Electromagnetic Waves in Open Media

Made by:

Cristian Villegas.

Group:

203058_38.

Teacher:

Omar Leonardo Leyton.

School:

Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia (UNAD).

Course:

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas.

Date:

12 – 03 – 2020.

Santa Marta D.T.C.H.

(Magdalena).
Introduction

The present work deals with basic and fundamental concepts for the development of the
course electromagnetic theory and waves in addition to associating the importance of the
topics of the course according to the training of each student either electronic engineering
or telecommunications. In this unit, we will approach the concepts of physics and
electromagnetism to determine the behavior of electromagnetic waves when they
propagate in open media, using mathematical methods to solve application exercises.
Activities to Develop

For the development of this activity, explore in the Knowledge Environment, in Unit 1, the
bibliographical reference of Chen, W. (2005), on pages 513-519, supplement with the aids
generated by the tutor within the forum, to solve the following consultation and application.

a) What do you mean propagation medium open for electromagnetic waves?

It refers to the propagation of electromagnetic waves in free space. Although free

emptiness really implies in a vacuum, propagation through the Earth's atmosphere
is often called free space propagation. The main difference is that the atmosphere
of the earth introduces signal losses that are not in a vacuum. Electromagnetic
waves propagate through any dielectric material including air but do not propagate
through conductive materials.

b) Within the propagation mediums, what does the tangent of losses mean?

The tangent of losses is a measure of the state of an isolation. It is also known as a

dissipation factor and is a measure of the dielectric losses of a solid or liquid
insulator. Therefore, its magnitude depends on the type of insulation and its
conditions and is independent of its volume. The disadvantage of this test is that it
only determines the average insulation condition, that is, it does not detect the
worst condition point. Its value can be affected by moisture and dirt on the surface
of the insulation that allows a current flow to the ground through the presence are
properly supported the surface thereof increasing losses.

c) Of what physical variables does the value of the tangent of losses depend?

The physical variables that influence the value of the loss tangent of a dielectric
material (solid or liquid) are basically humidity, the level of impurities present in the
material or its temperature; a high value, in relation to the normal parameters in
any of these variables directly affects the magnitude of the tangent (which means
that the material has lost or is compromised its electrical insulation capacity). The
fundamental disadvantage of this indicator is that it yields an average value, by
means of which it is impossible to detect which region or potion of the material is
most worn or diminished.
 a) How are the propagation medium classified from the tangent of losses?

Media Tan (δ) δ [°]

Perfect Dielectrics (Not Dissipative) tan ( δ )=0 δ =0 0
Good Insulators (Lost low Dielectric) 0< tan ( δ )< ¿ 0.1 0 < δ <¿ 6 0
0

Dissipative Dielectrics (Dielectrics with Losses) 0.1< tan ( δ ) <¿ 10 6 0< δ<¿ 84 0
Good Conductors (Good Conductors) tan ( δ ) >10 84 0 <δ< ¿ 900
Perfect Conductors (Perfect Conductors) tan ( δ ) ≫¿10 δ =90 0

b) What are the propagation parameters of the waves through a medium?

Not Lost low Good

Paramete Dielectrics
Dissipativ Dielectri Conductor
r with Losses
e c s
 jω √ με jω √ με √ jωμ(σ + j ωε) √ jω σ μo
 0 ση/2 ℜ() √ πf σ μ o
 ω √ με ω √ με ℑ() √ πf σ μ o
 √ μ/ε √ μ/ε √ jω μ/(σ+ j ωε) √ jω μo /σ

Application Exercise:
The following 5-step exercise describes the method to characterize an electromagnetic
wave when propagating in an open environment, for which, each student must choose one
propagation media of the five proposed in Table 1 and announce it within the forum Task 1
to avoid repetition.

Table 1: Conductivity δ and electrical permittivity ε r of some media.

Media δ [ S/ m ] εr [ ]
Cooper 5.80 x 107 1
Sea Water 4 80 ε o=8.8542 x 10−12 C2 / N m 2
Vegetable Soil 1.00 x 10−2 14
Dry Soil 1.00 x 10−4 3
Sweet Water 1.00 x 10−3 80

1) Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the medium
chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E of frequency
f =108 MHz. Note that CCC are the first 3 digits of your identification number:

σ σ
tan ( δ )= =
ωε 2 πf ε r ε o

C.C. 1082998429

The first three digits are 108

For this exercise, the chosen parameter is Copper.

The parameters of Copper are:

σ =5.80 x 107 S /m
ε r=1

The tangent of losses at 108 MHz:

 σ 5.80 x 107 S /m 9
tan δ = =
( ) 6 −12 2 2
=9.65328308 x 10
ωε 2∗π∗108 x 10 ∗1∗8.8542 x 10 C /N m

Which gives an angle of losses of:

δ =tan−1 ( 9.65328308 x 109 ) =1.5700

2) According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the chosen
medium according to one of the five options in Table 2:

Table 2: Classification of Propagation Media.

Media Tan (δ) δ [°]

Perfect Dielectrics (Not Dissipative) tan ( δ )=0 δ =0 0
Good Insulators (Lost low Dielectric) 0< tan ( δ )< ¿ 0.1 00 < δ <¿ 6 0
Dissipative Dielectrics (Dielectrics with Losses) 0.1< tan ( δ ) <¿ 10 6 0< δ<¿ 84 0
Good Conductors (Good Conductors) tan ( δ ) >10 84 0 <δ< ¿ 900
Perfect Conductors (Perfect Conductors) tan ( δ ) ≫¿10 δ =90 0

3) According to the classification obtained in point two and using Table 3 shown
below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the chosen
medium:

Table 3: Propagation Parameters in Open Media.

Lost low
Paramete Not Dielectrics Good
Dielectri
r Dissipative with Losses Conductors
c
 jω √ με jω √ με √ jωμ(σ + j ωε) √ jω σ μo
 0 ση/2 ℜ( ) √ πf σ μ o
 ω √ με ω √ με ℑ() √ πf σ μ o
 √ μ/ε √ μ/ε √ jω μ/( σ+ j ωε) √ jω μo /σ
a) Propagation Constant (gamma).

¿ jω √ με

¿ j 2 πf √ μ o μ r ε o ε r

¿ j 2 π 108 x 106 Hz √ 1.2566 x 10−6 N / A 2∗1∗8.8542 x 10−12 C 2 / N m2∗1

¿ 2.26 j

b) Attenuation Constant (Alpha).

¿ σ η /2

¿ σ √ μ/ε /2

¿ σ √ μo μ r /ε o ε r /2

¿ 5.80 x 107 √ 1.2566 x 10−6 N / A 2∗1 /8.8542 x 10−12 C2 / N m 2∗1/2

¿ 2 .185 x 1010 Np/m

c) Phase Constant β (Beta).

¿ ω √ με

¿ 2 πf √ μo μ r ε o ε r

¿ 2 π 108 x 106 Hz √ 1.2566 x 10−6 N / A 2∗1∗8.8542 x 10−12 C 2 / N m2∗1

 ¿ 2.26 Rad /m

d) Intrinsic Impedance η (Eta).

η=√ μ /ε

η=√ μ o μ r /ε o ε r

η=√ 1.2566 x 10−6 N / A 2∗1/8.8542 x 10−12 C2 / N m 2∗1

η=376.7244 Ω

4) According to the results obtained in point three and using the following equations,
calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen medium:

a) Propagation Speed v p

ω
vp=
β
2 πf
vp =
β

2 π 108 x 106 Hz
vp =
2.26 Rad /m

v p =3.0025 x 106 m/s

b) Wavelength λ
 2π
λ=
β

2π
λ=
2.26 Rad /m

λ=2.7801 m

c) Speed Factor f v

vp
f v=
Co

3.0025 x 106 m/s

f v=
3 x 108 m/s

f v =3.52 x 102

d) Refractive Indexn

1
n=
fv

1
n=
3.52 x 102

n=2.84 x 10−3

5) According to the parameters obtained in the previous points and knowing that the
maximum value of the E wave is 120V/m, calculate:

e) The penetration depth of theδ p wave in the medium.

 1
δ p=
¿ α ∨¿ ¿

1
δ p=
¿ 2.185 x 1010 Np/m∨¿ ¿

δ p=4.57 x 10−11 m

f) The power Po transmitted by the wave in the medium.

Po =¿ E 2xo ∨ ¿ ¿
2∨η∨¿ cos θη ¿

Po =¿ ¿ ¿

Po =19.10W /m2

g) The % losses of wave amplitude per unit length.

% losses (1 m )=( 1−e−2 αx )∗100 %

10
−2∗2 .185 x 10 Np/m∗1 m
% losses (1 m )=( 1−e )∗100 %
% losses (1 m )=100 %
Conclusions

In this activity, one could glimpse each of the concepts that will be learned in the course of
electromagnetic theory and waves such as the behavior of electromagnetic waves when
propagated in open media and the tangent of losses. The theoretical and practical
concepts that we learned in this course are of vital importance for the development of
professional practice, whether in the area of electronics or telecommunications, since both
require the analysis of signals and their applications.
Bibliography

 Quesada, M., & Maroto, J. (2014). Plane electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic

waves in free space. From Maxwell's Equations to Free and Guided
Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction for First-year Undergraduates. New York:
Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (pp. 49-60). Recovered from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-
live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press.

(pp. 513-519). Recovered from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513