STEP 2 - TO RECOGNIZE THE ELECTRODYNAMIC AND WAVES APPLICATIONS

INDIVIDUAL WORK

STUDENT NAME: OSCAR GUZMAN CONDE

GROUP 203058_19

IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: 1126318663

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS BÁSICAS, TECNOLOGÍA E INGENIERÍA

TEORÍA ELECTROMAGNÉTICA Y ONDAS

2019 16-04
 Introduction

Electromagnetic waves are the physical phenomenon that allows radiocommunication, so that
their study becomes very important for anyone who wants to work in this field.

A wave is a disturbance, a momentary irregularity, that moves through space. This movement
is known as the propagation of the wave and can have different shapes and schemes.
 Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you mean propagation medium open for electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic waves are those that do not need a material means to propagate.
These waves are propagated under vacuum or a very high constant speed 3000000 KM
/ s but not infinite.
Electromagnetic waves propagate through an oscillation of electric and magnetic fields.
Electromagnetic waves propagate through any dielectric material including air but do
not propagate well through conductors with losses such as seawater since electric fields
cause currents to flow in the material by rapidly dissipating wave energy.

2. Within the propagation mediums, what is mean by the tangent of losses?

The tangent of losses is a parameter that depends on the characteristics of the medium
and the frequency of the signal and determines the relationship between the conduction
and displacement current.
Loss tangent or delta tangent is a measure of the state of an insulation. It is also called
the dissipation factor and is a measure of the dielectric losses of a solid or liquid
insulator.
Therefore, its magnitude depends on the type of insulation and its conditions and is
independent of its volume.

3. Of what physical variables does the value of the tangent of losses depend?

The loss tangent depends on the medium through which the wave propagates, the
absolute and relative electrical permittivity in itself is the permissibility of the material
or medium to let the magnetic fields pass. We can observe the following table to see
the relative permittivity of different media.

4. How are the propagation medium classified from the tangent of losses?
Not dissipative, Lost low dielectric, Dielectrics with losses, Good conductors

5. What are the propagation parameters of the waves through a medium?

period, frequency, amplitude, wavelength and speed

Application exercises:

Application exercise:
The following 5-step exercise describes the method to characterize an electromagnetic
wave when propagating in an open environment, for which, each student must choose
1 propagation media of the 5 proposed in Table 1 and announce it within the forum
Step 2 to avoid repetition.
 Tabla 1: Conductivity 𝛔 and electrical permittivity 𝛆𝐫 of some materials.
Material 𝛔 [𝐒⁄𝐦] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
1. Copper 5.80𝑥107 1
2. Sea water 4 80
3. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10−2 14
4. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10−4 3
5. Sweet water 1.00𝑥10−3 80

1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the medium
chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E of frequency
𝑓 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑀𝐻𝑧. Note that 𝐶𝐶𝐶 are the first 3 digits of your identification number:

𝑓 = 112 𝑀𝐻𝑧

𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜

1.00 𝑥10−3
=
2𝜋 ∗ 112𝑥106 ∗ 80 ∗ 8.8542𝑥10−12

= 2.0061𝑥10−3
𝛿 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2.0061𝑥10−3 )

𝛿 = 0.114°

2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the chosen
medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:
 Media Tan(δ) δ [°]
1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°
2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°
3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°
4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°
5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

Table 2: Classification of propagation media.

According to the results chosen in the previous exercise we deduce that the
classification for fresh water is Good insulators - Lost low dielectric.

3. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3 shown below,
calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the chosen
medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).
d. Intrinsic impedance  (Eta).

Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.

Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good

Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors
 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

 0 𝜎𝜂⁄2 𝑅𝑒() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝐼𝑚() 𝑗√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

 √𝜇⁄𝜀 √𝜇⁄𝜀 √𝑗𝜔𝜇⁄(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎

Lost low dielectric

 = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀

 = 20.620389𝑖

 = 𝜎𝜂 ⁄2
Np
 = 0.021060
m

 = 𝜔√𝜇𝜀

rad
 = 20.620389
m

 = √𝜇⁄𝜀

 = 42.119739 Ohm

4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following equations,
calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .

𝜔
𝑣𝑝 =
𝛽
2𝜋 ∗ 112𝑥106
𝑣𝑝 =
rad
20.620389 m

𝑀
𝑣𝑝 = 3.3518𝑥107
𝑠
b. Wavelength 𝝀.
2𝜋
𝝀=
𝛽
2𝜋
𝝀=
rad
20.620389 m

𝝀 = 0.304707416 𝑚

c. Speed factor 𝒇𝒗 .

𝑣𝑝
𝒇𝒗 =
𝐶0
𝑀
3.3518𝑥107
𝒇𝒗 = 𝑠
3.00𝑥108
𝒇𝒗 = 1.1173𝑥10−1

d. Refractive index𝒏.

1
𝑛=
𝑓𝑣
1
𝑛=
1.1173𝑥10−1

𝑛 = 8.9505
5. According to the parameters obtained in the previous points and knowing that the
maximum value of the E wave is 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝑽/𝒎, calculate:
e. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.
f. The power 𝑷𝒐 transmitted by the wave in the medium.
g. The %𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 of wave amplitude per unit length.

1
𝛿𝑝 =
|𝑎|
1
𝛿𝑝 =
Np
|0.021060 m |

𝛿𝑝 = 47.483686

|𝐸 2 𝑥0 |
𝑃0 = cos ∅𝑛
2|𝜂|
𝑃0 = 179.9412687 𝑊/𝑚2

%𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = (1 − 𝑒 −2∝𝑥 ) ∗ 100%

Np
%𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = (1 − 𝑒 −2∗0.021060 m ∗1𝑚 ) ∗ 100%

%𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 4.12%
 Conclusions

Conclusion 1:

This paper discusses phenomena associated with the propagation of electromagnetic

waves. The processes that produce energy losses during the propagation of the
environment were analyzed.

Conclusion 2:

Different wave propagation media were evidenced, as well as their physical properties
and with this we can analyze if it would be a good means of transmission or if it is
necessary to design another solution to the type of medium.
 Bibliography

Bibliography 1:

Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent [Video]. Recovered from

http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic

Press. (pp. 513-519). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.
com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513

Quesada, M., & Maroto, J. (2014). Plane electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic waves in free space. From Maxwell's Equations to Free and
Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction for First-year
Undergraduates. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (pp. 49-60).
Recovered from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/l
ogin.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-
live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49