Exercise Number: 1

Title of the Experiment: SERIES AND SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT

To design and test the current-series and voltage shunt feedback amplifier and to calculate
the following parameters with and without feedback.
1. Mid band gain.
2. Bandwidth and cut-off frequencies.
3. Input and output impedance

FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE

a) FACILITIES REQUIRED TO DO THE EXPERIMENT:

S.NO APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1. Power supply (0-30)V 1
2. Function Generator (0-20M)Hz 1
3. CRO 1
4. Transistor BC107 1
5. Resistor
6. Capacitor
7. Connecting Wires

b) THEORY:

 Series Feedback Amplifier

The current series feedback amplifier is characterized by having shunt sampling

andseries mixing. In amplifiers, there is a sampling network, which samples the output and
gives to the feedback network. The feedback signal is mixed with input signal by either shunt
or series mixing technique. Due to shunt sampling the output resistance increases by a factor
of ‘D’ and the input resistance is also increased by the same factor due to series mixing. This
is basically transconductance amplifier. Its input is voltage which is amplified as current.
 Shunt Feedback Amplifier

In voltage shunt feedback amplifier, the feedback signal voltage is given to the
base of the transistor in shunt through the base resistor R B. This shunt connection tends to
decrease the input resistance and the voltage feedback tends to decrease the output
resistance. In the circuit RB appears directly across the input base terminal and output
 collector terminal. A part of output is feedback to input through R B and increase in IC
decreases IB. Thus negative feedback exists in the circuit. So this circuit is also called
voltage feedback bias circuit. This feedback amplifier is known a transresistance amplifier.
It amplifies the input current to required voltage levels. The feedback path consists of a
resistor and a capacitor.

c) PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 50Hz to 3MHz in regular
steps and note down the corresponding output voltage.
3. Plot the graph: Gain (dB) Vs Frequency
4. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.
5. Calculate the input and output impedance.
6. Remove Emitter Capacitance, and follow the same procedures (1 to 5).

d) DESIGN PROCEDURE/ DESIGN CALCULATIONS:

(i) Series Feedback Amplifier: Without Feedback:

𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 12𝑉; 𝐶 = 1𝑚𝐴; 𝑓𝐿 = 50𝐻𝑧; 𝑆 = 2; 𝑅𝐿 = 4.7𝐾Ω

𝑟𝑒 26𝑚𝑉
= =
𝐼𝑐
𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑐𝑐
= 2 =
𝑒
𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝑉𝐸 = ⁄
10 ℎ𝑖𝑒 = ℎ𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒;

Applying KVL output loop, we get 𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 𝐼𝐸𝑅𝐸 + 𝐼𝐶𝑅𝐶 + 𝑉𝑐𝑒;

𝑅𝐶 =
𝑅𝐿 = 4.7𝐾Ω

Since𝑉𝐸𝐼𝐵 is very small when

𝑅𝐵 compare with 𝐼𝐶, 𝐼𝐶 ≈ IE
= ; 𝑆=1+
𝐸 𝐼𝐸 𝑅𝐸
𝑅𝐵 =
𝐶𝐶𝑅2 𝑅 = 𝑅 //𝑅
𝑉𝐵 = (𝑅 𝐵 1 2
1+𝑅2)
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 =
𝑋𝐶𝑖 ℎ //𝑅 𝐵 𝐶𝑖 = 1 𝑋𝐶𝑜 = 𝑅𝐶//𝑅𝐿 𝐶𝑜 = 1
= 𝑖𝑒 10 2𝜋𝑓𝑋𝑐𝑖 10 2𝜋𝑓𝑋𝑐𝑜
With feedback (Remove the Emitter Capacitor, CE):

Feedback factor, β = -RE =

Gm = -hfe / (hie + RE) =
Desensitivity factor, D = 1 + β Gm =
Transconductance with feedback, Gmf = Gm / D =
Input impedance with feedback, Zif = Zi D
Output impedance with feedback, Z0f = Z0 D

(ii) Shunt Feedback Amplifier: Without Feedback:

Vcc = 12V 𝐼𝑐 = 1𝑚𝐴; 𝐴𝑣 = 30; 𝑅𝑓 = 2.5𝐾Ω; 𝑠 = 2;

26𝑚𝑉
𝑟𝑒 =
= 𝐼 𝑐
1
=
𝛽 = 𝑅𝑓
ℎ𝑓𝑒 =
ℎ𝑖𝑒 = ℎ𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒;
𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑐𝑐=
= 2
𝑒
𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝑉𝐸 = ⁄
10 ;

Applying KVL to output loop, we get𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 𝐼𝐸𝑅𝐸 + 𝐼𝐶𝑅𝐶 + 𝑉𝑐𝑒;

𝑅𝐶 =
Since𝑉𝐸𝐼𝐵 is very small
𝑅𝐵 when compare with 𝐼𝐶, 𝐼𝐶 ≈ IE
= ;𝑆 = 1 +
𝐸 𝐼𝐸 𝑅𝐸
𝑅𝐵 =
𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑅2
𝑉𝐵 = 1 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑅1//𝑅2
+
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = (𝑅 )
𝑅2
With feedback:

𝑅𝑂 = 𝑅𝐶//𝑅𝑓𝑅𝑖 = (𝑅𝐵//ℎ𝑖𝑒)𝑅𝑓
𝑅𝑚 = −(ℎ𝑓𝑒(𝑅𝐵//𝑅𝑓)(𝑅𝐶//𝑅𝑓))/((𝑅𝐵//𝑅𝑓) + ℎ𝑖𝑒)

Desensitivity factor, = 1 + 𝛽𝑅 𝑅𝑖 𝑅𝑜
𝑅 = 𝑅 = 𝑅 𝑅𝑚
𝑚 𝑖𝑓 𝑜𝑓 =
𝐷 𝐷 𝑚𝑓 𝐷
𝑋𝐶𝑖 𝑅𝑖𝑓
𝐶 = 1 𝑋𝐶𝑜 = 𝑅𝑜𝑓
𝐶 = 1
= 10 2𝜋𝑓𝑋𝑐𝑖 10 2𝜋𝑓𝑋𝑐𝑜
𝑅𝐵𝑖+ℎ𝑖𝑒 1 𝑜
𝑅 = 𝑅 //( ) 𝑋 = 𝑅 /10 =
𝐸′ 𝐸 𝐶𝐸 𝐸′ 𝐸 2𝜋𝑓𝑋𝑐𝐸
1+ℎ𝑓𝑒
1
𝑋𝐶𝑓 = 𝑅𝑓/10𝐶𝑓 =
2𝜋𝑓𝑋 𝑐𝑓
e) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Series Feedback Amplifier: Without Feedback:

Series Feedback Amplifier: With Feedback:

Shunt Feedback Amplifier: Without Feedback:

Shunt Feedback Amplifier: With Feedback:

f) MODEL GRAPH:

Series Feedback Amplifier

Shunt Feedback Amplifier

e) TABULATION:

(i) Without Feedback:

Gain = 20
Frequency (Hz) Gain = V0/Vi
Vo (Volts) log(V0/Vi) (dB)
 (ii) With Feedback:
Gain = 20
Frequency (Hz) Gain = V0/Vi
Vo (Volts) log(V0/Vi) (dB)

RESULT:

Thus the current series feedback amplifier is designed and constructed and the
followingparameters are calculated

Pre lab questions:

1) What is feedback?
2) What is positive feedback?
3) Define amplification factor?
4) What is Q-point?

Post lab questions:

1) What is the difference between positive feedback and negative feedback?

2) Define Sensitivity?
3) What are the applications of feedback amplifiers?
4) What is the effect of current series feedback amplifier on the input impedance of the
amplifier?
5) Mention the properties of negative feedback?
6) Give an example of negative shunt feedback?
7) Define voltage shunt feedback?
8) What is the effect of negative feedback on the bandwidth of an amplifier?
 Exercise Number: 2

Title of the Experiment: DESIGN OF TRANSISTOR RC PHASE SHIFT

OSCILLATOR

OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT

To design and construct a RC phase shift oscillator for the given frequency.

FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE

a) FACILITIES REQUIRED TO DO THE EXPERIMENT:

S.NO APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1. Power supply (0-30)V 1
2. Function Generator (0-20M)Hz 1
3. CRO 1
4. Transistor BC107 1
5. Resistor
6. Capacitor
7. Connecting Wires

b) THEORY:

In the RC phase shift oscillator, the required phase shift of 180˚ in the feedback
loopfrom the output to input is obtained by using R and C components, instead of
tank circuit. Here a common emitter amplifier is used in forward path followed by
three sections of RC phase network in the reverse path with the output of the last
section being returned to the input of the amplifier. The phase shift Ф is given by
each RC section Ф=tanˉ1 (1/ωrc). In practice R-value is adjusted such that Ф
becomes 60˚. If the value of R and C are chosen such that the given frequency for
the phase shift of each RC section is 60˚. Therefore at a specific frequency the total
phase shift from base to transistor’s around circuit and back to base is exactly 360˚
or 0˚. Thus the Barkhausen criterion for oscillation is satisfied.
c) PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO (sine wave).
3. Note down the practical frequency and compare with its theoretical frequency.

d) DESIGN PROCEDURE/ DESIGN CALCULATIONS:

Vcc = 12V; 𝐼𝑐 = 1𝑚𝐴; 𝐴𝑣 = 30; 𝑅𝑓 = 2.5𝐾Ω; = 2; f=1KHz;

26𝑚𝑉
𝑟𝑒 =
= 𝐼 𝑐
1
=
𝛽 = 𝑅𝑓
ℎ𝑓𝑒 =
ℎ𝑖𝑒 = ℎ𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒;
𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑐𝑐
= 2 =
𝑒
𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝑉𝐸 = ⁄
10 ;
Applying KVL to output loop, we get 𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 𝐼𝐸𝑅𝐸 + 𝐼𝐶𝑅𝐶 + 𝑉𝑐𝑒;
𝑅𝐶 =
Since𝑉𝐸𝐼𝐵 is very small when
𝑅𝐵 compare with 𝐼𝐶, 𝐼𝐶 ≈ IE
= ; 𝑆=1+
𝐸 𝐼𝐸 𝑅𝐸
𝑅𝐵 =
𝐶𝐶𝑅2 𝑅 = 𝑅 //𝑅
𝑉𝐵 = (𝑅 𝐵 1 2
1+𝑅2)
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 =
−ℎ𝑓𝑒𝑅𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓
Gain formula is given by = ℎ𝑖𝑒
𝐴𝑣
𝐴𝑣 = −29;
𝑅𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑅𝐶//𝑅𝐿;
𝑅𝐿 =
𝑋𝐶𝑖 = ([ℎ𝑖𝑒 + (1 + ℎ𝑓𝑒)𝐸]//𝑅𝐵)/10 =
𝐶 = 1/2𝜋𝑓𝑋 𝑅𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑅𝐸
𝑋 = ⁄ ; = 1/2𝜋𝑓𝑋 ; 𝐶 = ;
𝐶
𝑖 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑂 10 𝑜 𝐶𝑂 𝐸 10

𝐶𝐸 = 1/2𝜋𝑓𝑋𝐶𝐸 C=0.01µF; 𝑓 = 1/2𝜋𝑅𝐶√6

R=
f) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

g) MODEL GRAPH:

g) TABULATION:

Amplitude Time Frequency

RESULT:
Thus RC phase shift oscillator is designed and constructed and the output sine wavefrequency
is calculated as

Frequency Theoretical Practical

Pre lab questions:

1) What is oscillator circuit?
2) What are the different types of oscillators?
3) What are the conditions for oscillations?
4) Define frequency loop?

Post lab questions:

1) What are the applications of RC phase shift oscillator?

2) Why RC oscillator cannot generate high frequency oscillations?
3) What phase shift does RC phase oscillator produce?
4) How is phase angle determined in RC phase shift oscillator?
5) How can we get a maximum phase angle of 900 in RC phase shift oscillator?
 Exercise Number: 3

Title of the Experiment: DESIGN OF LC HARTLEY AND COLPITT

OSCILLATOR

OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT

To design and set-up the following tuned oscillator circuits using BJT, and determine the
frequency of oscillation. (a) Hartley Oscillator (b) Colpitts Oscillator

FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE

a) FACILITIES REQUIRED TO DO THE EXPERIMENT:

S.NO APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1. Power supply (0-30)V 1
2. Function Generator (0-20M)Hz 1
3. CRO - 1
4. Transistor BC107 1
5. Resistor 470Ω, 1KΩ10KΩ,33 KΩ 1
6. Capacitor 0.1µf, 470 pF 3
Inductance 100 µH 2
7. Connecting Wires

b) THEORY:

In the Hartley oscillator shown in Figure. Z1, and Z2 are inductors and Z3 is an
capacitor. The resistors R and R2 and RE provide the necessary DC bias to the
transistor. CE is a bypass capacitor CC1 and CC2 are coupling capacitors. The
feedback network consisting of inductors L1 and L2, Capacitor C determine the
frequency of the oscillator.
When the supply voltage +Vcc is switched ON, a transient current is produced in the
tank circuit, and consequently damped harmonic oscillations are setup in the circuit.
The current in tank circuit produces AC voltages across L1 and L2. As terminal 3 is
earthed, it will be at zero potential.
If terminal is at positive potential with respect to 3 at any instant, then terminal 2 will
be at negative potential with respect to 3 at the same instant. Thus the phase
difference between the terminals 1 and 2 is always 180˚˚. In the CE mode, the
transistor
provides the phase difference of 180˚˚ between the input and output. Therefore the total
phase shift is 360˚˚. The frequency of oscillations is f = 1/2π√LC where L= L1 + L2.
c) PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the Power Supply and check the D.C conditions by removing
the coupling capacitor CC1 or CC2.
3. Connect the coupling capacitors and obtain an output waveform on the CRO.
If the o/p is distorted vary 1- KΩ Potentiometer (R3) to get perfect SINE wave.
4. Measure the period of oscillation and calculate the frequency of oscillation.
5. Compare the measured frequency with re-computed theoretical value for the
component values connected.

d) DESIGN PROCEDURE/ DESIGN CALCULATIONS:

Transistor: SL100
Let VCC = 12V; IC = 4.5 mA; VE = 1.2V; VCE =6V;
hFE =100.
Given VE = 1.2V. Therefore RE = VE / IE VE / IC =266.67; RE=270Ω

Writing KVL for the Collector loop we get, VCC = ICRC + VCE + VE
RC = (VCC – VCE – VE) / IC = (12-6-1.2)V/4mA=1.06K; RC= 1 K
hFE RE = 10R2

Assume R2=2.7KΩ,
VB = (Vcc x R2 ) / (R1 + R2)
Hence R1 = 14.14 K ; R1 = 15 K

Use CC1= 0.47F

Use CC2= 0.47F
Use CE=47F

Hartley Oscillator
Oscillator Frequencyf= cLeq. = L1+ L2Assume f = 500 KHz. With L1 = L2
=100μH, we get Leq. = L1+ L2 = 200μH Leq.C=1/(2πf)2=(π)-2x10-12
This gives C = {1/ (π)2 x 200μH} pF 500pF
Use C = 470 pF
For this capacitance value f= 518.6 KHz
Colpitts Oscillator
1 C1C2
Tank Circuit Design: f Where Ceq 
2 LCeq C1 C2
Given Oscillation frequency f =1 MHz
Assume C1=C2 = 470 pF  Ceq= 235 pF =2.35
1
Then, L  42 ( f2 )C  119 µH
Use L = 100 µH, For this value of L, f = 1.04 MHz

e) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Hartley Oscillator

Colpitts Oscillator
i) MODEL GRAPH:

Hartley and Colpitts Oscillator

h) TABULATION:

Hartley Oscillator

Amplitude Time Frequency

Colpitts Oscillator
 ed and the output sine wavefrequency is calculated as

Frequency Theoretical Practical

RE Hartley Oscillator
SU
LT: Colpitts Oscillator
T
h
u
s
Pre lab questions:
o 1) What is Hartley oscillator circuit?
s 2) What is Colpitts oscillator circuit?
c 3) What is the main function of biasing circuit?
i 4) Define Tank circuit?
l
l Post lab questions:
a
t 1) What are the applications of Hartley oscillator?
o 2) State the advantage and disadvantage of Hartley Oscillator?
r 3) What is the purpose of bypass capacitor?
4) What are the applications of Colpitts oscillator?
i
s 5) State the advantage and disadvantage of Colpitts Oscillator.

d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d

a
n
d

c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t

Electronic Circuits Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering 1

Trivandrum
 xperiment No. 4.(a)

E
PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR USING
OPAMP
To design an RC Phase Shift oscillator using op-amp for a given frequency of 1kHz.

THEORY
An oscillator is a circuit that produces a periodic waveform on its output with only
the dc supply voltage as a required input. A repetitive input signal is not required
but is sometimes used to synchronize oscillations. The output voltage can be either
sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal, depending on the type of oscillator. Two major
classifications for oscillators are feedback oscillator and relaxation oscillators.

Conditions for oscillation

1. The phase shift around the feedback loop must be effectively

zero degrees.
2. The voltage gain, ACL around the feedback loop (loop gain) must equal
to (or greater than) one.

The voltage gain around the closed feedback loop, ACL, is the
product of the amplifier gain, Av, and the attenuation, B of the feedback
circuit.

ACL=Av B

RC phase-shift oscillator is a linear electronic oscillator circuit that produces a

sine wave output. It consists of an inverting amplifier element such as a transistor or
op-amp with its output fed back to its input through a phase-shift network consisting of
resistors and capacitors in a ladder network. Each of the three RC networks in the
feedback loop can provide a maximum phase shift approaching 90 degrees.
Oscillation occurs at the frequency where the total phase shift through the three RC
network is 180 degrees. Inversion output at the output of op-amp itself produces the
additional 180 degree to meet the requirement for oscillation of 360 degrees (or zero
degree) phase shift around the feedback loop.

DESIGN
1
The attenuation B of the three section RC feedback network is B 
29

To meet the greater than unity loop gain requirement, the closed loop voltage gain of
op-amp must be greater than 29.

Electronic Circuits Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering 2

Trivandrum
Given frequency, f = 1 kHz. We have f  1
2 RC 6
Let R1 = R2 = R3=R and C1 = C2 = C3= C

Electronic Circuits Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering 3

Trivandrum
Assume C =
Rf 220 kΩ
0.01μF.

1
R
2 f C 6 R1 +12V
6.8 kΩ
7
1 -
 2 103  0.01106  6 2
6
LM 741 Vo
 6.5 k
+ 4
3
Select nearest value of 6.8 kΩ for R -12V

Rf  ACL  R
 29  6.8103  197.2 k
1
C1 0.01μF C2 0.01μF C3 0.01μF

R2 R3
6.8 kΩ 6.8 kΩ

Electronic Circuits Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering 4

Trivandrum
 Select nearest value of 220 kΩ for Rf

PROCEDURE:

On a bread board, set up the circuit as shown in the figure. Obtain the sine wave
at the output. Check for the frequency obtained.

EXPECTED OUTPUT

RESULT

An RC phase shift oscillator was designed for a frequency

of 1kHz. The observed frequency is kHz

Electronic Circuits Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering 1

Trivandrum
 Experiment No. 5
INVERTING AND NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER USING OPAMP

AIM
To study the following op-amp circuits

1. Inverting amplifier
2. Non-inverting amplifier

DESIGN
1. Design for inverting amplifier

The expression for gain is

A  Rf 
CL =  
 R1 

Let amplifier to be designed with a gain of (-10), select input resistance R1=10kΩ
Feedback resistance, = ( ACL  R1 )
Rf
= (10 10103 ) = 100 k
2. Design for non- inverting amplifier
 Rf 
The expression for gain is CLA  = 1+
R
 1 

Let amplifier to be designed with a gain 11 and select R1 = 10kΩ

Feedback resistance, = ( A 1)R

CL 1
Rf
= (10 1) 10 103 = 100 k

Rf 100 k
Vi
+15V
R1 10 k
Vi 7 t
2
-
6
LM 741 Vo
+ 4
3 Vo
10 k -15V

Fig 1. Circuit diagram of inverting amplifier Fig 2. Input and output waveforms of inverting
amplifier

Electronic Circuits Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering 2

Trivandrum
 Fig 3. Circuit diagram of non-inverting Fig 4. Input and output waveforms
amplifier of
non-inverting amplifier

PROCEDURE
1. Inverting Amplifier
Set  Rf 
gainupAthe circuit as shown in Fig 1. The circuit gives a closed loop =  
CL
 R1 
. This gain is very small compared to the open loop gain of the op-amp. Test the
circuit by applying the input signal of suitable amplitude (say 1V peak to peak)
from a function generator. Observe the output waveform on the CRO and
determine actual gain.

2. Non-inverting Amplifier:
The circuit of a non-inverting amplifier is shown in Fig 3. Its closed loop
gain is R 
f
A = 1+ . The circuit is tested by applying the input signal of suitable
amplitude
CL  
 R1 
(say 1V peak to peak) from a function generator. Observe the output waveform
on the CRO and determine actual gain.

OBSERVATIONS
Inverting Amplifier
Input Frequency Input voltage (p-p) Output voltage (p-p) Gain
V
F Vi Vo A = o
kHz V V CL
Vi

Electronic Circuits Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering 3

Trivandrum
Electronic Circuits Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering 4
Trivandrum
 Non-inverting Amplifier
Input Frequency Input voltage (p-p) Output voltage (p-p) Gain
V
f Vi Vo A = o
kHz V V CL
Vi

RESULT
The basic op-amp circuits of inverting & non-inverting amplifiers were designed set up and
output waveforms were obtained in a CRO. The gain obtained are

Inverting amplifier:

Gain = ………….

Non-inverting amplifier: Gain =

………….

Electronic Circuits Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering 5

Trivandrum
 Exercise Number: 6

INTEGRATORS AND DIFFERENTIATORS

OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT

To design and construct integrator and differentiator

FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE

a) FACILITIES REQUIRED TO DO THE EXPERIMENT:

S.NO APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1. Power supply (0-30)V 1
2. Function Generator (0-20M)Hz 1
4. DSO - 1
5. Resistor 1KΩ10KΩ 1
6. Capacitor 47nF 3
7. Connecting Wires

b) Theory:

Filters are important blocks in communication and instrumentation systems. They are
widely used in radio receivers, power supply circuits and noise reduction systems.
There are four different types of filters. Low pass filters, (which passes low frequency
signals and reject high frequency components) Band pass filters, (Which passes
signals within a certain frequency range) high pass filters ( Which passes high
frequency signals and reject low frequency components) and band – reject Filters
(Which reject Signals that have frequencies outside a certain band).

c) Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2 Apply 6 Vpp Sinosoidal signal from Function generator
3 Vary the frequency and find the -3 dB Frequency.
4 Observe several points above and below the – 3dB frequency
5 Measure the output with input frequency several points above the -3dB frequency

Electronic Circuits Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering 6

Trivandrum
d) Design
Procedure Low pass
filters :
For the low pass filter circuit, the transfer function is of the form,
Vo / Vin = 1 / [ 1+ (s/ ωp) ]
Where
ωp = Pole frequency location in radians / sec
High pass filters :
For high pass filter circuit, the transfer function is of the form,
Vo / Vin = S / (ωp + S)
Where
ωp = Pole frequency location in radians / sec
Design Calculation:
Integrator:
Using KVL
Vin(t) = Rin + 1/C ∫i dt
VO(t) =1/C ∫i dt (using Laplace) (since ∫i dt =I(s)/s)
Vin(s) = RI(s) + 1/C I(s)/s (1)
VO(s) =1/C I(s)/s (2)
VO (s) = I(s) 1/C
Vin(s) RI(s) +1/C I(s)/s
Ωp= 1/RC = 1/Ʈ = 1/S+ Ωp=

Differentiator:
Vin(t)= Ri(t) + 1/ C∫idt
VO(t)= Ri(t)
Vin(s)= RI(s) + 1/C*I(s)/S
Vo(s)= RI(s)
Vin(s) / Vo(s) = I(s) [R+1/SC] / RI(s)
Vin(s) / Vo(s) = R.SC / SRC+1=SC+1/SC
f = 1k Hz, R=5.6 kΩ, C = 220pf,
Ʈ1=RC Ʈ2=5.6x103 x 0.1x106
=0.0001 s
Ʈ = 5.6 x 220=
Calculation of C:
Z ≥ 16T ; T=1/f Z ≤ 0.01066
R= 5.6 KΩ
f=1.5Khz
RC=Electronic
0.01066Circuits Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering 7
C = 0.01066/K
Trivandrum = 2 µf.
 e) Circuit Diagram

f) Model Graph

Integrator

Electronic Circuits Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering 8

Trivandrum
Differentiator

f) Tabular column

Integrator (low pass

filter):

Electronic Circuits Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering 9

Trivandrum
Frequency= T= Ton=

Measured voltage INPUT Vin OUTPUT Vout

Vmax

Vmin
Vpp

Differentiator (high pass filter):

Frequency= T= Ton=

Measured voltage INPUT Vin OUTPUT Vout

Vmax

Vmin

Vpp

Result: Thus the experiment was performed and the ripple factors for half wave
Rectifier with and without load and the loadregulation has been calculated.

Pre lab Questions

1. Define filter?
2. Give the classification of filter?
3. What is the difference between active and passive filter?

Post Lab Questions

1. Give some applications of filters?

2. What do you mean by -3dB cut off frequency?
3. What is all pass filter?

Electronic Circuits Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering 1

Trivandrum 0