Step 2 - to recognize the electrodynamic and waves applications

Individual work

Student name:
Jorge Ivan Mendieta Muñoz
Group: 9
Identification number:5826178

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

School of Basic Sciences, Technology and Engineering
Electromagnetic Theory and Waves
2019 16-04
 Introduction

In this work the development of the activities proposed for this phase is carried out
Unit 1 - Electrodynamics and waves which is divided into two parts The first is the
solution to 5 questions where we talk about the means of propagation of
electromagnetic waves, the tangent of losses, parameters of propagation of the waves
through a medium, physical variables that can vary the value of the tangent of losses
and in part 2 the development of 5 practical exercises with mathematical bases that
allow us to define the behavior of electromagnetic waves is carried out.

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you mean propagation medium open for electromagnetic waves?

We say that a medium is open when the propagation finds no obstacle that reflects the
waves towards the emitting focus. In them, energy advances in only one way. We had
already said, when we studied the types of waves, that traveling waves were given in
open media. (FISICALAB, s.f.)
Electromagnetic waves (OEM) are those that are based on an electric field and a
magnetic field, and these do not use a means for transmission.
These waves do not need a material medium to propagate. They include, among others,
visible light and radio, television and telephone waves.
All propagate in a vacuum at a constant speed, very high (300,000 km / s) but not
infinite. Thanks to this we can observe the light emitted by a distant star so long ago
that perhaps that star has already disappeared. Or find out about an event that happens
thousands of kilometers practically at the moment of its occurrence.
Electromagnetic waves propagate through an oscillation of electric and magnetic fields.
Electromagnetic fields by "exciting" the electrons of our retina, they communicate with
us exterior and allow our brain to "build" the stage of the world we are in.
The O.E.M. they are also support for telecommunications and the complex functioning
of today's world. (Electromagnetic Waves, s.f.)
It can be said then that when a wave propagates in free space it does not suffer energy
losses, However, these are degraded by factors such as; the attenuation when the
power density decreases; the absorption establishes that the atmosphere contains
particles that absorb electromagnetic energy due to its components and these reduce
the power density; interference is that disturbance of a signal at its reception. (Means
of propagation of electromagnetic waves, 2010).

Illustration 1 Means of propagation of electromagnetic waves taken from: https://es.slideshare.net/nelsonarismendi/medios-de-propagacin-de-

las-ondas-electromagnticas

2. Within the propagation mediums, what is mean by the tangent of losses?

The losss tangent is the relation between the conduction current and displacement
𝜎
current 𝜔𝜖

Whose value depends on the parameters of the medium and the frequency of the
applied signal. The total current that flows through the medium is the vector sum of
the two components, as shown in figure 1
1 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿 = 𝐷 = =
𝑄 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
 Figure 1 Diagrama fasorial de un dieléctrico con pérdidas tomado de:
filee:///C:/Users/Jorge%20Ivan/Downloads/Paz,%20A.%20(2013).%20Electrodinámica%20y%20ondas.%20Electromagnetismo%20para%20inge
niería%20electrónica.%20Capítulo%206.%20pp.196-247.pdf

Additionally, there is a 90 ° offset angle between the displacement and conduction

current, as shown in Figure 1.
This ratio is called the tangent of losses and is a characteristic of the medium, in
conductive materials it tends to be very high (𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) → ∞) since the conduction current
is much more important than that of displacement; while in dielectric media the
behavior is contrary, so the tangent of losses tends to be small (𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) → 0).
The value of the loss tangent is a measure of the quality of an insulation, the lower the
conduction current compared to the displacement current the better the quality of the
electrical insulation.
For practical purposes, the loss tangent is also known as delta tangent or dissipation
factor and the displacement current as polarization current
According to the loss Tangent, the mediums could be characterized as follow:
𝐺𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟: 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) ≥ 10 𝛿 ≥ 84°
𝐺𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟: 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) < 0.01 𝛿 ≤ 0.6°
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐: 0.01 < 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) < 10 0.6° < 𝛿 < 84°
The reason 𝜖 ′′ /𝜖 ′ It is called a tangent of losses because it is a measure of the loss of
power in the middle.
𝜖 ′′ 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = ′
≅
𝜖 𝜔𝜖
𝜖 ′′ → imaginary part
𝜖 ′ → dielectric permittivity (real part) relative to vacuum
The amount δ in the equation is known as the loss angle. (Cheng)
A lower loss tangent results in more of the original transmitted signal reaching its
destination, A large loss tangent means more dielectric absorption and less transmitted
signal reaches its destination.
The loss tangent allows the analysis of conduction and polarization losses. Therefore it
is the loss of power in the middle. Its importance lies in being able to determine if a
material can be a good conductor at low frequencies, but have the properties of a
dielectric with losses at very high frequencies For example, wet earth has a dielectric
constant 𝜖𝑟 and conductivity 𝜎 on the order of 10 and 102 (s/m), respectively. The
tangent of losses 𝜎/𝜔 of the earth is equal to 1.8x104 a 1 (khz), so that he is a pretty
good driver. But nevertheless, 𝜎/𝜔 is 1.8x10−3 a 10(khz) and the wet earth behaves
like an insulator.
3. Of what physical variables does the value of the tangent of losses depend?
variables:
Humidity: This element may be present in the dielectrics that are analyzed, so it
should not be neglected, even if it is considered undesirable.

Figure 2 Humidity taken from: http://dielsaweb.com.ar/escrito/Tangente%20delta%202%20de%203.pdf

The temperature: When the internal temperature of the dielectric rises there is a
greater vibration of its ions around its equilibrium points. This allows an increase in
the degree of orientation of the dipoles and losses when an electric field is applied.
 Figure 3 Temperature taken from: http://dielsaweb.com.ar/escrito/Tangente%20delta%202%20de%203.pdf

Tension: Without the existence of partial discharges, the tangent should be constant
until very high levels of the tension imposed, in the vicinity of the failure of the material.
The tangent increases are considered due to the sum of the energies put into play in
the internal partial discharges, so these values will give us a reference of that electrical
activity.

Figure 4 Tension taken from: http://dielsaweb.com.ar/escrito/Tangente%20delta%202%20de%203.pdf

Time: Thinking about the influence of time on the tangent of a dielectric is the same
as analyzing its degradation or aging through this parameter.

Figure 5 Time taken from. http://dielsaweb.com.ar/escrito/Tangente%20delta%202%20de%203.pdf

4. How are the propagation medium classified from the tangent of losses?

As can be seen in Figure 1, the greater the angle of losses, the greater the component
of the conduction current will be compared to the displacement current, which means
that the medium is more conductive.
From this observation, a basic classification can be established for media based on the
loss tangent as indicated in the following table:
Table 1 Average classification of loss tangent propagation

MIDDLE
PARAMETERS
CLASSIFICATION
tan( δ) = 0 σ=0
Perfect Dielectrics There is no driving current, no losses due to Joule
effect
π
tan( δ) → ∞ δ=
2
Perfect drivers It has no polarization current, so it has no
capacitive or charge accumulation effects.
 tan( δ) → 0+ δ = 0+

They have conduction current and have losses

Good insulators
due to Joule effect, but this effect is almost
negligible compared to the capacitive effect, they
are also called “low loss dielectrics”
π
tan( δ) → ∞ δ=
2

Good drivers They present polarization current, therefore, they

have capacitive or charge accumulation effects,
but the conduction current and losses due to
Joule effect are much more significant.
π
0<δ→
2
Dissipative Dielectrics
They present both effects and neither is negligible
against the other

The tangent delta in logarithmic scale can be expressed as:

𝜎
tan( δ) =
𝜔𝜖
getting the logarithm on both sides you have
𝜎
𝐿𝑜𝑔 [tan( δ)] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 [ ]
𝜔𝜖
equivalent to:
𝜎
𝐿𝑜𝑔 [tan( δ)] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( ) − 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝑓)
2𝜋𝜖
his logarithmic scale function is equivalent to a function of the form
𝑦 =𝐴−𝑥
Where:
𝜎
𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔[tan( δ)]𝐴 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑥 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝑓)
2𝜋𝜖
This means that on a logarithmic scale the tangent of losses has a linear behavior
with respect to the frequency, as we can see in the following figure, where the delta
tangent has been plotted as a function of the frequency on the logarithmic scale.

Figure6 Tangente de perdidas en función de la frecuencia tomado de:

file:///C:/Users/Jorge%20Ivan/Downloads/Paz,%20A.%20(2013).%20Electrodinámica%20y%20ondas.%20Electromagnetismo%20para%20inge
niería%20electrónica.%20Capítulo%206.%20pp.196-247.pdf

5. What are the propagation parameters of the waves through a medium?

The propagation, attenuation and phase constants, as well as the intrinsic impedance
of a medium, are called propagation parameters. Table 2 shows a summary of the
propagation parameters in open media according to the classification based on the loss
tangent.
Table 2 Propagation parameters in open media

Parameter Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good

dissipative dielectric losses conductors
 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

 0 𝜎𝜂⁄2 𝑅𝑒() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝐼𝑚() 𝑗√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

 √𝜇⁄𝜀 √𝜇⁄𝜀 √𝑗𝜔𝜇⁄(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎

Propagation The propagation constant (sometimes called the propagation
constant coefficient) is used to express the attenuation (signal loss) and the
 (gamma). phase shift per unit length of a transmission line. As a wave
propagates, along the transmission line, its amplitude is reduced
with the distance traveled. The propagation constant is used to
determine the reduction in voltage or current in the distance as a
TEM wave propagates along the transmission line. ž
The propagation constant is a complex quantity defined by:
 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽 = √(𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿)(𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶)

Intrinsic he intrinsic impedance of a medium is the relationship between the

impedance magnitude of the electric field and the magnitude of the magnetic
 (Eta). field, associated with the wave.
This is represented by the Greek letter eta  and has units in Ohm.
𝐸 𝑉/𝑚 𝑉
= = = =Ω
𝐻 𝐴/𝑚 𝐴
In the case of perfect electric, the intrinsic impedance is:
𝜇
=√ 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠
𝜀
In the case of perfect non-magnetic dielectrics the intrinsic
impedance is:
𝜇 𝜇0
=√ =√
𝜀 𝜀𝑟 𝜀0
Phase constant Also called phase change constant, parameter or coefficient, it is the
 (Beta). imaginary component of the propagation constant for a flat wave.
The phase change per unit length along the path traveled by the
wave at any instant is represented and is equal to the real part of
the angular wave number and is measured in units of radians per
unit length. is represented by the symbols 𝜷.
From the definition of wave number (angular):
2𝜋
𝑘= =𝛽
𝜆

(THE FREE DICTIONARY BY FARLEX, s.f.)

Attenuation The constant term of attenuation, also called the attenuation
constant  parameter or attenuation coefficient is the attenuation of an
(Alpha). electromagnetic wave that propagates through a medium per unit
distance from the source. It is the true part of constant propagation
 and is measured in Nepers per meter. A neper is approximately 8.7
dB. The attenuation constant can be defined by the amplitude ratio
(THE FREE DICTIONARY BY FARLEX, s.f.)

Application exercises:

1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the medium
chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E of frequency 𝑓 =
𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑀𝐻𝑧. Note that 𝐶𝐶𝐶 are the first 3 digits of your identification number:
𝑓 = 178𝑀ℎ𝑧 = 178 ∗ 106
𝑎ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎

Material 𝛔 [𝐒⁄𝐦] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
5. Sweet water 1.00𝑥10−3 80
−3
𝜎 𝜎 1.00𝑥10
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 178.000.000 ∗ 80 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
𝜎 𝜎 1.00𝑥10−3
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜 7.9111
0.01
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
7.9111
𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝜹) = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
(𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1.26 ∗ 10−3
(𝜃) = 0.072°

2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the chosen
medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:

Table 2: Classification of propagation media.

 Media Tan(δ) δ [°]
1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°
2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°
3. Dissipative (Dielectrics with 0,1 < Tan(δ) <=
6° < δ <= 84°
dielectrics losses) 10
4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°
5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

Given the result in step 1 where the loss tangent is of 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 1.264 ∗ 10−3
and the angle is of 0.072° we can say that the behavior of fresh water at a frequency of
178MHz is Good insulators, We can also deduce that the behavior of the medium
depends not only on its own characteristics but also on the characteristics of the signal
that we are circulating through it.

3. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3 shown below,
calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).
d. Intrinsic impedance  (Eta).

Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.

Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good

Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors
 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

 0 𝜎𝜂⁄2 𝑅𝑒() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝐼𝑚() 𝑗√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

 √𝜇⁄𝜀 √𝜇⁄𝜀 √𝑗𝜔𝜇⁄(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎

a. Propagation constant  (gamma).

𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀

1
𝜔 = 2𝜋 ∗ 178 ∗ 106 𝜇 = 4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 𝜀 = 80 ∗ ∗ 10−9
36𝜋

1
 = 𝑗2𝜋 ∗ 178 ∗ 106 √4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 ∗ 80 ∗ ∗ 10−9
36𝜋

 = 𝑗2𝜋 ∗ 178 ∗ 106 ∗ √8.88 ∗ 10−13

 = 1.118 ∗ 1010 ∗ 2.98 ∗ 10−12

 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟒𝒊

e. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).

 = 𝜎𝜂⁄2 = 1.00𝑥10−3 ∗ 𝑛/2

1.00𝑥10−3 ∗ 42.1
 = 𝜎𝜂⁄2 =
2
 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟎 𝑵𝒑/𝒎

f. Phase constant  (Beta).

1
 = 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 = 𝜔√4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 ∗ 80 ∗ ∗ 10−9
36𝜋

1
 = 2𝜋 ∗ 178 ∗ 106 √4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 ∗ 80 ∗ ∗ 10−9
36𝜋

 = 2𝜋 ∗ 178 ∗ 106 ∗ √8.89 ∗ 10−13

  = 11.184 ∗ 1010 ∗ 2.98 ∗ 10−12
 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟒 𝐑𝐚𝐝/𝐦

g. Intrinsic impedance  (Eta).

4𝜋 ∗ 10−7
 = √𝜇⁄𝜀 = √
1
80 ∗ 36𝜋 ∗ 10−9

 = √1776.528792
 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟏 𝑶𝒉𝒎

4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following equations,
calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
b. Wavelength 𝝀.
c. Speed factor 𝒇𝒗 .
d. Refractive index 𝒏.

a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
𝜔 2𝜋 ∗ 178 ∗ 106
𝑣𝑝 = = = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝒎/𝒔
 33.34 Rad/m

b. Wavelength 𝝀.
 2𝜋
𝜆= = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟒 𝒎
33.34

c. Speed factor 𝒇𝒗 .
𝑣𝑝 3.35 ∗ 107
𝑓𝑣= = = 0.1117 → 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟏
𝐶𝑜 3 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠

d. Refractive index 𝒏.

1 1
𝑛= = = 𝟖. 𝟗𝟓
𝑓𝑣 0.1117

5. According to the parameters obtained in the previous points and knowing that the
maximum value of the E wave is 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝑽/𝒎, calculate:
a. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.
b. The power 𝑷𝒐 transmitted by the wave in the medium.
c. The %𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 of wave amplitude per unit length.

b. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.

𝟏 𝟏
𝛿𝑝 = = = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟔𝟏𝒎
|𝜶| 0.0210

c. The power 𝑷𝒐 transmitted by the wave in the medium.

 2 |
|𝐸𝑥0 |120𝑣/𝑚|2
𝑷𝒐 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
2|| 2|42.148|
1202
𝑃𝑜 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
84296
𝑷𝒐 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝑾/𝒎𝟐

d. The %𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 of wave amplitude per unit length.

𝜎 1 ∗ 10−3 42.148
∝= = = 0.0210 𝑁𝑝/𝑚
2 2
%𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = (1 − 𝑒 −2(0.0210) ) ∗ 100%

%𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 0.0413 ∗ 100%

%𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟑%

Conclusions

Conclusion 1:
It was learned that those of electromagnetic waves do not need a material means to
propagate, and that they support telecommunications and operation.

Conclusion 2:

The loss tangent allows us to analyze the conduction and polarization losses. which
allows to determine if a material can be a good conductor at low frequencies and at
very high frequencies have properties of a dielectric.

Conclusion 2:

It was understood that, in order to characterize a medium, it is very important that the
tangent of losses be known.
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