Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work format

Javier Rodriguez Salamanca

Group 39
1057607533

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2021 16-04
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. The open propagation medium refers to those mediums where the
waves can reach their maximum frequencies and in addition to this
there are no obstructions in the movement of the wave.
2. The loss tangent refers to the parameter that depend on the
characteristics of the medium and the frequency of the signal and
determines the relationship between the conduction current and the
displacement.
3. According to the loss tangent, we can characterize the media as
follows:
-tan (δ) ≥10 → Good driver
-tan (δ) <0.01 → Good insulator
-0.01 <tan (δ) <10 → Dissipative dielectric
tan (δ) = 0 → Dielectric perfect
-tan (δ) → ∞ → Perfect driver
4. -The amplitude: It is the maximum elongation or what is the same
the maximum distance of any point of the wave measured with respect
to its position of equilibrium its unit A, is expressed in units of length
(m) -The wavelength: It is the distance that exists between two
successive points that are in the same state of vibration (same
elongation, velocity and acceleration) It is symbolized by the Greek
letter λ (lambda) expressed in units of (m) Electromagnetic waves
travel at the speed of light when they propagate in the vacuum when
these waves have their advance through the metallic transmission
lines the speed depends to a great extent on the type of cable
traveling slower the electromagnetic wave.
Application exercise:
The following 5-step exercise describes the method to characterize an
electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment, for which,
each student must choose 1 propagation media of the proposed in Table 1 and
announce it within the Task 1 forum to avoid repetition.

Table 1: Conductivity σ and electrical permittivity ε rof some media.

 Media σ [S /m] εr [ ]
7
1. Copper 5.80 x 10 1
2. Sea water 4 80
−15
3. Air 5.5 x 10 1.0005
4. Vegetable soil 1.00 x 10
−2
14
5. Dry soil 1.00 x 10
−4
3
−3
6. Sweet water 1.00 x 10 80
7. Vacuum 0 1
−12 2 2
ε =ε r ε o ; ε o =8.8542 x 10 C /N m

1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the
medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E
of frequency f =(CCC+10) MHz . Note that CCC are the last 3 digits of your
identification number.
σ σ
tan ( δ )= =
ω ε 2 πf ε r ε o

Example:
Identification number: 1057607533, then CCC :533
6
Then: f =( ¿ 533+10 ) MHz=¿ ¿¿ 10 Hz

Selected propagation medium: sea water

Conductivity: σ =4 S /m

Electrical permittivity: ε r=80

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

σ σ 4 S/m
tan ( δ )= = =
ω ε 2 πf ε r ε o 2 π∗543 x 106 Hz∗80∗8.8542 x 10−12 C 2 /N m2

Note that ω=2 πf and ε =ε r ε o

Example:
 σ σ 4 S/m
tan ( δ )= = =
ω ε 2 πf ε r ε o 2 π∗543 x 10 Hz∗80∗8.8542 x 10−12 C 2 /N m2
6

Figure 1: operation 1 on a virtual scientific calculator.

tan ( δ )=1.65516

2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the

chosen medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:

tan ( δ )=58.8 º

Table 2: Classification of propagation media.

Media Tan(δ) δ [°]

1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°
 2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°

3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°

4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°

5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

3. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3 shown
below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the
chosen medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).

Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.

Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good

Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors
γ jω √ με jω √ με √ jωμ(σ + j ωε) √ jω σ μo
α 0 ση/2 ℜ¿) √ πf σ μ o
β ω √ με ω √ με ℑ() √ πf σ μ o
η √ μ/ε √ μ/ε √ jω μ/(σ + j ωε) √ jω μo /σ
−6
μ=μ r μ o ; μ r=1 ( non−magnetic media ) ; μ o=1.2566 x 10 T m/ A

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

γ= √ jωμ(σ + j ωε)=√ j 2 πf μ r μ o (σ + j 2 πf ε r ε o)=...

Note that ω=2 πf , μ=μ r μ o and ε =ε r ε o

4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following
equations, calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the
chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed v p .
b. Wavelength λ .
c. The penetration depth of the δ pwave in the medium.

Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator, paste the image of the
operation on the report, then write the final result including the units.
V p=27646998.67022m/s

λ=0.050915 m
δ p=0.01436339936
 Figure 3: operation 3 on a virtual scientific calculator.

Interpretation
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain in your own
words the meaning and the result obtained for: tan ( δ ) , V p , λ and δ p.

The loss tangent It is defined as a basic measurement parameter that

determines the behavior of a medium.

Through the tangent of losses, we also determine the type of medium due and

this can be done since it is a measure of the quality of an insulation.

V p is the speed with which the electromagnetic wave propagates at 100 MHz

through a medium that in my case was sea water, where its propagation speed

is 27646998.67m / s and for this medium the wavelength was 0.050915 m.

Application example

Example: When electromagnetic waves travel through the air they can produce

biological effects that can often be detrimental to people's health because

when our body is exposed to electromagnetic waves they cause some

physiological change that can persist.

Video link

URL: http://youtu.be/yiv_H1In9yo?hd=1

References

 Reference 1: Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014).

From Maxwell's Equations to Free and Guided Electromagnetic
Waves: An Introduction for First-year Undergraduates. New
York: Nova Science Publishers, Recovered
from https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://searc
h.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-
live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

 Chen, W. (2005). El manual de ingeniería eléctrica. Boston:

Prensa académica. Recuperado
de  http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://se
arch.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid= pp_513