UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD

Teoria electromagnetica y ondas

Estudiante
Fabián Andrés Figueredo Rubiano

Docente
Manuel julian escobar

Curso
Teoria electromagnetica y ondas

Grupo
(203058A_614)

Bogotá D.C
01/04/20
 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD

OBJECTIVES

 Analyze each of the topics presented in the guide

 Investigate the different methods for solving each problem.
 Analyze and follow each of the tutor's instructions.
 INTRODUCTION

Electromagnetism and waves are responsible for describing the phenomena that develop
from the intervention of electric charges, both in motion and at rest, which give rise to
magnetic and electric fields and that produce effects on gases, liquids and solids. This
document explains in detail each of the processes of each problem agreed in the guide
provided by our tutor.
¿What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

Propagation modes

Propagation modes refer to each of the possible configurations adopted by electromagnetic

waves that travel through the waveguide. A mode of propagation is characterized by
satisfying certain boundary conditions. In theory there are an infinite number of propagation
modes and each one has its cutoff frequency from which it exists. The propagation modes
depend on the wavelength, its polarization and the dimensions of the guide. As each mode
has an associated cut-off frequency, the frequency of the signal to be transmitted must be
greater than the cut-off frequency, in this way the electromagnetic energy will be
transmitted through the guide without attenuation.

¿What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?

Electromagnetic polarization is a property of waves that can oscillate with more than one
orientation. This usually refers to the so-called transverse waves, in particular we usually
talk about electromagnetic waves, although it can also occur in transverse mechanical
waves. On the other hand, sound waves in a gas or liquid are exclusively longitudinal
waves in which the oscillation always goes in the direction of the wave; So there is no talk
of polarization in this type of waves. Transverse waves that exhibit polarization include
electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves, gravitational waves and transverse
sound waves (shear waves) in solids.

An electromagnetic wave like light consists of a coupled oscillating electric field and an
always perpendicular magnetic field; by convention, the "polarization" of electromagnetic
waves refers to the direction of the electric field. In linear polarization, the fields oscillate in
only one direction. In circular or elliptical polarization, the fields rotate at a constant speed in
a plane as the wave travels. The rotation can have two possible directions; if the fields
rotate in a sense of the right hand with respect to the direction of the wave displacement, it
is called the right circular polarization, while if the fields rotate in a sense of the left hand, it
is called the left circular polarization.

¿What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

This phenomenon is known as total reflection, because for angles of incidence greater than
the limit angle, the ray is not refracted, producing only the phenomenon of reflection.

¿What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

Refraction is the change in direction and speed that a wave experiences when passing
from one medium to another with a different refractive index. It only occurs if the wave has
an oblique impact on the separation surface of the two media and if they have different
refractive indices. Refraction originates from the change in the propagation speed of the
indicated wave. An example of this phenomenon is seen when a pencil is immersed in a
glass of water: the pencil seems broken. Refraction also occurs when light passes through
layers of air at a different temperature, on which the refractive index depends. Mirages are
produced by an extreme case of refraction, called total reflection. Although the
phenomenon of refraction is frequently observed in electromagnetic waves such as light,
the concept is applicable to any type of wave.
¿What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?

Explain the phenomena of light refraction can be applied to all types of waves crossing a
separation surface between two means in which the speed of wave propagation varies.

Application exercises:

For the development of the following exercises, note that ¿ corresponds to the
group number and CCC to the first 3 digits of the identification number.
2
mW /m ¿
1. An electromagnetic wave of f =¿ MHz and P+¿=120
1 , incident from the air
(η1 =120 π Ω), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance
η2=CCC Ω . Calculate the reflected power P−¿1 and the transmitted power P2
¿ +¿¿

to the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

Solution

Variables
𝑓 = 15 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑃1 + = 120𝑚𝑊 / 𝑚2
𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺
𝜂2 = 838 𝛺

Reflection coefficient
n2−¿n
Γ= 1
¿
838 Ω−120 π
n2+¿n = =379.4339 ¿
1
838 Ω+ 120 π

R=¿ Γ ¿2=379.4 2=143.944=14.39%

T =1−R=¿67.42%

mW mW
−¿=379.43× 200 =75.88 2 ¿
reflected power P m
2
m
1

mW 2
+¿=67.42 % × 200 =134.84 mW /m ¿
transmitted power P m
2

2
 2
mW /m ¿
2. An electromagnetic wave of f =¿ MHz and P+¿=1201 , coming from a wave
generator located 12 cm from the wall, which impinges from the air
( η1 =120 π Ω )perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance η2=CCC Ω
and 20 cm thick. The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative
material. On the other side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the

generator.
b. Determine in [%] and [mW /m2 ]the power that is transmitted to the
receiver.

3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in

the graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B,
forming an angle of θa =44,9 ° . Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total
path of the wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each layer is CCC mm
thick and that at point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is necessary to
identify which material is in layer 3 by calculating its refractive index.
Conclusions

As a result in the development of the guide, it was observed of the different forms that can
be used for the solution in the various forms on electromagnetic waves in free space.
During the development several calculations were made with the help of the integral
formulas in each equation. Each terminology and electromagnetic parameter has a specific
theory to apply in the course for the solution of each work. This information can be very
efficient to strengthen our knowledge and each of our skills for our daily life.

Electromagnetic waves propagate through various oscillations of fields that allow them to
occur in different forms, such as in visible light around us, in radio waves, in Wi-Fi waves, in
television and telephony.
 References

Merriamwebster. Electromagnetic wave. Recuperado de https://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/electromagnetic%20wave

Wikipedia .Modos de propagación. Recuperado de

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modos_de_propagaci%C3%B3n

Wikipedia. Polarizacion. Recuperado de https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizaci

%C3%B3n_electromagn%C3%A9tica

Junta de anda lucia. Centrostic. Recuperado de

http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/centros-
tic/41008970/helvia/sitio/upload/optica_fisica.pdf

Wikipedia .Refracción. Recuperado de https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracci%C3%B3n

Wikipedia .Ley de snell. Recuperado de https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_Snell

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press, (pp. 519-524).
Recovered from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519

Thematics: Propagation in bounded open media.

Wiley J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband Wireless. (pp.
31-51). Recovered from https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site