Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work

Anfred Angelis Cuenca Leiva

Group 203058_41

Identification number 12200527

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2020 16-01
 Introduction

Electromagnetic waves do not need a material medium to propagate. Thus, these waves can

traverse interplanetary and interstellar space and reach Earth from the Sun and stars.

Regardless of its frequency and wavelength. In this work we will apply the concepts of physics

and electromagnetism to determine the behavior of electromagnetic waves when propagated

in delimited open media, using mathematical methods to solve application exercises, studying

the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves, propagation in delimited open media,

Reflection and refraction of waves, Snell's law.

 Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic waves propagate in different ways, depending on the frequency, signal
energy, and electromagnetic properties of different media
the propagation methods of electromagnetic waves are:
• spread in line of sight
• propagation by reflection in ground plane
• propagation by atmospheric reflection
• propagation by satellite retransmission
• propagation through microwave links
• multiple reflection propagation

2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?

The way in which the different components of the electric field are manifested and the
relationship that exists between them is called wave polarization and several cases can
be considered.
The polarization mode of a wave is characterized by the difference in phase and
amplitude between the transverse components of the electromagnetic field that
generate the electromagnetic wave. The general shape of the electric field of a wave
moving in the X direction is represented by the following equation

3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave ?

When a wave impinges perpendicular to the boundary between a lossless dielectric and
a perfect conductor, a particular wave reflection condition called total reflection occurs
 4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?
Refraction is the change in direction and speed that a wave undergoes when passing
from one medium to another with a different refractive index. It only occurs if the wave
impinges obliquely on the separation surface of the two media and if they have different
refractive indices. Refraction originates from the change in the propagation speed of
the indicated wave
It only occurs if the wave impinges obliquely on the separation surface of the two media
and if these they have different refractive indices. The refractive index, n, is a
dimensionless number that characterizes a transparent medium, and defines by:
n=c/v
Where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and v the speed of light in between

5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of

waves?
the purpose is to demonstrate the relationship of the two angles formed by vectors
called incidence and reflection, given by the formula:

Imagen Tomada Libro Teoría Electromagnética

Snell's law is a simple formula used to calculate the angle of refraction of light as it
passes through the separation surface between two means of different refractive index.
Snell's law says that the product of the refractive index through the sine of the angle
of incidence is constant for any ray of light incident on the separating surface of two
media.

Application exercises:

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , incident from the air
(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 =
𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝛺. Calculate the reflected power 𝑃1− and the transmitted power 𝑃2+ to the wall.

Group: 41

identification card: 122

I find the reflection coefficient

𝜂2 − 𝜂1 122 − 120𝜋
𝛤= = = −0.5 = 0.5 < 180°
𝜂2 + 𝜂1 122 + 120𝜋

I calculate the reflectance

𝑅 = |𝛤|2 = 0.52 = 0.25 ∗ 100 = 25%

𝑅 = 25%

calculate transmittance
𝛵 = 1−𝑅
𝛵 = 1 − 0.25 = 0.75 ∗ 100 = 75%
𝛵 = 75%
I calculate the reflected power
𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
|𝑃1− | = 25% ∗ 120 2
= 30 2
𝑚 𝑚

calculated transmitted power

𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
|𝑃2+ | = 75% ∗ 120 2
= 90 2
𝑚 𝑚

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑐 , coming from a wave generator

located 12𝑐𝑚 from the wall, which impinges from the
(𝜂1 = air
120𝜋 𝛺) perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝛺 and
20𝑐𝑚 thick. The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative material.
On the other side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the

generator.
b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ] the power that is transmitted to the
receiver.
Data

𝑓 = 41 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺
𝜂2 = 122 𝛺
𝑥 = 20𝑐𝑚 = 0.2𝑚
𝐶0 = 3 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠

I find the phase constant

𝜔𝜂0
ꞵ=
𝐶0 𝜂
2𝜋 ∗ 41 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 120𝜋
ꞵ= = 2.65
3 ∗ 108 ∗ 122
ꞵ = 2.65

I calculate the input impedance

𝜂2 + 𝑗𝜂1 tan (ꞵ𝑥)
𝜂𝑖𝑛 =
𝜂1 + 𝑗𝜂2 tan (ꞵ𝑥)

space I pass it by the meter

𝑥 = 20𝑐𝑚 = 0.2 𝑚
120𝜋 + 𝑗122tan (2.65 ∗ 0.2)
𝜂𝑖𝑛 =
122 + 𝑗120𝜋tan (2.65 ∗ 0.2)

𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 118 − 𝑗143

I calculate the reflection coefficient
𝜂𝑖𝑛 − 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒
𝛤11 =
𝜂𝑖𝑛 + 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒

(118 − 𝑗143) − 120𝜋

𝛤11 = = −0.40 − 𝑗0.40
(118 − 𝑗143) + 120𝜋

𝛤11 = −0.40 − 𝑗0.40

step from rectangular to polar coordinates

−0.40 − 𝑗0.40 = 0.56 < 135°

I calculate the transmittance

𝑅 = |𝛤|2 = (0.56)2 = 0.31 ∗ 100 = 31%
𝑅 = 31%

calculate transmittance
𝛵 = 1−𝑅
𝛵 = 1 − 0.31 = 0.69 ∗ 100 = 69%
𝛵 = 69%

I calculate the reflected power

𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
|𝑃1− | = 31% ∗ 120 2
= 37 2
𝑚 𝑚
𝑚𝑊
|𝑃1− | = 37
𝑚2

calculated transmitted power

𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
|𝑃2+ | = 69% ∗ 120 2
= 83 2
𝑚 𝑚
𝑚𝑊
|𝑃2+ | = 83
𝑚2
I calculate the reflection coefficient of the second face of the wall
𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 − 𝜂𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝛤2 =
𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 + 𝜂𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑

120𝜋 − 122
𝛤2 = = 0.52
120𝜋 + 122

𝛤2 = 0.52

I calculate the reflectance

𝑅1 = |𝛤2 |2 = 0.522 = 0.27 ∗ 100 = 27%

𝑅 = 27%

calculate transmittance
𝛵2 = 1 − 0.27

𝛵 = 1 − 0.27 = 0.73 ∗ 100 = 73%

𝛵 = 73%

The power transmitted from the generator to the receiver is obtained as a product of the two
transmittances

𝛵𝑡 = 𝛵2 ∗ 𝛵1

𝛵𝑡 = 0.73 ∗ 0.69
𝛵𝑡 = 50%

I calculate the reflected power

𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
|𝑃2− | = 27% ∗ 120 2
= 32 2
𝑚 𝑚
calculated transmitted power

𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
|𝑃2+ | = 73% ∗ 120 = 88
𝑚2 𝑚2

3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the

graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B, forming
an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = 44,9°. Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the
wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each layer is 𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑚𝑚 thick and that at
point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is necessary to identify which material is
in layer 3 by calculating its refractive index.
absolute refractive index
𝑛1 = ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑜 = 1.31
𝑛2 = 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 = 1.00029

𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 122𝑚𝑚

𝜃𝑎 = 44,9°
calculation angle refraction
𝑛1
𝜃2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ∗ sin (𝜃1 ))
𝑛2
1.31
𝜃2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ∗ sin (44.9°))
1.00029

𝜃𝑏 = 67.5°

I copy the data from point b of the exercise tester to develop point 3

calculation 𝑛4
𝑛3 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃𝑐 ) = 𝑛4 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃𝑑 )

2.49𝑠𝑒𝑛 (21.89) = 𝑛4 𝑠𝑒𝑛(22.55)

0.93 = 𝑛4 𝑠𝑒𝑛(22.55)
clearance
0.93
𝑛4 = = 2.42
𝑠𝑒𝑛 22.55

𝑛4 = 2.42
 Conclusions

Conclusion 1:

in the phenomenon of refraction when a medium changes state, example air to water
causes the ray of light that reaches my sight to change the direction and angle of view.

Conclusion 2:

the direction of the propagation angle of a wave depends on the speed of the wave, the
medium through which it travels and the material with which it collides.
 Bibliography

Bibliographic References

Gutiérrez Ramos, W. H. (2017). snell law. VIO (Virtual Information Objects). Recuperado de
http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13140

Leyton, O. L. (2020). Conferencia Web Unidad 2 - Tarea 2 Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas Parte 1 y 2. WebConference.
Recuperado de https://bit.ly/2QL0fjJ

Parra, A. P. (s.f.). Ondas en Medios Abiertos Acotados. Capitulo 7. Electromagnetismo para Ingeniería Electrónica Pag
249-287. Recuperado de https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1rzanqW4xM53fGC-eNT8AlMb34gunumBu