Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work format

LUIS MIGUEL DAZA BONILLA

203058_35
1019096269

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2021 16-04
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)

1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic Waves (also called Electromagnetic Radiations) are basically

defined as superimposed oscillations of an Electric and a Magnetic Field in space
with their direction of propagation perpendicular to both of them. In simple
words, electromagnetic waves are oscillations produced due to crossing over of
an electric and a magnetic field. (Toppr, s.f.)
Now let us study some methods of propagation of EM waves: Mesosphere,
Troposphere, Ionosphere are the different layers. These layers are used for
propagation of EM waves and that EM waves travel basically in any 1 of the three
methods discussed below:
• Ground waves: When the electromagnetic waves are propagated along the
surface, the propagation is known as ground wave propagation.
• Space waves: When the electromagnetic waves propagate from the
transmitter antenna to the receiver antenna without any reflection or refraction,
the propagation is known as space wave propagation.
• Sky waves: When the electromagnetic waves are propagated through the
sky and get reflected back to the earth from the ionosphere, the propagation is
known as sky wave propagation.
Transverse electromagnetic mode propagation (TEM):

In the Transverse Electric and Magnetic (TEM) mode, both the electric field and
the magnetic field (which are always perpendicular to one another in free space)
are transverse to the direction of travel. If you wonder how this is possible, bear
in mind that it is happening in three-dimensional space.

In the Transverse Electric (TE) mode, the electric field is transverse to the
direction of propagation while the magnetic field is normal to the direction of
propagation.
In the Transverse Magnetic (TM) mode, the magnetic field is transverse to the
direction of propagation while the electric field is normal to the direction of
propagation. (Herres, 2015)

2. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

Reflection is the change in direction of wave motion that occurs in the same
medium in which it was propagated, after striking the surface of a different
medium. It is governed by two laws:
1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the surface at the
point of incidence are in the same plane
2. The angle of the incident ray 𝑖̂ and the angle of reflection 𝑟̂ are equal

𝑖̂ = 𝑟̂

If the wave-emitting focus is far enough from the reflecting surface, in violet in
the image, we can consider the wave to be flat. As you advance your wavefront,
your M end will be the first to meet the reflecting surface. This will occur at point
A, which, according to Huygens' principle, becomes the new emitting center for
secondary waves.

3. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

Refraction is the change of direction of the wave motion that occurs after passing
this from one medium to another in which it propagates with different speeds.
It is governed by two laws: (Fernandez, s.f.)
 The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the surface at the
point of incidence are in the same plane
  Snell's law of refraction, which marks the relationship between the angle
of incidence 𝑖̂, the angle of refraction ̂,
𝑟 and the speeds of the waves in
media 1 and 2, v1 and v2, according to:

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑖̂) 𝑣1
= = 𝑛2,1
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑟̂ ) 𝑣2
Being n2,1, the index of refraction of the second medium with respect to the
first, a dimensionless constant.

4. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of

waves?

Snell's law was discovered experimentally in 1621 by the Dutch scientist

Willebrord Snel van Royen (1580 - 1626), more commonly known as Snell. It
was Huygens who gave an explanation to this experimental law, thus allowing
us to deduce it from Huygens' principle.
Snell’s law defines the refraction angle corresponding to the transmitted wave.
Thus, depending on the physical properties of each medium, the transmitted
wave can be refracted either towards the vertical or towards the horizontal.
Snell’s law is then used to characterize the refraction angle in terms of the
complex wavenumber for both media.

Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the
group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
𝐺𝐺= 35

𝐶𝐶𝐶= 269

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 35 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 100𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , incident from

the air (𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic
impedance 𝜂2 = (279) 𝛺.
 Calculate the reflected power 𝑃1− and the transmitted power 𝑃2+ to the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

Answer:

Data:

𝑓 = 35 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
Intrinsic air impedance: 𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺

Intrinsic impedance of the wall: 𝜂2 = 279 𝛺

The variables to find are the reflected power.

Which is calculated as follows:

𝜂2 − 𝜂1 279 Ω − 120π Ω
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡: 𝑇 = = = −0.15 = −0.54 < 180°
𝜂2 + 𝜂1 269 Ω + 120π Ω

𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑅 = |𝑇|2 = 0.152 = 0.0289 = 2.89%

 𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟: |𝑃1− | = 2.89% ∗ 120 2 = 3.468 2
𝑚 𝑚
Transmitted Power:

𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∶ 𝑇 = 1 − 𝑅 = 1 − 0.0289 = 0.9711 = 97.11%

𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟: |𝑃2+ | = 97.11% ∗ 120 2 = 116.532 2
𝑚 𝑚

Interpretation: according to the concept of power, explain the meaning of

the value obtained for 𝑃1− and 𝑃2+.

As a conclusion, we can say that once the proper calculations have been made,
we obtain the reflection and transmittance of the electromagnetic wave
coherent when hitting the wall, we observe that the power transmitted to the
infinite medium is 116.53 mW /m2 of which we can say that it is transmits
practically everything.

An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓=𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧, and 𝑃1+=100𝑚𝑊/𝑚2, coming from

a wave generator located 12𝑐𝑚 from the wall, which impinges from the air
(𝜂1=120𝜋 𝛺=377𝛺) perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance
𝜂2=(269+10 )𝛺 and 20𝑐𝑚 thick. The wall is made of a non-magnetic and
non-dissipative material. On the other side of the wall is a receiver located
20𝑐𝑚 away.
 Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.
a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection Ґ and transmission 𝜏 seen by the
generator.
b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ] the power 𝑃𝑡 that is transmitted to the
receiver.
Data:

Frecuencia Angular =𝑤 = 2𝜋 ∗ 𝑓

𝑓 = 35 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 35 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧

𝑚
𝐶𝑜 = 3 ∗ 108
𝑠
Intrinsic air impedance: 𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺 = 377𝛺

Intrinsic impedance of the wall: 𝜂2 = 279 𝛺

𝜂2 − 𝜂1 279 Ω − 120π Ω
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡: 𝑇 = = = −0.15 = −0.54 < 180°
𝜂2 + 𝜂1 269 Ω + 120π Ω
𝑤 ∗ 𝜂1
𝛽=
𝐶𝑜 ∗ 𝜂2

2𝜋 ∗ 𝑓 ∗ 𝜂1
𝛽=
𝐶𝑜 ∗ 𝜂2

2𝜋 ∗ 35 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 377𝛺 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝛽= 𝑚 = 0.99
3 ∗ 108 ∗ 279 𝛺 𝑚
𝑠
Now having the phase constant we can calculate the input impedance:
Wall width = 20 𝑐𝑚 = 0,2 𝑚
𝜂3 + 𝑗𝜂2 ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛽 ∗ 𝑥)
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 𝜂2 ∗
𝜂2 + 𝜂3 ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛽 ∗ 𝑥)
𝑟𝑎𝑑
377 + 𝑗279 ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (0.99 ∗ 0.2𝑚)
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 279 ∗ 𝑚 = 44.04𝑖 + 296.59
𝑟𝑎𝑑
279 + 377 ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (0.99 ∗ 0.2𝑚)
𝑚

Now we can calculate the reflection constant of face 1:

𝜂𝑖𝑛 − 𝜂1 44.04𝑖 + 296.59 − 120π Ω 44,04𝑖 − 80,41
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡: 𝑟 = = =
𝜂𝑖𝑛 + 𝜂1 44.04𝑖 + 296.59 + 120π Ω 44,04𝑖 + 673,59

Now we calculate the transmission coefficient of face 1

88,08𝑖 + 593,18
𝑡1 = 1 + 𝑟 = 1 +
44,04𝑖 + 673,59
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning of
the value obtained for Ґ, 𝜏 and 𝑃𝑡 .
2. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the
graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B,
forming an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = 50°. Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total
path of the wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each layer is (𝐶𝐶𝐶 +
10) 𝑚𝑚 thick.

Date:
𝜃𝑎 = 50°
𝐼𝑐𝑒 𝜂1 = 1,31
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝜂2 = 1,0002926
𝐺𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝜂3 = 1,5
𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑎 = 269 + 10 = 279𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑏 = 269 + 10 = 279𝑚𝑚
 𝐺𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑐 = 269 + 10 = 279𝑚𝑚
𝜃 ′ 𝑎 = 180° − 90° − 50° = 40°

Therefore, analyze on B to find𝜃𝐵

𝜂1
𝜃𝐵 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃 ′𝑎 ))
𝜂2
1,31
𝜃𝐵 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑒𝑛(40°))
1,0002926
𝜃𝐵 = 57,3°
Now we have to analyze on C to find 𝜃𝑐 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝐵,
this is 𝜃𝐵 geometrically is the angle to calculate 𝜃𝑐
𝜂1
= 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜃𝐵 ))
𝜂2
1,31
𝜃𝑐 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑒𝑛(57,3°))
1,0002926
𝜃𝑐 = 34,15°

Now we will calculate the distances by

𝑑 = 𝑑1 + 𝑑2
𝑑1 = 𝑏 ∗ tan(𝜃𝐵 )
𝑑1 = 279𝑚𝑚 ∗ tan(57,3°)
𝑑1 = 351,63

And
𝑑2 = 𝑐 ∗ tan(𝜃𝑐 )
𝑑2 = 279𝑚𝑚 ∗ tan(34,15°)

𝑑2 = 165,88
Then
𝑑 = 𝑑1 + 𝑑2
𝑑 = 351,63 + 165,88
𝒅 = 𝟓𝟏𝟕, 𝟓𝟏
 d=517,51mm

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* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

Application example

Example:
It is clear that use do electromagnetic waves is more frequent and powerful than
we imagine. On this occasion I will the radio telescope as an example as a tool
to explore outer space and how, using basically the phenomenon of reflaction, a
quaintly of electromagnetic waves can be concentrated at a specific point,
allowing the transmission and reception power to be used to the maximum and
from that way to be able to reach extremely far places and receive signals from
far away.
 References

 Reference 1: Chen, W. (2005). El manual de ingeniería

eléctrica. Boston: Academic Press, (págs. 519-524). Recuperado
de http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://se
arch.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1171
52&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid= pp_519

 Reference 2: Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Propagación de ondas

electromagnéticas. Inalámbrico de banda ancha fija. (págs. 25-
70). Recuperado
de http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://se
arch.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=145054
22&lang=es&site=ehost-live

 Reference 3: Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Ley de Snell

[Vídeo]. Recuperado de http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13140