Student Name:

Mahra Khaled
Student ID:
20171027
(L51)
 Experiment 8

Transistor Bias Circuits

Objective of the Experiment:

The main purpose of this experiment is construction of 3 types of transistor biased circuits. Also,
analyzation of these circuit is part of its objective. These types are
• Fixed Base Bias
• Emitter Feedback Bias
• Collector Feedback Bias

Components Needed:

1- Resistors: 100KΩ, 10KΩ, 2kΩ, 4.7kΩ, 1.0MΩ.

2- One 2N3904 npn transistor
3- Multi-channel DC power supply
4- Multimeters
Introduction:
In this experiment, we will learn about the types of transistor biased circuit. Where the process of
setting up some transistor in the DC operating current or voltage in order to correct the level in
such a way that transistor can amplify any input signal correctly is known as transistor biasing.
The types we will learn here are fixed base bias, Emitter Feedback Bias, Collector Feedback
Bias. We will do some calculations and procedure about these circuits.
Theory:
Fixed base bias:
As it is already clear from its name that the circuit in which the base current IB of the transistor
remains unchanged for given values of Vcc voltage is known as fixed base bias circuit. Also, its
operating point must be fixed. A simple circuit diagram for fixed bias is shown below.
Emitter Feedback Bias:
In a base bias circuit, if an emitter resistor is placed it will become a new circuit named as emitter
feedback bias. It helps in making the base bias more expectable with negative feedback which
contradicts any endeavored change in collector current with contrasting change in the voltage of
base. A common emitter feedback bias circuit is shown below.

Collector Feedback Bias:

The collector to the base feedback formation guarantees that the transistor is
continuously biased in the active region irrespective of the value of Beta (β). The DC
base bias voltage is resulted from the collector voltage VC, therefore providing good stability.
Experimental Procedure:

Part 1: Fixed Base Bias

1- Connect the circuit shown in Figure 9-1

Figure 9-1

Simulations:
 2- Measure the following quantities:

• VCC = 12V

• VBE = 678.046mV

• IC = 1.758mA

Transistors of the same type can have different values of βDC in range between 100-300. Find βDC of
your transistor by using the quantities measured above. Show your work.

𝛽𝐷𝐶 = 𝐼𝐶 / 𝐼𝐵
So, applying KVL on fixed base bias circuit. We get,
−𝑉𝐶𝐶 + 𝐼𝐵 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑉𝐵𝐸 = 0
𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸 12 − 678.046𝑚𝑉
𝐼𝐵 = =
𝑅𝐵 1𝑀
𝐼𝐵 = 11.32uA
 𝛽𝐷𝐶 = 𝐼𝐶 / 𝐼𝐵 = 1.758mA /11.32uA

𝛽𝐷𝐶 = 𝟏𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟎

Part 2: Emitter Feedback Bias:

1- Emitter bias is a form of bias with increased stability due to the addition of an emitter
resistor. Connect the emitter bias circuit shown in Figure 9-2.

Figure 9-2

Simulations:
2- Measure the following quantities:

• VEE = -20V

• VBE = 677.322mV

3- Use the quantities measured in (2) above to find the current through the emitter
IE. You can use the value of βDC that you found in part 1.

Using KVL in loop emitter feedback bias circuit and we know that
−20 + 𝐼𝐵 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑉𝐵𝐸 + 𝐼𝐸 𝑅𝐸 = 0
𝜷𝑫𝑪 = 𝟏𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟎
𝛽 155.30
𝛼= = = 0.9936
𝛽 + 1 155.30 + 1
𝐼𝐶 = 𝛼𝐼𝐸 = 𝛽𝐷𝐶 𝐼𝐵
𝛼
𝐼𝐵 = 𝐼𝐸
𝛽
𝛼
−20 + 𝐼𝐸 𝑅𝐵 + 677.322𝑚𝑉 + 𝐼𝐸 𝑅𝐸 = 0
𝛽
0.9936
−19.32 + 𝐼𝐸 (100𝐾) + 677.322𝑚𝑉 + 𝐼𝐸 (10𝐾) = 0
155.30
19.32
𝐼𝐸 = = 1.815𝑚𝐴
639.79 + 10𝐾
𝑰𝑬 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟐𝒎𝑨
 4- Use the Ammeter to measure IE then compare your result with the result in step 2.

𝑰𝑬 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟐𝟐𝒎𝑨

Part 3: Collector Feedback Bias:

1- Construct the circuit shown in Figure 9-3.

Figure 9-3
Simulations:

2- Measure the following quantities:

• VCC = 10V

• VBE = 661.641mV

3- Use the quantities measured in (2) above to calculate the following quantities. Assume
βDC is the value that you found in part 1.

𝜷𝑫𝑪 = 𝟏𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟎
• Collector current IC
𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸
𝐼𝐵 =
𝑅𝐵
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶
𝐼𝐵 = 𝐼𝐶 / 𝛽𝐷𝐶

𝐼𝐶 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸
=
𝛽 𝑅𝐵
𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸 10 − 661.641mV
𝐼𝐶 = =
𝑅 100𝐾⁄
𝑅𝐶 + 𝐵⁄𝛽 10𝐾 + 155.30
𝑰𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟑𝟒𝒎𝑨
𝐼𝐵 = 𝐼𝐶 / 𝛽𝐷𝐶
𝐼𝐵 = 5.6493𝑢𝐴

• The voltage difference VEC

EMITTER is ground so
𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 𝑉𝐶
𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶 = 10 − (0.87734𝑚)(10𝐾)
𝑽𝑪𝑬 (𝑉) = 1.2266𝑉
Operating point (𝑰𝑪 , 𝑉𝐸𝐶 ) = (𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟑𝟒𝒎𝑨, 1.2266𝑉)

𝑉𝐸𝐶 = −𝑉𝐶𝐸
𝑽𝑬𝑪 = −𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟔𝑽
• Saturation current IC(sat)
At Saturation mode and cutoff mode:
𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − (𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝐵 )𝑅𝐶
But usually assume that 𝐼𝐶 ≫≫ 𝐼𝐵 to find 𝐼𝐶(𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) and 𝑉𝐶𝐸(𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓)
𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶
For 𝐼𝐶(𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 0
𝑉𝐶𝐶 10
𝐼𝐶(𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = = = 1𝑚𝐴
𝑅𝐶 10𝐾
𝑰𝑪(𝑺𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏) = 𝟏𝒎𝑨
For 𝑉𝐶𝐸(𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓) 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐼𝐶 = 0
𝑉𝐶𝐸(𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓) = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 10𝑉
• Draw the dc load line and show the Q-point on the graph. (You can use EXCEL or
any other program of your choice.)
 We know that 𝜷𝑫𝑪 changes directly with temperature and 𝑉𝐵𝐸 relates inversely with
temperature. When the temperature goes on increasing in a collector-feedback circuit,
𝜷𝑫𝑪 also increases while the 𝑉𝐵𝐸 decreases. 𝐼𝐶 increases due to increase in this 𝜷𝑫𝑪 . 𝐼𝐵
increases due to decrease in 𝑉𝐵𝐸 which leads to increase 𝐼𝐶 . The voltage drop across 𝑅𝐶
also went on increasing due to increase in this 𝐼𝐶 . This tends to decrease the collector
voltage and the voltage across 𝑅𝐵 , so it leads in reduction of 𝐼𝐵 and offsetting the
attempted rise in 𝐼𝐶 .While it decreases the 𝑉𝐶 . As a result, the collector-feedback circuit
preserves a relatively stable Q-point. Also, the temperature decreases due to the reverse
action.
Conclusion:
From this experiment, we learnt about construction of three types of transistor biased
circuits. We constructed these circuit in multisim and found different values. We observe
that all circuit showed different behavior and their values were also different. We find the
𝜷𝑫𝑪 values for all 3 circuits fixed Base Bias, emitter Feedback Bias and collector
Feedback Bias. At the end we draw a load line for collector feedback circuit to find Q
point on the graph from which we observed the relation of 𝜷𝑫𝑪 with stable Q-point.
Source of error:
The error may be cause by human or some device. In this case, one source of error is the
incorrect design or some internal fault of meter that is connected in our circuit. This fault
give us incorrect result. Its diffciult to find this type of error. Also error occure due to
mismatch of calculated and experimrntally performed results. Another source of error is
by an unexperienced person who do not know exactly how to operate the circuit and do
not know the exact connections to develop the circuit. This type of error can be reduced
easily.