PHYSICS FORMULA SHEET-XII

Heat
1. Q = mcT , Q p = mc p T Qv = mcv T
Cp
2.  = , Cp − Cv = R
Cv
Temperature
TC0 TF0 − 32 TK − 273
3. = =
100 180 100
Gas Laws
4. P1V1 = P2V2 6. PV = nRT
1 2
5.
V1 V2
= 7. P = V
T1 T2 3

Thermodynamics
8. ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊
9. ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 (𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑐)
10. ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 (𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐)
11. ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑊 (𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙)
12. ∆𝑈 = −∆𝑊 (𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐)
Carnot Engine
𝑄 𝑇
13. 𝑛 = 1 − 𝑄2 × 100 = 1 − 𝑇2 × 100
1 1
14. ∆𝑊 = 𝑄1 − 𝑄2 , ∆𝑇 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
Coulomb’s Law
𝐾𝑞1 𝑞2
15. 𝐹 = 𝑟2
Electric Field Intensity and Voltage
𝐹 𝐾𝑞
16. 𝐸 = 𝑞 = 𝑟2
𝐾𝑞
17. 𝑉 = 𝑟
= 𝐸⃗ . 𝑟=𝐸𝑟 cos 𝜃
Electric Flux and Gauss’s Law
𝑞
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑡
18. ∅ = 𝐸⃗ . ∆𝐴 𝜀 0
𝑞 𝜎 𝜎
19. 𝐸 = = =
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝜀0 2𝜀0 𝜀0
Absolute P.E
𝐾𝑞
20. 𝐸 = 𝑟
Capacitor
𝑞 𝜀0 𝐴 𝜀0 𝜀 𝑟 𝐴
21. 𝐶 = = = 1 1 1 Q2
𝑣 𝑑 𝑑 23. E = CV 2 = QV = .
22. 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ (𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙), 2 2 2 C
1 1 1
𝐶𝑒𝑞
= 𝐶 + 𝐶 + ⋯ (𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠)
1 2

Electricity
𝑞 𝑛𝑒 𝜌𝐿 𝜌𝐿
24. 𝐼 = = 26. 𝑅 = = 𝜋𝑟2 , 𝑅 = 𝑅0 (1+∝ ∆𝑇)
𝑡 𝑡 𝐴
25. 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
Power Dissipation
𝑉2 𝑉2
27. 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = 𝑅
28. 𝐸 = 𝐼𝑉𝑡 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑡 = 𝑡
𝑅

FROM THE DESK OF ENGR. HASSAN KHAN

 Electromotive Force
29. 𝐸 = 𝐼(𝑟 + 𝑅)
30. 𝑉 = 𝐸 ± 𝐼𝑟 (+ for charging and – for discharging)
Magnetic field of induction
0 𝜇 𝐼 ⃗ . ∆𝐴 = 𝐵∆𝐴 cos 𝜃
31. 𝐵 = 2𝜋𝑟 34. ∅ = 𝐵
𝜇0 𝐼𝑁 Δ𝜙 Δ𝐼 Δ𝐼
32. 𝐵 = (toroid) 35. 𝜉 = −𝑁 𝑡
= −𝑙 𝑡 =−𝑀 𝑡
2𝜋𝑟
𝜇0 𝐼𝑁 36. 𝜉 = 𝑣𝐵𝐿 sin 𝜃
33. 𝐵 = 𝐿
(solenoid)
Magnetic Force
37. 𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 sin 𝜃 38. 𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝐿 sin 𝜃
e/m Ratio
𝑚𝑣 sin 𝜃
39. 𝑟 = 𝑞𝐵 40. 𝑣 = √
2𝑒𝑉
𝑚

Transformer and AC generator

41. 𝜉 = 𝑁𝐴𝜔𝐵 sin 𝜃 , 𝜉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑁𝐴2𝜋𝑓𝐵
𝑉1 𝑁1 𝐼2 𝑃𝑜
42. 𝑉2
= 𝑁2 = 𝐼1, 𝑛 = 𝑃𝑖
× 100
Shunt and Multiplier
𝐼𝑔 𝑅𝑔 𝑉
43. 𝑅𝑠 = 44. 𝑅𝑥 = 𝐼 − 𝑅𝑔
𝐼−𝐼𝑔 𝑔

Theory of Relativity
𝑚0 𝑉2 𝑡0
45. 𝑚 = 2
, 𝑙 = 𝑙0 √1 − 𝐶 2 , 𝑡 = 2
√1−𝑉2 √1−𝑉2
𝐶 𝐶

Photo electric effect and Compton’s effect

46. 𝐸 = ∅ + 𝐾. 𝐸 = ℎ𝑓0 − 𝑒𝑉 ℎ
47. ∆𝜆 = (1 − cos 𝜃)
𝑚𝑜𝐶
Wave number
1 1 1
48. = 𝑅𝐻 ( − )
𝜆 𝑛22 𝑛12
𝒏𝟐
49. 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝝀𝒔 = 𝑹 𝟐
𝑯
1 𝟏 𝟏
50. 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑹𝒉 (𝒏 𝟐 − (𝒏 𝟐
)
𝜆𝑙 𝟐 𝟐 +𝟏)

Mass defect and Binding energy

51. ∆𝑚 = [𝑍𝑚𝑝 + (𝐴 − 𝑍)𝑚𝑛 ] − 𝑚𝑁𝑢𝑣𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑠
52. 𝐵𝐸 = ∆𝑚𝑐 2
53. 𝐵𝐸 = ∆𝑚 × 931.5𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝐵𝐸 𝐵𝐸
54. 𝑃𝐹 = 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑜𝑛 = 𝐴

Radioactivity and Half life

55. ∆𝑁 = −𝜆𝑁𝑜 ∆𝑡
∆𝑁
56. 𝐴 = ∆𝑡
= −𝜆𝑁𝑜
57. 𝑁 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
𝑙𝑛2
58. 𝑇1/2 = 𝜆

FROM THE DESK OF ENGR. HASSAN KHAN