The City College of New York

School of Engineering
EE32200 Electrical Engineering Laboratory II
Section 27667
Spring Semester 2022

Lab Report Experiment #4

Audio Amplifier (Part I)

Instructor:
Saurabh Sachdeva
Student Name:
Ronny Vintimilla

05/08/2022
Introduction
In this practice are used a ZXT458 transistor to design an audio amplifier which from
small voltages increasing to 6 Vpp. By amplifier the out voltage, we implemented some
resistors and capacitors. As we placed the transistor its output voltage changed
according to input voltage and difference frequencies. Therefore, we will construct and
simulate an audio amplifier.
Purpose

The main objective of this practice was to build and implement an audio

amplifier which amplifies the input signal, with some specifications, as describe below:

Parameter Minimum Typical Maximum Units

Vcc 12 Volts

Gain 15 20 30 V/V

Zin 800 1000 1200 Ohms

Zout 700 1000 1200 Ohms

Maximum Ouput 7 Vpp

swing Without

clipping

Table.I. Design Specifications at 1 kHz (Rs= 0 𝛀 )

Equipment

1. Oscilloscope
2. Function Generator
3. Digital Multimeter
4. Protoboard
5. Capacitors
6. Resistors
7. ZXT458 transistor
8. Power supply
9. Multimeter

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Pre-Lab Procedure:

The following figures of some resistors values was calculated to build an audio

amplifier using hand calculations, as shown below.

Step 1: Design of the Common Emitter Audio Amplifier

Resistors Capacitors Quiescent Voltages

𝑹𝟏 =? 𝑪𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒖𝒇 𝑽𝑩 =?

𝑹𝟐 =? 𝑪𝑬 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒖𝒇 𝑽𝑬 =?

𝑹𝑪 =? 𝑽𝑪𝑸 =?

𝑹𝑬𝟏 =? 𝑰𝑪𝑸 =?

𝑹𝑬𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝛀

Table.II. Component Values

We considered the following assumptions to find the resistors values and do the
computer simulation:
Rs=0 , 𝛽 = ∞, 𝑽𝑩𝑬 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝑽

Having the following formulas from DC Analysis, we have found some parameters.
I. 𝑹𝑪 = 𝒁𝒐𝒖𝒕
II. 𝑽𝑪𝑸 =?
(𝑽𝑪𝑪 − 𝑽𝑪𝑸 )
III. 𝑰𝑪𝑸 = 𝑹𝑪
𝑽𝑻
IV. 𝑹𝑬 = 𝑰𝑪
V. 𝑹𝑬𝟏 = 𝒇(𝑹𝑪 , 𝑮𝒂𝒊𝒏, 𝑹𝑬 )
VI. 𝑽𝑬 = (𝑹𝑬𝟏 + 𝑹𝑬𝟐 )𝑰𝑪
VII. 𝑽𝑩 = 𝑽𝑬 + 𝑽𝑩𝑬
𝑹𝟏
VIII. 𝑽𝑩 = 𝑽𝑪𝑪 [𝑹 +𝑹 ]
𝟏 𝟐
𝑹𝟏 ∗𝑹𝟐
IX. 𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝑹
𝟏 +𝑹𝟐

𝑽𝑪𝑪 + 𝑽𝑬
𝑽𝑪𝑸 =
𝟐

2
 𝑽𝑪𝑪
𝑽𝑪𝑸 =
𝟐

Knowing 𝑽𝑪𝑪 = 𝟏𝟐𝑽, therefore

𝟏𝟐
𝑽𝑪𝑸 = = 𝟔𝑽
𝟐

Given 𝑹𝑪 = 𝒁𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝛀 , 𝑹𝑬𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝛀 and 𝑽𝑻 = 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝑨 therefore

(𝑽𝑪𝑪 − 𝑽𝑪𝑸 ) 12 − 6
𝑰𝑪𝑸 = = = 6𝑚𝐴
𝑹𝑪 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝑽𝑻 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝑽
𝑹𝑬 = = = 4.17 𝛀
𝑰𝑪 𝟔𝒎𝑨

𝑹𝑪 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑹𝑬𝟏 = − 𝑹𝑬 = − 𝟒. 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟖 𝛀
𝑮𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝟎

𝑽𝑬 = (𝑹𝑬𝟏 + 𝑹𝑬𝟐 )𝑰𝑪 = (𝟒𝟓. 𝟖 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎) ∗ (𝟔𝒎𝑨) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝑽

𝑽𝑩 = 𝑽𝑬 + 𝑽𝑩𝑬 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 + 𝟎. 𝟕 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕 𝑽

𝑽𝑪𝑪 𝟏𝟐
𝑹𝟐 = ∗ 𝒁𝒊𝒏 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟒 𝒌 𝛀
𝑽𝑩 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕

𝑹𝟏 ∗ 𝑹𝟐
𝒁𝒊𝒏 =
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐

𝑹𝟏 ∗ 𝑹𝟐
1000 =
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐

1000(𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 ) = 𝑹𝟏 ∗ 𝑹𝟐

1000(𝑹𝟏 + 𝟕. 𝟔𝟒𝒌) = 𝑹𝟏 ∗ 𝟕. 𝟔𝟒𝒌

𝑹𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟎𝛀

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Resistors calculated Standard resistance Capacitors Quiescent Voltages

𝑹𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝟏𝒌 𝛀 𝑹𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝐤𝛀 𝑪𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒖𝒇 𝑽𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕 𝑽

𝑹𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟒𝒌𝛀 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟐𝒌𝛀 𝑪𝑬 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒖𝒇 𝑽𝑬 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟒𝟖 𝑽

𝑹𝑪 = 𝟏𝒌𝛀 𝑹𝑪 = 𝟏𝒌𝛀 𝑽𝑪𝑸 = 𝟔 𝑽

𝑹𝑬𝟏 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟖 𝑹𝑬𝟏 = 𝟒𝟕𝛀 𝑰𝑪𝑸 = 𝟔𝒎𝑨

𝑹𝑬𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝛀 𝑹𝑬𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝛀

Table.II. Component Values final

Why is CB and CE included in this amplifier? Why does the schematic show the
capacitors with +- polarity?
Those capacitors allow the passage of AC signal in certain frequencies and the circuit
remain undamaged.
Step 2: Computer simulations

We designed our circuit with standard resistor values in Mulitisim and got node

DC voltages values for the transistor

𝑽𝑩𝑸𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒏𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝟑, 𝑽𝑪𝑸𝟏, 𝒂𝒕 𝒏𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝟔, 𝑽𝑬𝑸𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒏𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝟓. Also We simulated AC transient

analysis of figure 1.

Circuit 1

Fig.1. Audio Amplifier

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 • Circuit 1.1 with Vs= 50mVpp (25mVpk) - NO CLIPPING

Fig.2. Node Voltages for Audio Amplifier with input amplitude Vs of 50mVpp

Fig.3. AC Transient analysis over 2ms (2 periods) of output Voltage 𝑽𝑪𝑸 at node 6 on
Multisim by circuit 1

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 • Circuit 1.2 with Vs= 500mVpp (250mVpk) - CLIPPING

Fig.4. Node Voltages for Audio Amplifier with input amplitude Vs of 500mVpp

Fig.5. AC Transient analysis over 2ms (2 periods) of output Voltage 𝑽𝑪𝑸 at node 6 on
Multisim by circuit 1

6
 • Circuit 1.3 with Vs= 1 Vpp (0.5 Vpk)- CLIPPING

Fig.6. Node Voltages for Audio Amplifier with input amplitude Vs of 1 Vpp

Fig.7. AC Transient analysis over 2ms (2 periods) of output Voltage 𝑽𝑪𝑸 at node 6 on
Multisim by circuit 1

7
We found the maximum Vs value which generate less distortion wave in output
voltage at node 6 of Vcq1. Adjusting Vs= 200m Vpp in our input signal, we
observed no clipping in our output signal Vcq.
• Circuit 1.4 with Vs= 400m Vpp (200m Vpk) NO CLIPPING

Fig.8. Node Voltages for Audio Amplifier with input amplitude Vs of 400m Vpp

Fig.9. AC Transient analysis over 2ms (2 periods) of output Voltage 𝑽𝑪𝑸 at node 6 on
Multisim by circuit 1

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Procedure in Laboratory:

Data/ Observations

The following data of output signal for voltage of an amplifier experimentally

determined from different instruments such as oscilloscope and programs such as
Labview, to each circuit, as shown below.
A) ASSEMBLE THE AMPLIFIER ON YOUR PROBOARD

We placed a capacitor of 1000 uf to allow the passage of DC signal. It was

placed between the Vcc and ground.

B) MEASURE QUISCENT VOLTAGES

We set the function generator to 0V. In other words, the Vin=Vs=0V getting the

measured values from Multimeter for

𝑽𝑩𝑸𝟏 , 𝑽𝑪𝑸𝟏, , 𝑽𝑬𝑸𝟏 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒚 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏 ± 𝟏𝟎% , as shown below.

• Circuit 1 with Vs=0 Vpp

Voltage (V) Simulated Voltage (V) Measured Voltage (V)

𝑽𝑪𝑸𝟏 6.01 6.20

𝑽𝑬𝑸𝟏 879m 852m

𝑽𝑩𝑸𝟏 1.54 1.535

Table.III. Measurement of DC quiescent voltages

Voltage (V) -10% Voltage (V) +10% Voltage (V)

𝑽𝑪𝑸𝟏 5.409 6.611

𝑽𝑬𝑸𝟏 791m 967m

𝑽𝑩𝑸𝟏 1.386 1.694

Table.IV. Quiescent voltages within +-10%

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 Fig.9. Node Voltages for Audio Amplifier with input amplitude Vs of 0 Vpp
• Circuit 1.1 with Vs=50m Vpp

We set the function generator to 50mVpp. In other words, the Vin=Vs=50m Vpp

getting the measured values from Multimeter for

𝑽𝑩𝑸𝟏 , 𝑽𝑪𝑸𝟏, , 𝑽𝑬𝑸𝟏 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒚 , as shown below.

Voltage (V) Simulated Voltage (V) Measured Voltage (V)

𝑽𝑪𝑸𝟏 6.31 6.146

𝑽𝑬𝑸𝟏 0.842 0.867

𝑽𝑩𝑸𝟏 1.50 1.497

Table.V. Measurement of DC quiescent voltages

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• Circuit 1.2 with Vs=500m Vpp

We set the function generator to 500mVpp. In other words, the Vin=Vs=500m

Vpp getting the measured values from Multimeter for

𝑽𝑩𝑸𝟏 , 𝑽𝑪𝑸𝟏, , 𝑽𝑬𝑸𝟏 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒚 , as shown below.

Voltage (V) Simulated Voltage (V) Measured Voltage (V)

𝑽𝑪𝑸𝟏 6.28 6.863

𝑽𝑬𝑸𝟏 0.846 0.788

𝑽𝑩𝑸𝟏 1.50 1.378

Table.VI. Measurement of DC quiescent voltages

• Circuit 1.3 with Vs=1 Vpp

We set the function generator to 500mVpp. In other words, the Vin=Vs=500m

Vpp getting the measured values from Multimeter for

𝑽𝑩𝑸𝟏 , 𝑽𝑪𝑸𝟏, , 𝑽𝑬𝑸𝟏 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒚 , as shown below.

Voltage (V) Simulated Voltage (V) Measured Voltage (V)

𝑽𝑪𝑸𝟏 7.16 7.60

𝑽𝑬𝑸𝟏 0.741 0.720

𝑽𝑩𝑸𝟏 1.32 1.099

Table.VII. Measurement of DC quiescent voltages

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 C) MEASURE GAIN AT 1kHz

1. We built audio amplifier circuit of Figure 1 on our protoboard and adjusted

function generator Vin= 55m Vpp and 1kHz.
2. We connected the Oscilloscope from channel 1 to AC voltage source and
from channel 2 to output voltage at node 6 of 𝑽𝑪𝑸 .
3. We set the Oscilloscope to AC, 10X, vertical scale of 2v/div.
4. We saved waveform from VI- Save Oscilloscope image and observed

undistorted sine wave of approximately Vout= 2 Vpp.

Fig.10. Oscilloscope image of the audio amplifier for circuit 1 with Vs=55m Vpp
𝒁𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝟐. 𝟎𝟖
𝑮𝒂𝒊𝒏 = = = = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟖 𝑽/𝑽
𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓

We found the maximum Vs value which generate less distortion wave in output voltage
at node 6 of Vcq1. Adjusting Vs= 300m Vpp in our input signal, then we observed no
clipping in our output signal Vcq with Vout=10.6 Vpp according to the conditions of it
should have been at least 7 Vpp, but not larger than 11 Vpp in our output signal.

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 Fig.11. Oscilloscope image Vin and Vout of the audio amplifier for circuit 1 with
Vs=300m Vpp

• Circuit 1.5 with Vs= 300m Vpp (150m Vpk) NO CLIPPING

Fig.12. AC Transient analysis over 2ms (2 periods) of output Voltage 𝑽𝑪𝑸 at node 6 on
Multisim by circuit 1

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 D) MEASURE GAIN VS FREQUENCY

We considered input voltage of Vs= 300m Vpp because it represented the

maximum undistorted output voltage (no clipping) experimentally. We found
the gain values for different frequencies.

Frequency (Hz) Vout=𝑽𝑪𝑸 [𝑽] 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝑽

Gain 𝑨𝒗 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎

10 120m 0.4

20 160m 0.533

40 160m 0.533

70 8.80 29.33

100 9.60 32

150 10.2 34

300 10.4 34.67

600 10.6 35.33

1k 10.8 36

3k 12.0 40

10k 12.0 40

Table.VIII. Measurements of gain for different frequencies

Matlab Code:
X= [10 20 40 70 100 150 300 600 1000 3000 10000];
Y= [0.4 0.533 0.533 29.33 32 34 34.67 35.3 36 40 40];
loglog(X,Y,'MarkerEdgeColor','r','LineWidth',1.5);
ylim([0.40 45]);
hold on
grid on
xlabel ('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel ('Gain (v/v)');
title ('Frequency vs Gain');

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 • Circuit 1 with Vs= 300m Vpp (150m Vpk) NO CLIPPING

• Frequency 10kHz

Fig.13. Oscilloscope image Vin and Vout of the audio amplifier for circuit 1 with
Vs=300m Vpp

E) MEASURE Zin And Zo at 1kHz

To measure Zo, we considered Rload infinite. In other words, Rload was open circuit. In

this experiment, we found Zo=1.2KΩ from Multimeter connecting the probes to the input

and ground.

To measure Zin, we considered Rs zero which meant Rs was short circuit. In this

experiment, we found Zin=1.5KΩ from Multimeter connecting the probes to the output

and ground.

Therefore, we could conclude that Zin and Zout complied with the design specifications.

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F) Plot of gain vs frequency and comment

Fig.14. Plot of Gain vs frequency of data taken from oscilloscope by circuit 1

with Vs= 300m Vpp

G) Does the measured and calculated Zin and Zout agree? Point out any

discrepancies and explain any possible causes for the discrepancies.

Yes, both values represented is closing to 1.2 KΩ as design specifications.

We have considered the polarity of capacitor to avoid future damage. Therefore,

it was very important during our experiment because if the current flows in

inverse direction, it could explode capacitors

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Conclusion

Overall, the experiment achieved to design an audio amplifier following some

specifications. By designing an audio amplifier, we made some calculations from DC
analysis to a transistor. This transistor allows us to amplify a particular input voltage to
the output voltage estimated. When we implemented an AC voltage source or Vs in our
circuit, it made the amplitude increase according to a certain frequency value. We
observed how the clipping is produced from the changing of frequency as Vs. Also, as
we changed the frequency values the way increasing, the output signal increased as its
gain as well.
An important point to take into account during our experiment was If we wanted to do
the transient analysis, we should have begun with resistors calculated. In order to find the
correct wave graph in Multisim theoretically.
If we wanted to find all nodes voltages, we must work with schematic considering
standard resistors values. All those considerations allowed us to get a correct
measurement of output voltages Vcq as its waveform. Therefore, we could make an
adequate comparison between the simulated and the measured. From here we determined
that the output voltages values were very similar to our experiment.

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