UNIT 1: STEP 2 - TO RECOGNIZE ELECTRODINAMICA AND ONDAS

APPLICATIONS

Presented to:
Doria
Tutor

NELSON QUINTERO
CODE: 80204500

GROUP:

OPEN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY AND DISTANCE (UNAD)

TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
CEAD-JAG
Bogotá D.C.
September 2018.
Activities to develop
Each student in the group has to answer the following questions that use academic references to
support the search:

1. Explain the concept of tangent loss through an example.

The tangent of losses is the relation between the conduction current and the displacement
allowing to determine by means of an angle the amount of losses at the moment of transmitting
according to the characteristics of the medium and the bone signal the frequency.

An example where they use this medium is to verify the loss per kilometer of a wave in dry land,
in distilled water among others.
For this we apply the following Formula:
σ
tan ( δ )=
ωϵ

2. What kind of information does the velocity of propagation give us in the propagation of
electromagnetic waves?
The propagation velocities of electromagnetic waves depend on the medium by which they
propagate, as well as the form of variation of electromagnetic fields.

Electromagnetic waves are those emission signals that transmit television to reach our homes, or
those used in communications with an aircraft, are traveling through space at the speed of light
3 x 108 m
( s )
x 108 m 2,25 x 108 m
The speed of an electromagnetic wave is reduced to 2.99 ( s ) (
in the air,
s )
 2 x 108 m
in wáter ( s )in a quartz crystal.

In the propagation of waves can affect factors of losses as the distance devido to that it presents a
dispesion of the mismagenerando a reversal of the density of power, this is known as attenuation.

Another factor is the terrestrial medium, because it is not empty, in it there are atoms and
different particles in their different states and absorb the waves, this is known as Absorption

3. Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in free space, perfect dielectrics and good
conductors

An electromagnetic wave in free space propagates through any dielectric material including air
but does not propagate efficiently in lost conductors like seawater because electric fields cause
currents to flow in the material, which dissipate energy quickly of the waves.
The wave in the free space has no loss in its trajectory, in reality no energy is lost, simply that
this energy disperses away from the main source. That is why this phenomenon is better defined
as lost by dispersion. This phenomenon is defined by the law of Inverse Square and its equation
is:

Electromagnetic waves propagate through any dielectric material, including air, but do not
propagate well through leaking conductors such as seawater since electric fields cause currents to
flow to the material by rapidly dissipating energy of the waves.

Bronceado ( δ )=0 δ=0

π
δ=
2
4. Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical application of each type of
radiation.

Its applications depend on the type of electromagnetic wave

Microwave waves: one application is that of ovens. Its operation is based on the fact that very
high frequency electromagnetic radiation has a lot of energy, so there is a great heat transfer to
food in a short time.

Communications and radar are two other applications of the microwave.

Radio waves: they are used mainly in the treatment of short wave. is a type of alternating current
of high transfer characterized by having a wavelength comprised between 1 and 30 meters (10-
300 MHz) the short wave due to its high frequency is able to cross all types of bodies, both
drivers and non-drivers .

X-ray drivers: they are mostly emulated in the fields of scientific research, industry and
medicine.
Gamma Rays: They are used to sterilize instruments from which they can not be sterilized by
other methods, and with considerably lower risks to health, they are also used in radio therapy
The following table shows the main applications:
Standardized frequency bands:
Sigl Significado
a
ELF Extra Low Frequency
SLF Super Low Frequency
UL Ultra Low Frequency
F
VL Very Low Frequency
F
LF Low Frequency
MF Medium Frequency
HF High Frequency
VH Very High Frequency
F
UH Ultra High Frequency
F
SHF Super High Frequency
EHF Extra High Frequency

There is no exactly defined boundary between the bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. Some
types of radiation have a mixture of the properties of radiations found in the two regions of the
spectrum. For example, red light resembles infrared radiation in that some chemical bonds can
resonate.

5. What is the refractive index and what kind of information does it give us about the
behavior of electromagnetic waves?

The ratio of the speed of light in the vacuum and the speed of light in the medium whose index is
calculated is called the refractive index.

It is symbolized by the letter n and it is a dimensionless value.

c
n=
v
Where:

c: the speed of light in a vacuum

v: speed of light in the middle whose index is calculated (water, glass, etc.).
n: refractive index of the medium.

The refractive index of a medium is a measure of how much the speed of light (or other waves
such as sound waves) is reduced within the medium.

The inverse of the refractive index is also a characteristic parameter of the different means of
propagation and is called the velocity factor: since the phase velocity in any medium is less than
the speed of light in vacuum, the refractive index of a substance is always an amount greater than
or equal to 1

6. What is a flat wave and a non-flat wave and where are they used? What is a magnetic
and non-magnetic medium and where are they used?
Flat waves are a good approximation to real waves in most practical situations.

Radio waves, at a sufficient distance from the transmitting antenna or reflecting surfaces, can be
considered as flat waves, since their radius of curvature is very large.

Many of the concepts applied to optics can be transferred when working with flat waves. Most
electromagnetic waves can be considered as the superposition of a set of flat waves.

A magnetic medium: it is a device that stores information by means of magnetic waves.

Among them we find hard drives, 3 1/2 "discs, audio cassettes or cassettes.

Magnetic media should be kept away from magnetic fields and should not approach any body
with magnetic properties (such as magnets, telephones), as they could cause irretrievable loss of
data already stored.
Example:
• Floppy Disks, Flexible Disks or Floppy Disks (FD)
• Hard Drives, Rigid Discs or Hard Disks (HD)
• Backup Tapes, Tape Backup Unit (TBU)
• DAT or Digital Audio Tape (DAT) tapes

Non-magnetic media
They are the waves that do not need a material medium to spread. They include, among others,
visible light and radio waves, television and telephony.

All are spread in a vacuum at a constant speed, very high (300 0000 km / s) but not infinite.
Thanks to this we can observe the light emitted by a distant star so long ago that perhaps that star
has already disappeared.

Electromagnetic waves are propagated by an oscillation of electric and magnetic fields. The
electromagnetic fields to "excite" the electrons of our retina, communicate with the outside and
allow our brain to "build" the scenario of the world in which we find ourselves.
The O.E.M. they are also support for telecommunications and the complex functioning of today's
world.

Choose one of the following problems, solve it and share the solution in the forum.
Perform a critical analysis on the group members’ contributions and reply this in the
forum.

1. A dissipative medium has the following parameters:

ε r=4.5, μr =1.2 and σ =1.2 S /m

Find the wavelength and the amount of wavelengths that will penetrate a
6MHz signal.

Solution

The loss tangent is calculated to classify

 σ
tan ( δ )=
ωϵ

ϵ =ε r∗ε 0

1.2
tan ( δ )=
4.5∗1
( 2 π∗6∗10 6)( ∗10−9)
36 π
tan ( δ )=1.2 /0.0015
tan ( δ )=800

δ =tan−1 800=89,93 °
 The propagation constant is calculated

Υ = √ jωμ(σ + jωϵ)

rad
ω=2 π∗107 μ=1.2 μ0 ϵ=4.5 ϵ 0 σ =1.2 S / m
seg

√ ( (
Υ = j∗( 2 π∗107 )∗1.2 ( 4 π∗10−7 ) 1.2+ j
( 2 π )∗107∗4.5∗1
36 π
∗10−9 ))
1
√ (
Υ = j ( 9.6 ) π 2 1.2+ j ∗10−2
4 )

Υ =7.5319724818525+7.5476804365983 i

The phase constant is

β=7.547 rad /m
The wavelength for this case would be

2π 2 π rad
λ= = =0.832
β 7.547 rad /m

We find the depth of penetration

1 1
δ p= = =0.132 m
α 7.532 Mp/m

The wave penetrates:

0.132
δ p ( λ )= ≅ 0,16 λ
0.832

From the above, we can conclude that it does not reach a wavelength completely.