with susceptibility.

r 4πε 0 r2

Ans :
Thus, the relation between the orbit radius 1. When a capacitor is placed in an
and the electron velocity is external electric field, the free charges
r = e2 present inside the conductor redistribute
4πε 0 mv2 themselves in such a manner that the
The kinetic energy (EK ) and electrostatic electric field due to induced charges
potential energy U of the electron in opposes the external field within the
hydrogen atom are conductor. This happens until a static
situation is achieved, i.e. When the
EK = 1 mv2 two fields cancel each other and the
2
2 net electrostatic field in the conductor
= e becomes zero.
8πε 0 r
2
and U - e
4πε 0 r
(The negative sign in U signifies that the
electrostatic force is attractive in nature).
Thus, the total mechanical energy E of the
electron in a hydrogen atom is
E = E K + U
2 2 2
= e − e - e 2. In contrast to conductors, dielectrics
8πε 0 r 4πε 0 r 8πε 0 r are non-conducting substances, i.e.
The total energy of the electron is negative. they have no charge carriers. Thus, in
This implies the fact that the electron is a dielectric, free movement of charges
bound to the nucleus, If E were positive, in not possible. It turns out that the
an electron will not follow a close orbit external field induces dipole moment by
around the nucleus and it would leave the stretching molecular of the dielectric.
atom. The collective effect of all the molecular
dipole moments is the net charge on the
surface of he dielectric which produces
a field that opposes the external field.
However, the opposing field is so
induced, that does not exactly cancel
the external field. It only reduces it.
The extent of the effect depends on the
nature of dielectric.
SECTION-D
31. Explain, using suitable diagram, the
difference in the behaviour of a
1. Conductor
2. Dielectric in the presence of external
electric field. Define the terms
 Both polar and non-polar dielectrics At every stage of charging, conductor
develop net dipole moment in the 1 is at higher potential than conductor
presence of an external field. The dipole 2. Therefore, work is done externally in
moment per unit volume is called transferring each instalment of charge.
polarisation and is denoted by P for Hence, Potential difference between
linear isotropic dielectrics. q
conductor 1 and 2 is
C
p = χE q
Hence, Potential of condenser =
C
Where χ is constant of proportionality
and is called electric susceptibility of Small amount of work done in giving an
the electric slab. additional charge dq to the condenser
q
is dW = # dq
C
Hence, Total work done in giving a
charge Q to the condenser,


o
= 1 ;2E
q=Q
q q2 q = Q
(i) Derive the expression for the energy W = #
q=0 C C q=0
stored in parallel plate capacitor.
2
Hence, obtain the expression for the Q
W = 1
energy density of the electric field. C 2
(ii) A fully charged parallel plate capacitor As, electrostatic force is conservative,
is connected across an uncharged this work is stored in the form of
identical capacitor. Show that the potential energy (U ) of the condenser.
energy stored in the combination is Q 2

less than stored initially in the single U = W = 1

2C
capacitor. Q = CV
2


Ans : (CV )
U = 1 = 1 CV 2
(i) 2 C 2
CV = Q
U = 1 QV
2
Q2 1
U = 1 = CV 2 = 1 QV
2C 2 2
Energy density (U ) is defined as the
total energy per unit volume of the
condenser.
1 CV 2
Total energy (U)
i.e., u = = 2
Volume (V) Ad
In order to calculate the energy stored
in this charge configuration, suppose Using, C = ε 0 A
d
the conductors 1 and 2 are initially and V = Ed
uncharged. Let positive charge be We get,
transferred from conductor 2 to
U = 1 b d lc Ad m = 1 ε 0 E 2
ε0A E 2d 2
conductor 1 in very small instalments
2 2
of dq each till conductor 1 get charge Hence, E is the strength of electric field
+ Q. By charge conservation, conductor in the space between the plates of the
2 would get charge - Q .
 capacitor. U2 < U1
(ii) Initial condition It means that energy stored in the
If we consider a charge capacitor, then combination is less than that stored
its charge would be given q = CV . initially in the single capacitor.

and energy stored in it is given by

U1 = 1 CV 2 ...(1)
2
When this charged capacitor is
connected to uncharged capacitor,

32. (a) State Kirchhoff’s rules for an electric

network. Using Kirchhoff’s rules, obtain
the balance condition in terms of the
resistances of four arms of Wheatstone
bridge.
(b) In the meter bridge experimental set up,
shown in the figure, the null point D is
Let the common potential be V1 , the obtained at a distance of 40 cm from end
charge flow from first capacitor to the A of the meter-bridge wire. If a resistance
other capacitor unless both the capacitor of 10 Ω is connected in series with R1 ,
attained the common potential. null point is obtained at AD = 60 cm.
Calculate the values of R1 and R2 .
Q1 = CV1 and
Q2 = CV2
Applying conservation of charge,
Q = Q 1 + Q 2
CV = CV1 + CV2
V = V1 + V2
V1 = V
2
Total energy stored on both the
capacitor
U2 = 1 CV 12 + 1 CV 12
2 2

Ans :
U 2 = 1 C b 1 l + 1 C b 2 l
V 2
V 2
(a) Kirchhoff ’s First Law Junction Rule:
2 2
2 The algebraic sum of the currents
U2 = 2CV = 1 CV 2 ...(2) meeting at a point in an electrical
8 4
circuit is always zero.
From equations (1) and (2), we get
 Let the currents be I1 , I2 , I 3 and I 4 .
Convention
Current towards the junction : positive.
Current always from the junction :
negative.
I 3 + (− I1) + (− I2) + (I 4) = 0
Kirchhoff ’s Second Law : Loop Rule :
In a closed loop, the algebraic sum of
the emfs is equal to the algebraic sum R1 , R2 , R 3 and R 4 are the four
of the products of the resistances and resistances. Galvanometer (G) has
current flowing through them. a current Ig flowing through it at
balanced condition.
I g = 0
Applying junction rule at B
Hence, I 2 = I 4
Applying junction rule at D ,
Hence, I1 I 3
Applying loop rule to closed loop
ADBA,
− I 1 R 1 + 0 + I 2 R 2 = 0
Hence, I1 = R2 ...(1)
I2 R1
Applying loop rule to closed loop
For closed part BACB , CBDC ,
E1 - E 2 = I 1 R 1 + I 1 R 2 − I 3 R 3 I 4 R 4 + 0 − I 1 R 3 = 0
For closed part CADC , Hence, I 3 = I 1 , I 4 = I 2
E 2 = I 3 R 3 + I 4 R 4 + I 5 R 5 I1 = R 4 ...(2)
Hence,
Wheatstone Bridge : The Wheatstone I2 R3
bridge is an arrangement of four From eqs. (1) and (2), we get
resistances as shown in the following R 2 = R 4

figure. R1 R3
This is the required balanced condition
of Wheatstone bridge.
(b) Considering both the situations and
writing them in the form of equations.
Let Rl be the resistance per unit length
 of the potentiometer wire, At, I = 0 , V = ε
R1 = Rl # 40 = 40 = 2 When, V = 0 , I = I 0 , r = ε
R2 Rl (100 − 40) 60 3 I0
R1 + 10 = Rl # 60 The intercept on y -axis gives the emf of the
= 60 = 3 cell. The slope of graph gives the internal
R2 R (100 − 60)
l 40 2
R1 = 2 ...(1) resistance.

R2 3
(ii) I = I1 + I2 ...(1)
R1 + 10 = 3 ...(2)
R2 2
Putting the values of R1 from equation
(1) and subtracting in equation (2)
2 + 10 = 3
3 R2 2
R2 = 12 Ω
Recalling equation (1) again,
R 1 = 2
12 3
R 1 = 8 Ω

o
(i) Plot a graph showing variation of
voltage Vs the current drawn from the
cell. How can one get information from
Let V = Potential difference between A
this plot about the emf of the cell and
and B .
its internal resistance?
Then, for cell ε 1 ,
(ii) Two cells of emf is E1 and E2 internal
resistance r1 and r2 are connected in V = ε 1 − I1 r1
parallel. Obtain the expression for the I 1 = ε 1 − V
emf and internal resistance of a single r1
equivalent cell that can replace this Similarly, for cell ε 2 ,
combination?
I 2 = ε 2 − V


Ans : r2
Substituting these values in equation (1),
(i)
I = e 1 − V + e 2 − V
r1 r2

or I = b ε 1 + ε 2 l − V b 1 + 1 l
r1 ρ 2 r1 r2
Hence, V is given by,
V = b e 1 r2 + e 2 r1 l − I a r1 r2 k
r1 + r2 r1 + r2
...(2)
Comparing the above equation with the
equivalent circuit of emf 'ε eq ' and internal
resistance 'req '
 V = ε eq − Ireq ...(3)
(i) Therefore,
ε eq = e 1 r2 + e 2 r1
r1 + r2
(ii) req = r1 r2
r1 + r2
33. (a) In Young’s double slit experiment, deduce
the conditions for (i) constructive and (ii)
destructive interference at a point on the
screen. Draw a graph showing variation of
the resultant intensity in the interference
pattern against position X on the screen.
(b) Compare and contrast the pattern which
is seen with two coherently illuminated
narrow slits in Young’s experiment with
that seen for a coherently illuminated
single slit producing diffraction.


Ans :
(a) Conditions of Constructive and Destructive
Interference : When two difference travel
in the same direction along a straight line
simultaneously, they superpose in such
a way that the intensity of the resultant
wave is maximum at certain points and
minimum at certain other points. The
phenomenon of redistribution of intensity
due to superposition of two waves of same
frequency and constant initial phase
difference is called the interference. The
waves of same frequency and constant
initial phase difference are called coherent
waves. At points of medium where the
waves arrive in the same phase, the
resultant intensity is maximum and the
interference at these points is said to
be constructive. On the other hand, at
points of medium where the waves arrive
in opposite phase, the resultant intensity
is minimum and the interference at these
points is said to be destructive. The
positions of maximum intensity are called
maxima while those of minimum intensity
are called minima. The interference takes
place in sound and light both.
Mathematical Analysis : Suppose two
coherent waves travel in the same direction
along a straight line, the frequency of
ω
each wave is 2π and amplitudes of electric
field are a1 and a2 respectively. If at any
time t , the electric fields of waves at a
point are y1 and y2 respectively and phase
difference is φ , then equation of waves
may be expressed as
y1 = a1 sin ωt ...(1)
y2 = a2 sin (ωt + φ) ...(2)
According to Young’s principle of
superposition, the resultant displacement
at that point will be
y = y1 + y2 ...(3)
Substituting values of y1 and y2 from (1)
and (2) in (3), we get
y = a1 sin ωt + a2 sin (ωt + φ)
Using trigonometric relation,
sin (ωt + φ) = sin ωt cos φ + cos ωt sin φ
y = a1 sin ωt + a2 (sin ωt cos φ + cos ωt sin φ)
= (a1 + a2 cos φ) sin ωt + (a2 sin φ) cos ωt
...(4)
Let, a1 + a2 cos φ = A cos θ ...(5)
and a2 sin φ = A sin θ ...(6)
Where A and θ are new constants
Then equation (4) gives
y = A cos θ sin ωt + A sin θ cos ωt
= A sin (ωt + θ) ...(7)
This is equations of the resultant
disturbance. Clearly the amplitude of
resultants disturbance is A and phase
difference from first wave is θ . The values
of A and θ are determined by (5) and (6).
Squaring (5) and (6) and then adding, we
get
 (a1 + a2 cos f) 2 + (a2 sin f) 2
= A2 cos2 q + A2 sin q
2 2 2 2
or a + a cos f + 2a1 a2 cos f + a sin f
1 2
2 2 2
= A (cos q + sin q)
As, cos q + sin2 q = 1, we get
2
A2 = a 12 + a 22 (cos2 f + sin2 f) + 2a1 a2 cos f
or A2 = a 12 + a 22 + 2a1 a2 cos φ
Amplitude, A = a 12 + a 22 + 2a1 a2 cos φ
...(8)
As the intensity of a wave is proportional
to its amplitude in arbitrary units I = A2
Intensity of resultant wave,
I = A2 = a 12 + a 22 + 2a1 a2 cos φ ...(9)
Clearly the intensity of resultant wave at
any point depends on the amplitudes of
individual waves and the phase difference
between the waves at the point.
Constructive Interference : For maximum
intensity at any point cos φ =+ 1
or phase difference,
φ = 0, 2p, 4p, 6p ...
= 2nπ (n = 0, 1, 2 ...) ...(10)
The maximum intensity,
I max = a 12 + a 22 + 2a1 a2
= (a1 + a2) 2 ...(11)
Path difference,
T = λ # Phase difference
2π
= λ # 2nπ = nλ ...(12)
2π
Clearly, the maximum intensity is
obtained in the region of superposition
at those points where waves meet in
the same phase or the phase difference
between the waves is even multiple of π
or path difference between them is the
integral multiple of λ and maximum
intensity is (a1 + a2) 2 which is greater
than the sum intensities of individual
waves by an amount 2a1 a2 .
Destructive Interference : For minimum
intensity at any point cos φ =− 1
or phase difference,
φ = p, 3p, 5p, 7p, ...
2
2 = (2n − 1) π, n = 1, 2, 3, ...
...(13)
In this case the minimum intensity,
I max = a 12 + a 22 − 2a1 a2
= (a1 − a2) 2 ...(14)
Path difference,
T = λ # Phase difference
2π
= λ # (2n − 1) π
2π
= (2n − 1) λ
2
Clearly, the minimum intensity is
obtained in the region of superposition
at those points where waves meet in
opposite phase or the phase difference
between the waves is odd multiple of π
or path difference between the waves is
odd multiply of λ2 and minimum intensity
= (a1 − a2) 2 which is less than the sum of
intensities of the individual waves by an
amount 2a1 a2 .
From equations (12) and (14) it is clear
that the intensity 2a1 a2 is transferred
from positions of minima to maxima.
This implies that the interference is based
on conservation of energy i.e., there is no
wastage of energy.
Variation of intensity of light with
position x is shown in figure.
(b) Comparison between two Slit Young’s
Interference pattern and Single slit
diffraction pattern : Both patterns are
 the result of wave nature of light; both
patterns contain maxima and minima.
Interference pattern is the result of
superposing two coherent wave while the
diffraction pattern is the superposition of
large number of waves originating from
each point on a single slit.
Differences :
(i) In Young’s two slit experiment;
all maxima are of same intensity
while in diffraction at a single slit,
the intensity of central maximum
is maximum and it falls rapidly for
first, second order secondary maxima
on either side of it.
(ii) In Young’s interference the fringes
are of equal width while in diffraction
at a single slit, the central maximum
is twice as wide as wide as other
maxima. The intensity falls as we go
to successive maxima away from the
centre on either side.
(iii) In a single slit diffraction pattern of
width a , the first minimum occurs
at λ/a ; while in two slit interference
pattern of slit separation a , we get
maximum at the same angle λ/a .
(i) Describe briefly how a diffraction
pattern is obtained on a screen due to
a single narrow slit illuminated by a
monochromatic source of light. Hence,
obtain the conditions for the angular
width of secondary maxima and
secondary minima.
(ii) Two wavelengths os sodium light of
590 nm and 596 nm are used in turn to
study the diffraction taking place at a
single slit of aperture 2 # 10-6 m . The
distance between the slit and the screen
is 1.5 m. Calculate the separation
between the positions of first maxima
of the diffraction pattern obtained in
the two cases.


Ans :
(i) Diffraction of light at a single slit :
A parallel beam of light with a plane
wavefront WWl is made to fall on a
single slit AB . As width of the slit
AB = d is of the order of wavelength
of light, therefore diffraction occurs on
passing through the slit.
The wavelets from the single wavefront
reach the centre O on the screen
in same phase and hence, interfere,
constructively to give central maximum
(bright fringe).
The diffraction pattern obtained on the
screen consists of a central bright band
having alternate dark and weak bright
band of decreasing intensity on both
sides.
Consider a point P on the screen at
which wavelets travelling in a direction
making an angle θ with CO are brought
to focus by the lens. The wavelets
from points A and B will have a path
difference equal to BN .
From the right angled TANB , we have
BN = AB sin θ or BN = d sin θ .
To establish the condition for secondary
minima, the slit is divided into 2, 4,
6... equal part such that corresponding
wavelets from successive regions
interfere with path difference of λ/2 .
For n th secondary minimum, the slit
can be divided into 2n equal parts.
 Hence, for n th secondary minimum, SECTION-E
path difference, T = d sin θ n = nλ
or sin θ n = nλ (n = 1, 2, 3...) 34. A glass window has been broken into tiny
d particles of glass in a robbery case. Some of
To establish the condition for secondary there tiny Particles are found at the scene
maxima, the slit is divided into 3, 5, of crime and some in the robbers clothing
7... equal parts such that corresponding If the police can both particles found from
wavelets from alternate regions interfere the places are similar. They have a strong
with path difference of λ/2 . case. Being a responsible person Deepak
For n th secondary maximum, the slit helped the police to prove such case.
can be divided into (2n + 1) equal
parts.
Hence, for n th secondary maximum,
d sin θ n = (2n + 1) λ
2
(n = 1, 2, 3, ...)

or, sin θ n = (2n + 1) λ

2d
(ii) For λ 1 = 590 nm
Location of I maxima,
y1 = (2n + 1) Dλ 1
2n
If n = 1 y1 = 3Dλ 1
2a
(a) Which phenomenon is responsible for
for λ 2 = 596 nm proving Such case?
y2 = (2n + 1) Dλ 1 , if n = 1 (b) How do you prove such case?
2a (c) What do you mean by refraction of
y2 = 3Dλ 2 light?
2a


o
Path difference = y2 − y1 = 3D (l 2 − l 1) (d) What is the cause of refraction ?
2a
3 # 1.5 (596 − 590) 10−9

Ans :
= #
2 # 2 # 10−6 (a) Refraction
= 6.75 # 10−3 m (b) Suspend the particles of glass in a
special liquid and particles are viewed
through a microscope. Change the
temperature or liquid slowly. At a
certain temperature particles of glass
disappear. Then they probably came
from the same broken pane of glass.
In this case refractive index of liquid
becomes equal to the refractive index
of particles of glass.
(c) Refraction of light is the change in the
direction of light as it passes from one
medium to another.


o
(d) Refraction of light take place when it
travels from one medium to another
medium because the speed of light is
different in different media.
35. p-n junction is a semiconductor diode. It is
obtained by bringing p-type semiconductor
in close contact with n - type semiconductor.
A thin layer is developed at the p-n
junction which is devoid of any charge
carrier but has immobile ions. It is called
depletion layer. At the junction a potential
barrier appears, which does not allow
the movement of majority charge carriers
across the junction in the absence of any
biasing of the junction. p-n junction offers
low resistance when forward biased and
high resistance when reverse biased.
reverse bias.
3. Due to the reverse biasing, the width of
depletion region increases and current
flowing through the diode is almost
zero. In this case, electric field is almost
zero at the middle of the depletion
region.


o
4. The electric field formed in the depletion
region acts as a barrier. External energy
must be applied to get the electrons to
move across the barrier of the electric
field. The potential difference required
to move the electrons through the
electric field is called the potential
barrier.


******

1. Does current flow when diode is reverse

biased?
2. What is meant by reverse bias?
3. What is the value of electric current
in the middle of the depletion layer of
reverse biased p-n junction? why?


o
4. Explain how a potential barrier is
developed in a p-n junction diode.


Ans :
1. The current flows effortlessly while
in forward bias, but reverse bias does
not permit current to flow through the
diode.
2. If the positive of the voltage terminal
joined with the N section is called