CBSE Physics Class 12

Sample Paper 3 Page 1

CBSE Sample Paper 4

Class XII Exam 2022-23
Physics
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions:
1. There are 35 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section
E. All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains eighteen MCQ of 1 mark each, Section B contains seven questions of two
marks each, Section C contains five questions of three marks each, section D contains three
long questions of five marks each and Section E contains two case study based questions of 4
marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D
and E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SECTION-A

1. Two point charge Q and - 2Q are placed at some distance apart. If the electric field at the
location of Q is E , then the electric field at the location of - 2Q will be
(a) - E (b) - 3E
2 2
(c) - E (d) - 2E

2. The electric potential due to a small electric dipole at a large distance r from the center of the
dipole is proportional to
(a) r (b) 1
r

(c) 12 (d) 13
r r

3. If a current of 300 mA is flowing in a conductor, then the number of electrons passed through
the conductor in 4 min. is (Charge on an electron = 1.6 # 10−19 C )
(a) 4.5 # 1020 (b) 9.0 # 1020
(c) 4.5 # 1018 (d) 9.0 # 1018
4. Two thin, long, parallel wires, separated by a distance d carry a current of (i) A in the same
direction. They will
(a) attract each other with a force of µ 0 i2 / (2πd)
(b) repel each other with a force of µ 0 i2 / (2πd)
(c) attract each other with a force of µ 0 i2 / (2πd 2)
(d) repel each other with a force of µ 0 i2 / (2πd 2)

5. Two long straight parallel conductors separated by a distance of 0.5 m carry currents of 5 A
and 8 A in the same direction. The force per unit length experienced by each other is
(a) 1.6 # 10-5 N (attractive) (b) 1.6 # 10-5 N (repulsive)
(c) 16 # 10-5 N (attractive) (d) 16 # 10-5 N (repulsive)

6. The direction of null points are on the equatorial line of a bar magnet, when the north pole of
the magnet is pointing towards
(a) north (b) south
(c) east (d) west

7. A conducting rod of length 2l is rotating with a constant angular speed ω about its perpendicular
bisector as shown in the figure. A uniform magnetic field B exists parallel to the axis of rotation.
The E.M.F. induced between two ends of the rod is

(a) zero (b) Bωl 2

(c) 1 Bωl 2 (d) 1 Bωl 2

2 8
8. An electromagnetic wave of frequency 3 MHz passes from vacuum into a medium with dielectric
constant k = 4 . Then
(a) both wavelength and frequency remain unchanged
(b) wavelength is doubled and frequency becomes half
(c) wavelength is halved and frequency remains unchanged
(d) wavelength is doubled and the frequency remains unchanged

9. If a wire of length 2 m is moving with a velocity of 1 m -s-1 perpendicular to a magnetic field of

0.5 T, then E.M.F. induced in the wire will be
(a) 0.2 V (b) 0.5 V
(c) 1 V (d) 2 V

10. When a compact disc is illuminated by a source of white light, coloured lanes are observed.
This is due to
(a) dispersion (b) diffraction
(c) interference (d) refraction

11. There are n1 photons of frequency ν 1 in a beam of light. In an equally energetic beam, there
are n2 photons of frequency ν 2 . Their correct relation is
(a) n1 = 1 (b) n1 = n 1
n2 n2 n 2
2
(c) n1 = n 2 (d) n1 = n 12
n2 n 1 n2 n 2

12. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of hydrogen atom is about - 3.4 eV .
Its kinetic energy in this state is
(a) - 3.4 eV (b) 3.4 eV
(c) - 6.8 eV (d) 6.8 eV

13. A nuclear reaction given by: Z XA " Z + 1 YA + −1 e0 + ν represents

(a) β -decay (b) γ -decay
(c) fusion (d) fission
14. An energy source will supply a constant current into the load, if its internal resistance is
(a) zero
(b) equal to load resistance
(c) very large than load resistance
(d) non-zero but less than load resistance

15. A dielectric plate is inserted between plates of a parallel plate capacitor, to fill the space
between the plates. The capacitor is charged and later disconnected from the battery. Now the
dielectric plate is slowly withdrawn from the capacitor. The graph of potential difference V
across the plates and the length of the dielectric plate L with drawn is

16. Assertion : The value of current through p - n junction in the given figure will be 10 mA .

Reason : In the above figure, p -side is at higher potential than n -side.

(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
17. Assertion : Thin films such a soap bubble or a thin layer of oil on water show beautiful colours
when illuminated by white light.
Reason : It happens due to the interference of light reflected from the upper surface of the thin
film.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

18. Assertion : Mass of moving photon varies inversely as the wavelength.

Reason : Energy of the particle = mass # (speed of light)2
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

SECTION-B
19. How are electromagnetic waves produced? What is the source of energy of these waves? Write
mathematical expressions for electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave propagating
along the z -axis. Write any two important properties of electromagnetic waves.

20. State two characteristic properties distinguishing behaviour of paramagnetic and diamagnetic
materials.

21. What are isotones and isomers? Give suitable examples.

o
State the necessary conditions for nuclear fusion to occur.

22. A ray of light passes though an equilateral glass prism such that the angle of incidence is equal
angle of emergence and each of these angles is equal to 34 of angle of prism. What is the value
of deviation?
23. Distinguish between n -type and p-type semiconductors.


o
The graph shown in the figure represents a plot of current versus voltage for a given semiconductor.
Identify the region at which the semiconductor has a negative resistance.

24. Two plane monochomic waves propagating in the same direction with amplitudes A and 2A
and differing in phase by π/3 superpose. Calculate the amplitude of the resultant wave.

25. Find the electric dipole moment electron and a proton which distance is 4.3 nm apart.

SECTION-C

26. State the factors on which the force acting on a charge moving in a magnetic field depends.
Write the expression for this force. When is this force minimum and maximum?

27. A metal rod makes contact and completes the circuit as shown in the figure. The direction of
motion of rod is perpendicular to the magnetic field of 0.5 T. If the resistance R is 2 Ω . What
is the force needed to move the rod as indicated with a constant velocity of 8 m -s-1 ?
28. An applied voltage signal consists of a superposition of a DC voltage of high frequency. The
circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor in series. Show the DC signal will appear across
C and the AC voltage across L.


o
An alternating voltage of frequency f is applied across LCR circuit. Let fr be the resonance
frequency for the circuit. Will the current in the circuit lag, lead or remain in phase with the
applied voltage when
1. f > fr
2. f < fr ?
Explain your answer in each case.

29. Describe the construction and work of a photocell (or photo-emissive cell).


o
The given graph shows the variation of photoelectric current I versus applied voltage V for
two different photosensitive materials and for two different intensities of the incident radiations.
Identify the pairs of curves that corresponds to different materials but same intensity of incident
radiation.

30. A hydrogen atom initially in its ground absorbs a photon and is in the excited state with energy
12.5 eV. Calculate the longest wavelength of the radiation emitted and identify the series to
which it belongs.
[Take Rydberg constant R = 1.1 # 107 m−1]

SECTION-D

31. Two uniformly large parallel thin plates having charge densities + σ and - σ are kept in the
X - Z plane at a distance d apart. Sketch and equipotential surface due to electric field between
the plates. If a particle of mass m and charge - q remains stationary between the plates, what
is the magnitude and direction of this field ?


o
Find the electric potential and then electric field due to an electric dipole by differential
relationship between field and potential.

32.

(a) Using Kirchhoff’s rules, calculate the current in the arm AC of the given circuit.
(b) On what principle does the meter bridge work? Why are the metal strips used in the
bridge?


o
Define the terms drift velocity and relaxation time. Establish the relation between drift velocity
of electrons and electric field applied to the conductor.

33. Two wavelengths of sodium light 590 nm and 596 nm are used, in turn, to study the diffraction
taking place at a single slit of aperture 2 # 10-4 m . The distance between the slit and the screen
is 1.5 m. Calculate the separation between the positions of the first maxima of the diffraction
pattern obtained in the two cases.


o
(i) State the essential conditions for diffraction of light.
(ii) Explain diffraction of light due to a narrow single slit and the formation of pattern of
fringes on the screen.
(iii) Find the relation for width of central maximum in terms of wavelength λ , width of slit a
, and separation between slit and screen D .
(iv) If the width of the slit is made double the original width, how does it affect the size and
intensity of the central band?

SECTION-E

34. A child is observing a thin film such as a layer of oil on water show beautiful colours when
illuminated by white light. He feels happy and surprised to see this. His teacher explains him
the reason behind it. The child then gives an example of spreading of kerosene oil on water to
prevent malaria and dengue.
 (a) Name the phenomenon involved ?
(b) What do you mean by interference?
(c) Write any four the necessary conditions for interference of light.

35. Vijay was preparing an electronic project for science exhibition. He required to light the LED
using a 6V supply. LEDs need only a very small current to make them light and they do not
heat up in use. So he put a resistor in series to limit the current. Then, there would be potential
difference of 4V across the resistor as there is always 2.0V across the LED itself when it is
conducting. The current should be 10 mA through both LED and the resistor. He could use the
resistance by equation, R = V to calculate the value of R.
I
R = V = 4 V
I 10mA
= 4V = 400 Volt
0.01A
Thus the protecting resistor should be around 400 Ω .
(a) What do you mean by semiconductor?
(b) A semiconductor has equal electron and hole concentration 6 # 108 /m3 . On doping with
certain impurity, electron concentration increases to 9 # 1012 /m3 .
(i) Identify the new semiconductor obtained after doping.
(ii) Calculate the new hole concentration.
CBSE Physics Class 12 Sample Paper 3 Solutions Page 1

Sample Paper 4 Solutions

Class XII 2022-23
Physics
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions:
1. There are 35 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section
E. All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains eighteen MCQ of 1 mark each, Section B contains seven questions of two
marks each, Section C contains five questions of three marks each, section D contains three
long questions of five marks each and Section E contains two case study based questions of 4
marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D
and E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

(where, E2 = Electric field at the location

SECTION-A of - 2Q )
1. Two point charge Q and - 2Q are placed
at some distance apart. If the electric field
at the location of Q is E , then the electric
field at the location of - 2Q will be
2. The electric potential due to a small electric
(a) - E (b) - 3E dipole at a large distance r from the center
2 2
of the dipole is proportional to
(c) - E (d) - 2E
(a) r (b) 1
r


Ans : (a) - E
2 (c) 12 (d) 13
Given, r r
First charge, q 1 = Q

Ans : (c) 12
r
Second charge, q2 =− 2Q Electric potential at an axial point of a
and electric field at the location of first dipole is given by,
charge due to second charge only,
p
E1 = E V = 1
4πε 0 r2 − a2
We know that, electric field at the location where,
of Q due to second charge, p = Electric dipole moment
q r = Distance of axial point from the center
E1 = k : 22 \ q2
r of dipole
Therefore, E1 = q2 = − 2Q =− 2
E2 q1 Q 2a = Length of the dipole
For large distance r2 >>> a2 ,
E2 =− E1 = E
2 2
 p and current in each wire = i A
V =
4πε 0 r2 We know that force on each wire due to
current,
Hence, V ? 12
r
µ 0 i2
3. If a current of 300 mA is flowing in a F =
2 πd
conductor, then the number of electrons Since, current flows in both the parallel
passed through the conductor in 4 min. is wires in the same direction, therefore they
(Charge on an electron = 1.6 # 10−19 C ) attract each other with a force of µ 0 i 2 /2πd.
(a) 4.5 # 1020 (b) 9.0 # 1020
(c) 4.5 # 1018 (d) 9.0 # 1018


Ans : (a) 4.5 # 1020
Given,
Current, I = 300 mA = 0.3 A
Time, t = 4 min = 240 s
5. Two long straight parallel conductors
And charge on an electron,
separated by a distance of 0.5 m carry
e = 1.6 # 10−19 C currents of 5 A and 8 A in the same direction.
We know that charge passing through a The force per unit length experienced by
conductor, each other is
q = I # t (a) 1.6 # 10-5 N (attractive)
= 0.3 # 240 = 72 C (b) 1.6 # 10-5 N (repulsive)
Therefore no. of electrons passed through (c) 16 # 10-5 N (attractive)
the conductor, (d) 16 # 10-5 N (repulsive)
q 72

Ans : (a) 1.6 # 10-5 N (attractive)
n = =
e 1.6 # 10−19 Given, Distance between conductors,
= 4.5 # 1020
d = 0.5 m
Current in first conductor,
4. Two thin, long, parallel wires, separated by
a distance d carry a current of (i) A in the I 1 = 5 A
same direction. They will and current in second conductor,
(a) attract each other with a force of I 2 = 8 A
µ 0 i2 / (2πd) We know that force experienced by each
(b) repel each other with a force of conductor due to currents,
µ 0 i2 / (2πd) µ IIl
F = 0 1 2
(c) attract each other with a force of 2πd
µ 0 i2 / (2πd 2) (4p # 10−7) # 5 # 8 # 1
=

(d) repel each other with a force of 2p # 0.5
µ 0 i2 / (2πd 2)
= 1.6 # 10−5 N


Ans : (a) attract each other with a force of (where, µ 0 = Absolute permeability of free
µ 0 i2 / (2πd) space equal to 4π # 10-7 Wb A-1 m-1 )
Given, Since, when current in both the conductors
Distance between wires = d flows in the same direction, therefore force
between them will be attractive.
6. The direction of null points are on the
equatorial line of a bar magnet, when
the north pole of the magnet is pointing
towards
(a) north (b) south
(c) east (d) west


Ans : (a) north
We know that when the north pole of a bar
magnet is pointing towards north direction,
then magnetic lines of force pass through
the magnet.
7. A conducting rod of length 2l is rotating
with a constant angular speed ω about
its perpendicular bisector as shown in the
figure. A uniform magnetic field B exists
parallel to the axis of rotation. The E.M.F.
induced between two ends of the rod is
8. An electromagnetic wave of frequency 3
MHz passes from vacuum into a medium
with dielectric constant k = 4 . Then
(a) both wavelength and frequency remain
unchanged
(b) wavelength is doubled and frequency
becomes half
(c) wavelength is halved and frequency
remains unchanged
(d) wavelength is doubled and the
frequency remains unchanged


Ans : (c) wavelength is halved and frequen-
cy remains unchanged
Given,
Frequency, v = 3 MHz
and dielectric constant of medium,
k = 4
We know that refractive index of medium,
µ = e
e0

= k e0

e0
= k = 4 = 2
and wavelength of electromagnetic wave in
medium,
(a) zero (b) Bωl 2
λ = λ = λ
(c) 1 Bωl 2 (d) 1 Bωl 2 µ 2
2 8
(where λ = Wavelength of wave is vacuum)


Ans : (a) zero Since, frequency of wave is independent
Given, Length of rod = 2l of the medium, therefore it remains
Angular speed = ω unchanged.
and Uniform magnetic field = B
We know that induced E.M.F. in a small
element dx of the rod from its centre
= Bvdx .
Therefore, induced E.M.F. between the two
ends of the rod,
+l
E = #
−l
Bvdx

Bωxdx = Bω ;x E
+l 2 +l
=

−l
#
2 −l
^− l h2
= Bω ;l − E= 0
2

2 2
9. If a wire of length 2 m is moving with 2
(c) n1 = n 2 (d) n1 = n 12
a velocity of 1 m -s-1 perpendicular to n2 n 1 n2 n 2
a magnetic field of 0.5 T, then E.M.F.
induced in the wire will be

Ans : (c) n1 = n 2
n2 n 1
(a) 0.2 V (b) 0.5 V Given,
(c) 1 V (d) 2 V In First Beam,


Ans : (c) 1 V No. of photons = n1
Given, Frequency of each photon = ν 1
Length of wire, l = 2 m In Second Beam,
Velocity of wire, v = 1 m−s−1 No. of photons = n2
Magnetic field, B = 0.5 T and Frequency of each photon = ν 2
We know that E.M.F. induced in the wire, We know that energy of n1 photons in first
E = Bvl beam of light,

= 0.5 # 1 # 2
E 1 = n 1 h ν 1
Similarly, energy of n2 photons in second
= 1 Volt

beam of light,
E 2 = n 2 h ν 2
Since both the beams of light are equally
energetic,
Therefore, n 1 h ν 1 = n 2 h ν 2
or n 1 = n 2
n2 n1
10. When a compact disc is illuminated by a
where, h = Planck’s constant
source of white light, coloured lanes are
observed. This is due to
12. The total energy of an electron in the first
(a) dispersion (b) diffraction
excited state of hydrogen atom is about
(c) interference (d) refraction - 3.4 eV . Its kinetic energy in this state is


Ans : (b) diffraction (a) - 3.4 eV (b) 3.4 eV
We know that when a compact disc is (c) - 6.8 eV (d) 6.8 eV
illuminated by a source of white light, then


Ans : (b) 3.4 eV
the small ripples on the surface of disc,
Given,
break up white light into different colours
Total energy of electron in first excited
due to diffraction.
state,
As a result of this, coloured lanes are
observed. E =− 3.4 eV
We know that kinetic energy of electron in
11. There are n1 photons of frequency ν 1 in a first excited state,
beam of light. In an equally energetic beam, EK =− E =− − 3.4 = 3.4 eV
there are n2 photons of frequency ν 2 . Their
correct relation is
(a) n1 = 1 (b) n1 = n 1
n2 n2 n 2
13. A nuclear reaction given by: with drawn is
A A 0
Z X " Z + 1 Y + −1 e + ν represents

(a) β -decay (b) γ -decay

(c) fusion (d) fission


Ans : (a) β -decay
Given,
Nuclear reaction: Z XA " Z + 1 YA + −1 e0 + ν
We know that in β -decay, the atomic number
increases by 1 and mass number remains
the same. Since in the given reaction, the
atomic number increases from Z to ^Z + 1h
and the mass number A remains the same,
therefore it represents β -decay.

14. An energy source will supply a constant

current into the load, if its internal
resistance is
(a) zero
(b) equal to load resistance
(c) very large than load resistance
(d) non-zero but less than load resistance


Ans : (a) zero
We know that current in the circuit,
I = E
R+r
Therefore an energy source will supply a
constant current equal to E into the load
R
if its internal resistance r is zero.


Ans : (b)
We know that potential difference across a
parallel plate capacitor,
qd
V = ?1
ε 0 κA κ
Therefore as the dielectric plate is taken
out, this potential difference increases.
And it becomes constant when the dielectric
plate is completely removed.
Therefore the graph of potential difference
V across the plates and length of the
dielectric plate L will be as shown in option
(b).

16. Assertion : The value of current through

p - n junction in the given figure will be
10 mA .

15. A dielectric plate is inserted between plates

of a parallel plate capacitor, to fill the
space between the plates. The capacitor is
charged and later disconnected from the
battery. Now the dielectric plate is slowly
withdrawn from the capacitor. The graph
of potential difference V across the plates
and the length of the dielectric plate L
Reason : In the above figure, p -side is at
higher potential than n -side.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct and the Reason is a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct but Reason is not a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
 (c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are
incorrect.


Ans : (b) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct but Reason is not a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
The p -side of the junction diode is at a
higher potential than the n -side. So p -n
junction is forward biased. Hence a current
flows through it and is given by
I = V = 5 − 2 = 10−2 A = 10 mA
R 300
17. Assertion : Thin films such a soap bubble or
a thin layer of oil on water show beautiful
colours when illuminated by white light.
Reason : It happens due to the interference
of light reflected from the upper surface of
the thin film.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct and the Reason is a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct but Reason is not a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are
incorrect.


Ans : (c) The Assertion is correct but
Reason is incorrect.
Interference in between two rays, one is
reflected from the upper surface and second
from the lower surface.
18. Assertion : Mass of moving photon varies
inversely as the wavelength.
Reason : Energy of the particle = mass #
(speed of light)2
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct and the Reason is a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct but Reason is not a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are
incorrect.


Ans : (b) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct but Reason is not a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
We know that for photon,
mv = h
λ
mass varies inversely as the wavelength.
For particle E = mc2 , E is energy of particle
if its mass is converted into energy. Both
are uncorrelated.
SECTION-B
19. How are electromagnetic waves produced?
What is the source of energy of these waves?
Write mathematical expressions for electric
and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic
wave propagating along the z -axis.
Write any two important properties of
electromagnetic waves.


Ans :
Electromagnetic wave produced by
oscillating charged particle.
Mathematical expression for electromagnetic
wave travel along z -axis.
Ex = E 0 sin (kz − ωt)
[For electric field]
By = B 0 sin (kz − ωt)
 [For magnetic field]

Ans :
Properties The fusion reactions take place under the
1. Have oscillating electric and magnetic conditions of extreme temperature and
fields along mutually perpendicular density due to the following reasons:
direction. 1. The high temperature is necessary for
2. Transverse nature. the light nuclei to have sufficient kinetic
energy so that they can overcome their
20. State two characteristic properties mutual coulombic repulsions and come
distinguishing behaviour of paramagnetic closer than the range of nuclear force.
and diamagnetic materials. That is why a fusion reaction is also


Ans : called a thermonuclear reaction.
2. High density or pressure increases the
Diamagnetic Paramagnetic frequency of collision of light nuclei and
Substance Substance hence increases the rate of fusion.
In non-uniform In non-uniform
magnetic field, magnetic field,
the diamagnetic paramagnetic
substances are substances move
attracted towards from weaker to
the weaker field, stronger part of
i.e., they move from the magnetic field
stronger to weaker slowly.
magnetic field.
Their permeability Their permeability
is less then one is lightly greater 22. A ray of light passes though an equilateral
(µ < 1). than one (µ > 1). glass prism such that the angle of incidence
is equal angle of emergence and each of
21. What are isotones and isomers? Give these angles is equal to 34 of angle of prism.
suitable examples. What is the value of deviation?


Ans :

Ans :
Isotones : The nuclides having the same In prism, i + e = A + D
number of neutrons are called isotones. For
example, 17
37
Cl and 19
39
K are isotones, as both and i = e = 3 A (given)
4
contain the same number of neutrons i.e.,
for both N = A − Z = 20. So, A + D = 3 A + 3 A
4 4
Isomers : These are the nuclei with same
atomic number and same mass number D = 3A − A = A
but existing in different energy states. For 2 2
example, a nucleus in its ground state and Since, A = 60c (being an equilateral glass
the identical nucleus in metastable excited prism)
state are isomers.


o So, D = 60c
2
State the necessary conditions for nuclear
fusion to occur. = 30c

23. Distinguish between n -type and p-type 24. Two plane monochomic waves propagating
semiconductors. in the same direction with amplitudes


Ans : A and 2A and differing in phase by π/3
superpose. Calculate the amplitude of the
Distinguish between n -type and p-type resultant wave.
semiconductor :


Ans :
n -type p-type
Semiconductor Semiconductors Here, A1 = A
1. These are extrinsic These are extrinsic A2 = 2A
semiconductors semiconductors φ = π
obtained by obtained by 3
doping impurity doping impurity Hence,
atoms of group atoms of group III A R = A 12 + A 22 + 2A1 A2 cos φ
V to Ge or Si to Ge or Si crystal.
crystal. = A2 + (2A) 2 + 2A # 2A cos π

3
2. The impurity The impurity
atoms added atoms added = 5A2 + 4A2 # 1

2
provide free create vacancies
= 7A2 =
7A
electrons and are of electrons (or
called donors. holes) and are
called acceptors


o
The graph shown in the figure represents
a plot of current versus voltage for a given
semiconductor. Identify the region at
which the semiconductor has a negative
resistance. 25. Find the electric dipole moment electron
and a proton which distance is 4.3 nm
apart.


Ans :
Given,
Charge, q = 1.6 # 10−19
d = 4.3 # 10−9 cm
Dipole moment,
p = q # d
= 1.6 # 10−19 # 4.3 # 10−9



Ans : = 6.8 # 10−28 C − m

Resistance of a material can be found
out by the slope of the curve V versus I.
Part BC of the curve shows the negative
resistance as with the increase in current
and decrease in voltage.
 SECTION-C
26. State the factors on which the force acting
on a charge moving in a magnetic field
depends. Write the expression for this
force. When is this force minimum and
maximum?


Ans :
As shown in figure, suppose a charge q
moves with velocity vv in a magnetic field
Bv at angle θ .
Magnetic Lorentz Force
Form experiments, it is found that the
charge q experiences a force Fv such that,
1. The force is proportional to the
magnitude of the magnetic field, i.e.,
F?B
2. The force if proportional to the charge
q , i.e., F ? q
3. The force is proportional to the
component of the velocity v in the
perpendicular direction of the field B,
i.e., F ? v sin θ
Combining the above factors, we get
F ? Bqv sin θ
F = kqvB sin θ
The unit of magnetic field is so defined that
the proportionality constant k becomes
unity in the above equation. Then,
F = qvB sin θ
As the direction of Fv is perpendicular to
both vv and Bv , so we can express Fv as
Fv = q (vv # Bv)
27. A metal rod makes contact and completes
the circuit as shown in the figure. The
direction of motion of rod is perpendicular
to the magnetic field of 0.5 T. If the
resistance R is 2 Ω . What is the force
needed to move the rod as indicated with a
constant velocity of 8 m -s-1 ?


Ans :
Given,
Magnetic field, B = 0.5 T
Resistance, R = 2 Ω
Velocity of rod, v = 8 m −s−1
Length of rod, l = 10 = 0.1 m
We know that E.M.F. induced in the rod,
E = Bvl
= 0.5 # 8 # 0.1 = 0.4 Volt
Therefore, induced current in the rod,
I = E = 0.4 = 0.2 A
R 2
We also know that force acting on the rod
in magnetic field,
F = BIl
= 0.5 # 0.2 # 0.1
= 0.01 N
28. An applied voltage signal consists of a phase φ .
superposition of a DC voltage of high 2. When f < fr , then XL < XC and the
frequency. The circuit consists of an circuit is capacitive dominant circuit,
inductor and a capacitor in series. Show and tan φ is negative, so the current
the DC signal will appear across C and the will lead the applied voltage by a phase
AC voltage across L. φ.


Ans : The current will remain in phase if f = fr ,
then XL = XC and the circuit is purely
Inductive reactance, XL = ωL resistive and hence current and voltage are
in phase.
Capacitive reactance, XC = 1
ωC
For DC in steady state ω = 0 ; XL = 0 ,
XC = 3 (for DC).
Thus, the inductive reactance has zero
value for DC and very high value for
high frequency AC. On the other hand
capacitance offers infinite reactance to DC
and very low reactance to high frequency
29. Describe the construction and work of a
AC.
photocell (or photo-emissive cell).
So, when inductor and capacitor are
connected in series, the capacitor gives

Ans :
easy path to AC and does not allow DC; Photo-emissive cell works on the principle
while inductor gives easy path to DC and of photoelectric emission.
offers very high opposition to AC. Hence,
DC signal will appear across C and AC
voltage across L.


o
An alternating voltage of frequency f is
applied across LCR circuit. Let fr be the
resonance frequency for the circuit. Will the
current in the circuit lag, lead or remain in
phase with the applied voltage when
1. f > fr
2. f < fr ?
Explain your answer in each case.


Ans :
In an LCR circuit, the phase angle φ is
given by,
2πfL − 2πfC
1
A Photo-emissive Cell
tan φ = XL − XC =
R R
Construction : It consists of an evacuated
1. When f > fr , then XL > XC and the
glass tube which encloses two electrodes, as
circuit is inductive dominant circuit
shown in figure. The cathode or emitter is a
and tan φ is positive. So the current
parabolic metal plate coated with a layer of
will lag behind the applied voltage by a
some photosensitive material like oxide of
Cs. The anode or collector is a thin rod of So, the pairs of curves (1 and 3) and (2 and
Pt or Ni. The two electrodes are connected 4) correspond to different materials but
externally to a high tension battery and a same intensity of incident radiation.
micro-ammeter ( µA ).
Working : When light of frequency greater
than the threshold frequency falls on
the cathode, photoelectrons are emitted
which are attracted by the collector. The
circuit gets completed and a current starts
flowing in the circuit. As the number of
photoelectrons emitted is proportional
to the intensity of incident light, the
photoelectric current indicated by the
micrometer gives a measure of the intensity
of light.


o
The given graph shows the variation of 30. A hydrogen atom initially in its ground
photoelectric current I versus applied absorbs a photon and is in the excited state
voltage V for two different photosensitive with energy 12.5 eV. Calculate the longest
materials and for two different intensities wavelength of the radiation emitted and
of the incident radiations. Identify the identify the series to which it belongs.
pairs of curves that corresponds to different [Take Rydberg constant R = 1.1 # 107 m−1]
materials but same intensity of incident

Ans :
radiation.
Let ni and n f are the quantum numbers of
initial and final states, then we have

cn2 n2 m
1 = R 1 − 1
λ max f i

The energy of the incident photon = 12.5 eV

Energy of ground state =− 13.6 eV
Hence, Energy after absorption of photon
can be - 1.1 eV
This means that electron can go to the
excited state ni = 3 .
It emits photon of maximum wavelength
on going to n f = 2 , therefore,
1 = 1 − 1 R


Ans :
λ max b 22 32 l
Curves 1 and 2 correspond to similar
materials while curves 3 and 4 represent λ max = 36
5R
different materials, since the value of 36
stopping potential for the pair of curves (1 =
5 # 1.1 # 107
and 2) and (3 and 4) are the same. For c
given frequency of the incident radiation, = 6.555 # 10−7 m 6555A
the stopping potential is independent of its It belongs to balmer series.
intensity.
 SECTION-D
"
p = q # 2a
Let us take the origin at the centre of
31. Two uniformly large parallel thin plates the dipole. We have to calculate electric
having charge densities + σ and - σ are potential at any point P .
kept in the X - Z plane at a distance d $ "
apart. Sketch and equipotential surface Where, OP = r
due to electric field between the plates. If a And +BOP = θ
particle of mass m and charge - q remains
stationary between the plates, what is the
magnitude and direction of this field ?


Ans :
The equipotential surface is at a distance
d/2 from either plate in X - Z plane. For a
particle of charge (- q) at rest between the
plates, then

Let the distance of P from charge - q at A

(i) weight mg acts vertically downward be r1 , i.e., AP = r1
(ii) electric force qE acts vertically upwards. and distance of P from charge + q at B be
r2 , i.e.,BP = r2 .
So, mg = qE Electrostatic potential at P due to - q
mg charge at A,
E = ,
q
−q
vertically downward, i.e. along (-) Y V1 = ...(1)
4πε 0 r1
-axis.
Electrostatic potential at P due to q charge
at A,
q
V2 ...(2)
4πε 0 r2


o
Find the electric potential and then electric Therefore, Potential at P due to the dipole,
field due to an electric dipole by differential V = V2 + V1
relationship between field and potential. From equation (1) and (2), we get
q 1 1
4πε 0 :r2 r1 D


Ans : V = − ...(3)
Let an electric dipole consist of two equal
Now, by geometry,
and unlike point charges - q at A and
+ q at B , separated by a small distance r 12 = r2 + a2 + 2ar cos (180c − θ)
AB = 2a , with centre at O . The dipole = r2 + a2 − 2ar cos θ
moment, We may rewrite,
 r 22 = r2 + a2 + 2ar cos (180c − θ) $
AB . O is the centre of dipole. We have to
"
= r2 + a2 − 2ar cos θ calculate electric field intensity E at any
We may rewrite, point K ,
r 12 = r2 c1 + a2 + 2a cos θ m
2

r r
2
If a << r , a is small, a2 can be neglected.
r r
Hence, r 12 = r2 b1 + 2a cos θ l
r

r1 = r b1 + 2a cos θ l
1/2

r

rb l
1 = 1 1 + 2a cos θ 1/2
r1 r

Similarly, 1 = 1 b1 − 2a cos θ l
−1/2

r2 r r
Putting these values in (3), we get
where, OK = r
;
q 1
b 1 − 2a cos θ l
−1/2
V =
4πε 0 r r
+BOK = θ
− 1 b1 + 2a cos θ l E
−1/2
The dipole moment p can be resolved into
r r two rectangular components:
Using Binomial theorem and retaining (p cos θ) along A1 B1 and (p sin θ) along
terms upto the first order in a/r , we get A 2 B 2 = A1 B1 .
q Field intensity at K on the axial line of
4πε 0 r 9
=
V 1 + a cos θ − a1 − a cos θ kC
r r A1 B1 ,
q 2p cos θ
4πε 0 r 9
1 + a cos θ − 1 + a cos θC
"
= E1 =
r r 4πε 0 r3
$
q 2a cos θ p cos θ
= # = Let it be represented by KL along OK .
4πε 0 r2 4πε 0 r2 Field intensity at K on equatorial line of
As, A2 B2 ,
""
p cos θ = p.r " p sin θ
E 2 =
where, rt = is unit vector along the position 4πε 0 r3
$
vector Let it be represented by KM z B2 A2 and
$
$ " = KL . Complete the rectangle KLNM .
OP = r $
Hence, Electrostatic potential at P due to Join KN .
$
a short dipole (a << r) is, According to Parallelogram law, KN rep-
resents resultant intensity ^E h at K due to
"
"
p.rt
V = the short dipole.
4πε 0 r2
Electric Field Intensity at any Point due to As, KN = KL2 + KM2
"
a Short Electric Dipole Hence, E = E 12 + E 22
In figure (as shown below), AB represents
"
a short electric dipole of moment p along
 2p cos θ 2 p sin θ 2 or 7I1 + 4I2 = 4 ...(1)
= c
2πε 0 r3 m c 4πε 0 r3 m
+
For the mesh ACDBA,
p 40 (I1 + I2) − 40 + 20I2 − 80 = 0
=
4 cos2 θ + sin2 θ
4πε 0 r3 or 40I1 + 60I2 − 120 = 0
"
E or 2I2 + 3I2 = 6 ...(2)
p
= 3 cos2 θ + (cos2 θ + sin2 θ)
4πε 0 r3
2
E = P 3 cos θ3 + 1 ...(1)
"
i.e.,
4πε 0 r
Let, +LKN = α
In TKLN ,
tan α = LN = KM
KL KL
p sin θ 4πε 0 r3
=
.
4πε 0 r3 2p cos θ
Solving eqs. (1) and (2), we get
= 1 tan θ
2 I1 = − 12 A
Hence, α can be calculated. 13

32. AC = I1 + I2 = 22 A
(a) Using Kirchhoff’s rules, calculate the
current in the arm AC of the given
circuit.
(b) On what principle does the meter
bridge work? Why are the metal strips
used in the bridge?


Ans :
(a) For the mesh ERCAE ,
I2 = 34 A
13
Current through arm,
13
(b) Metre bridge works on Wheatstone’s
bridge balancing condition.
Metal strips will have less resistance to
maintain continuity without adding to
circuit.


o
Define the terms drift velocity and
relaxation time. Establish the relation
between drift velocity of electrons and
electric field applied to the conductor.


Ans :
In the absence of any electric field, the
free electrons of a metal are in a state
of continuous random motion. At room
temperature, their random velocities
correspond to 105 ms-1 . The average
random velocity of free electrons is zero.
" " "

u = u1 + u2 + ..... + uN = 0
"
− 30I1 + 40 − 40 (I1 + I2) = 0
N
or - 7I1 - 4I2 = 4 Thus, there is no net flow of charge in any
direction. 33. Two wavelengths of sodium light 590 nm
"
In the presence of an external field E , each and 596 nm are used, in turn, to study the
" diffraction taking place at a single slit of
electron experiences a force - eE in the
" aperture 2 # 10-4 m . The distance between
opposite direction of E (since an electron the slit and the screen is 1.5 m. Calculate
has negative charge) and undergoes an the separation between the positions of
acceleration av given by the first maxima of the diffraction pattern
"
obtained in the two cases.
a = Force =− eE
"

Mass m

Ans :
where m is the mass of an electron. As
For maxima other than central maxima.
the electrons accelerate, they frequently
a $ θ = bn + 2 l λ
collide with the positive metal ions or 1

other electrons of the metal. Between two y
successive collisions, an electron gains a and θ =
D
velocity component (in addition to its
a $ = bn + 2 l λ
y 1
random velocity) in a direction opposite to
D
"
E . However, the gain in velocity lasts for a For light of wavelength λ 1 = 590 nm
2 # 10-14 # 1 = b1 + 2 l # 590 # 10−9
short time and is lost in the next collision. y 1
The average time that elapses between two 1.5
−9
successive collisions of an electron is called y1 = 3 # 590 # 10 −# 1.5
relaxation time. It is given by 2 2 # 10 4
= 6.64 mm
τ = t1 + t2 + ... + tN
N
During the relaxation time τ , an electron
gains an average velocity given by
" "
vd = 0 + a τ [since v = u + at]
"
vd =− eE τ
"

m
"
The parameter vd is called drift velocity of
electrons. It may be defined as the average
velocity gained by the free electrons of a
conductor in the opposite direction of the
externally applied electric field.
For light of wavelength λ 2 = 596 nm
2 # 10-4 # 2 = b1 + 2 l # 596 # 10−9
y 1
1.5
−9
y2 = 3 # 596 # 10 −# 1.5
2 2 # 10 4

= 6.705 mm
Separation between two positions of first
maxima
Ty = y2 − y1
= 6.705 − 6.64 = 0.065 mm




o
(i) State the essential conditions for
diffraction of light.
(ii) Explain diffraction of light due to a
narrow single slit and the formation of
pattern of fringes on the screen.
(iii) Find the relation for width of central
maximum in terms of wavelength λ ,
width of slit a , and separation between
slit and screen D .
(iv) If the width of the slit is made double
the original width, how does it affect
the size and intensity of the central
band?


Ans :
(i) Essential conditions for diffraction of
light
(a) Sources of light should be
monochromatic.
(b) Wavelength of the light used should
be comparable to the size of the
obstacle.
(ii) Single slit diffraction is explained by
treating different parts of the wavefront
at the slit as sources of secondary
wavelets.
At the central point C on the screen,
θ is zero, All path differences are zero
and give maximum intensity at C .
At any other point P , the path
difference between two edges of the slit
is NP − LP = NQ
= a sin q - aq
Any point P , in direction θ , is a location
of minima if a θ = nλ
This can be explained by dividing the
slit into even number of parts. The
path difference between waves from
successive parts is 180c out of phase
and hence cancel each other leading to
a minima. Any point P , in direction Q ,
is a location of maxima if a θ = bn + 2 l λ
1
This can be explained by dividing the
slit into odd number of parts. The
contributions from successive parts
cancel in pairs because of 180c phase
difference. The unpaired part produce
intensity at P , leading to a minima.
(iii) If θ is the direction of first minima,
then aθ = λ
θ = λ
a
Angular width of central maxima
= 2θ = 2λ
a
Linear width of central maxima,
β = 2θ $ D = 2λD
a
(iv) If a is doubled, β becomes half and
intensity becomes 4 times.
 SECTION-E
34. A child is observing a thin film such as a
layer of oil on water show beautiful colours
when illuminated by white light. He feels
happy and surprised to see this. His teacher
explains him the reason behind it. The
child then gives an example of spreading
of kerosene oil on water to prevent malaria
and dengue.
35. Vijay was preparing an electronic project
(a) Name the phenomenon involved ?
(b) What do you mean by interference?
(c) Write any four the necessary conditions
for interference of light.


Ans :
(a) The phenomenon involved in a thin
film is interference. Different colours
of light interfere at different points in
space and hence child is able to see
different colours.
(b) Interference is defined as the
phenomenon of superimposition of
two or more waves of same frequency
emitted by coherent sources such that
the resultant wave is equal to the sum of
the amplitude of the individual waves.
Depending on whether the interference
is constructive or destructive, the
amplitude of the resultant wave can
either be larger or smaller than the
individual waves.
(c) The conditions for the interference of
light are as under.
(i) Light source should be
monochromatic.
(ii) Both the waves should be of same
frequency.
(iii) Both the waves should be travel in
the same direction.
(iv) The amplitude of both the waves
should be nearly same or equal.
(v) Both the sources(slits) should be
very thin.
for science exhibition. He required to light
the LED using a 6V supply. LEDs need only
a very small current to make them light
and they do not heat up in use. So he put a
resistor in series to limit the current. Then,
there would be potential difference of 4V
across the resistor as there is always 2.0V
across the LED itself when it is conducting.
The current should be 10 mA through both
LED and the resistor. He could use the
resistance by equation, R = V to calculate
I
the value of R.
R = V = 4V
I 10mA
= 4V = 400 Volt
0.01A
Thus the protecting resistor should be
around 400 Ω .
(a) What do you mean by semiconductor?
(b) A semiconductor has equal electron
and hole concentration 6 # 108 /m3 . On
doping with certain impurity, electron
concentration increases to 9 # 1012 /m3 .
(i) Identify the new semiconductor
obtained after doping.
(ii) Calculate the new hole concentration.


Ans :
(a) Semiconductors are the materials which
have a conductivity between conductor
and non-conductor.
(b)
(i) New semiconductor must be n -types,
because electron concentration
increases.
(ii) Given,
ni = 6 # 108 /m3 ,
ne = 9 # 1012 /m3
Now, ne nh = n i2
2
(6 108) 2
nh = n 1 = # 12
ne 9 # 10
16
= 36 # 1012
9 # 10
Thus, the new hole concentration will
be 4 # 10 4 /m3 .

******