Department of Electrical Engineering

EE241L: Electrical Network Analysis

Course Instructor: Mr. Aftab Alam Date: 27-04-2021

Lab Engineer: Asif Ali Semester:4th

LAB 4 Analysis of Transients in Series RLC Circuits

Report Viva Total

Name Roll Number
Marks/10 Marks/5 Marks/15

Muhammad Bilal Hassan bsee19024

Checked on: ____________________________

Signature: ____________________________
4.1. Introduction
In this lab experiment, the study and observation of transients in series RLC circuits for the three cases
of damping depending on the values of R, L and C are underwent by use of Multisim software Tektronix
oscilloscope for viewing waveforms.

4.2. Lab Goals

At the end of this lab, students will have achieved the following goals:
 Understand the three types of damping in series RLC circuits
 Observe the waveforms for each time of damping and tell the difference between them
 Verify the experimental results with the theoretical results

4.3. Lab Equipment

1. NI Elvis II prototyping board
2. Resistor (1kΩ)
3. Capacitor (1µF,10nF)
4. Inductor (1mH)
5. Multisim software Tektronix

4.4. Lab Procedure

4.4.1. Over-damped and critically damped response

1. Note down your readings in the following table:
[5 marks]
Table 4.1: Measured values of components
Rated Values Record values
1kΩ +(last two digits of Roll 1024Ω
number ID)
1mH +(0. last two digits of Roll 1.24mH
number ID)
100 pF +(0. last two digits of Roll 100.24pF
number ID)
1.5nF +(0. last two digits of Roll 1.74nF
number ID)
10nF +(0. last two digits of Roll 10.24nF
number ID)
2. Consider the following series RLC circuit:

Figure 4.1: Series RLC circuit excited by a square wave

3. Determine the type of damping in the above circuit for the natural response (i.e. when the function
generator outputs 0V). Use record values.
[3 marks]

𝑹 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒
𝜶= =
𝟐𝑳 𝟐(𝟏. 𝟐𝟒𝒎)

𝜶 = 𝟑𝟖𝟑𝑲s-1

𝟏 𝟏
𝝎= =
√𝑳𝑪 √(𝟏. 𝟐𝟒𝒎)(𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝒏)

𝝎 = 𝟑𝟏𝟔𝑲 rad/s-1

𝜶>𝝎
It is overdamped.

4. Draw the circuit in Figure 4.1 Multisim software with the resistors, capacitors and inductor
available to you. Attached the screen shot below. [ 2 marks]

5. The positive half-period is large enough for the circuit to have reached its stable state. What will
the following values be at time 0?
[2 marks]
VC(0+) = _11.9mV_________

6. From the given values of R, L and C and initial conditions of capacitor voltage and inductor current
from above step, derive the equation for iL(t) and vC (t) during the natural response of the circuit in
Figure 1.
[5 marks]
 −𝑽𝒔 + 𝑽𝒓 + 𝑽𝒍 + 𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎

𝑽𝒓 + 𝑽𝒍 + 𝑽𝒄 = 𝑽𝒔

𝒅𝒊
𝒊𝑹 + 𝑳 + 𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝑽𝒍
𝒅𝑽𝒍 𝒅𝑪
𝒅𝒕
𝑹𝑪 +𝑳 + 𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝑽𝒍 𝒅𝟐 𝑽𝒍
𝑽𝒄 = −𝑹𝑪 − 𝑳𝑪
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

7. What should the maximum value of frequency be for this circuit so that the 10nF capacitor is fully
(99%) charged during positive half-period? In other words, you are required to calculate the settling
time ts for this circuit’s natural response and keeping time period of square wave 4*t s find the
respective frequency.
[3 marks]

Ts = 50 µs
Ts = 4×50 µs
𝟏
𝒇 = 𝑻𝒔 = 5 KHz

8. Build the circuit in Figure 4.1 on prototyping board and power it up with a square wave from
function generator using the value of frequency calculated in step 6 and other parameters from
Figure 4.1. Measure the voltage across the capacitor at the following times during the discharching
half-period (T0.5 = ½ time period). [4 marks]
Table 4.2: voltage across capacitor (10nF) at different time intervals during discharging

Time VC Measured

0+ 11.9mV

¼T 4.98V

½T 5V
T0.5- (end of
4.999
half-period)

9. Plot the graph of vC to scale below:

[3 marks]
10. Now, replace the 10 nF capacitor in Figure 4.1 with 4 nF and repeat steps 3 through 8 and note
down your readings in steps 10-15.
[3 marks]

𝑹 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒
𝜶= =
𝟐𝑳 𝟐(𝟏. 𝟐𝟒𝒎)

𝜶 = 𝟑𝟖𝟑 𝑲s-1

𝟏 𝟏
𝝎= =
√𝑳𝑪 √(𝟏. 𝟐𝟒𝒎)(𝟒. 𝟐𝟒𝒏)

𝝎 = 383 K rad/s-1

𝜶=𝝎

Type of damping: __ Critical Damped ____________

11. Initial values of inductor current and capacitor voltage, assuming that the start of negative half-
period of square-wave input is marked by t = 0:
[2 marks]
VC(0+) = _4.97V _________

12. Equation for vC (t):

[5 marks]
 −𝑽𝒔 + 𝑽𝒓 + 𝑽𝒍 + 𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎

𝑽𝒓 + 𝑽𝒍 + 𝑽𝒄 = 𝑽𝒔

𝒅𝒊
𝒊𝑹 + 𝑳 + 𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝑽𝒍
𝒅𝑽𝒍 𝒅𝑪
𝒅𝒕
𝑹𝑪 +𝑳 + 𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝑽𝒍 𝒅𝟐 𝑽𝒍
𝑽𝒄 = −𝑹𝑪 − 𝑳𝑪
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑑𝑉𝑙 𝑑2 𝑉𝑙
𝑉𝑐 = −𝑅𝐶 − 𝐿𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

13. Settling time ts and maximum frequency for this circuit:

[3 marks]

Ts = 20 µs
Ts = 4×20 µs
𝟏
𝒇 = 𝑻𝒔 = 12.5 KHz

14. Measurements during negative half-period:

[4 marks]
Table 4.3: Voltage across capacitor (4nF) at different time intervals during discharging

Time VC Measured

0+ 4.97V

¼T 506.03p V
½T 154.84m V
T0.5- (end of
2.35m V
half-period)

15. Graph of vC (t):

[3 marks]
16. Comment on the differences in the values/equation/graphs obtained for the two types of damping
in the space given below:
[3 marks]
The change in Ts value from overdamped to critically damped and the stepper ness of graph in both the
cases. critically damped is more stepper then overdamped.

4.4.2. Underdamped response

1. The circuit in Error! Reference source not found. is a series RLC circuit, like the one in Part 1.
However, the values of R, L and C are such that the response of this circuit is underdamped. Connect
this circuit on prototyping board and verify that this is an underdamped circuit using a square wave
of any suitable frequency that helps you observe the waveform. In the space below, verify the
mathematical condition for under-dampedness and also comment on the shape of the waveform:

Figure 4.2: Circuit to observe under-damped response in series RLC circuits

[3 marks]
 𝑹 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒
𝜶= =
𝟐𝑳 𝟐(𝟏. 𝟐𝟒𝒎)

𝜶 = 𝟑𝟖𝟑𝑲 s-1

𝟏 𝟏
𝝎= =
√𝑳𝑪 √(𝟏. 𝟐𝟒𝒎)(𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝒏)

𝝎 = 𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟐𝑲 rad/s-1

𝝎>𝜶

2. Find the equation for Vc(t) using R, L and C values in Figure 4.2 and initial conditions found in
part 1 step 4. Note that with the assumption that the circuit has been in stable state for enough time,
the initial conditions for the start of the negative half-period will be the same.
[5 marks]

−𝑽𝒔 + 𝑽𝒓 + 𝑽𝒍 + 𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎

𝑽𝒓 + 𝑽𝒍 + 𝑽𝒄 = 𝑽𝒔

𝒅𝒊
𝒊𝑹 + 𝑳 + 𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝑽𝒍
𝒅𝑽𝒍 𝒅𝑪
𝒅𝒕
𝑹𝑪 +𝑳 + 𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝑽𝒍 𝒅𝟐 𝑽𝒍
𝑽𝒄 = −𝑹𝑪 − 𝑳𝑪
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

3. Draw the circuit in Figure 4.2 Multisim software with the resistors, capacitors and inductor
available to you. Attached the screen shot below. [ 2 marks]
4. Plot the graph of Vc(t).
[3 marks]

4.5. Analysis
1. Define resonance. What is the condition for resonance for an RLC series circuit? [1 marks]

The phenomenon of increased in amplitude that occurs when the frequency of a periodically
applied force is equal.
XC = XL

2. An RLC series circuit has R=10 Ω, XC=62+ (0. last two digits of Roll number ID) Ω, XL=78+ (0.
last two digits of Roll number ID) Ω Find the value of L and C for resonance at 50Hz. [2 marks]
 1
XC =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
1 1
C= =
2𝜋𝑓 XC 2𝜋50(62.24)
𝐶 = 51.142 u F

𝑋𝐿 = 2π𝑓L
𝑋𝐿 78.24
L= =
2𝜋𝑓 2𝜋50
L = 250 m H

3. Write a conclusion of today’s lab, i.e. briefly describe new concepts that were learned or any old
concepts that were revised/practiced and any new measurement techniques/equipment that you
were introduced to in this lab session.
[2 marks]
In this lab, I learnt about the damping response for series RLC. And learnt about the derivation
of VC for series RLC circuits and how to use cursors in the transient. Also about Ts.
Assessment Rubrics for EE241L: Electrical Network Analysis
Student Name: ______________________________ Roll Number: _____________________________
Method:
Lab report evaluation and instructor observation during lab sessions.
Outcomes Assessed:
a. Ability to conduct experiments as well as to analyze and interpret data.
b. Ability to function in a team and adhere to rules and guidelines.
c. Ability to use the techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice.
Performance Exceeds expectation (5-4)
Selects relevant equipment
Realization
/ parts to the experiment,
of
develops circuit diagrams
experiment
of part connections or
(a)
wiring
Actively engages and
Teamwork cooperates with other
(b) group members in an
effective manner
Connects circuit
components properly, sets
Conducting
input signals according to
experiment
the requirement of
(a, c)
experiment and examines
the output meticulously
Observes lab safety rules;
Laboratory handles the equipment and
safety and components with care and
disciplinary adheres to the lab
rules (b) disciplinary guidelines
aptly
Completes data collection
from the experiment setup
by giving proper input
Data
signals and observing the
collection
outputs, ensures that the
(c)
data is entered in the lab
manual according to the
specified instructions
Analyzes the data obtained
from experiment
thoroughly and accurately
Data
verifies it with theoretical
analysis (a,
understanding, accounts
c)
for any discrepancy in
data from theory with
sound explanation
Operate the Multisim
software Tektronix
Computer oscilloscope, digital
use (c) multimeter, power
supplies, VI analyzer, etc.
with little to no help
Lab Engineer:
Name: Asif Ali
Signature: ________________________
Date: 27-04-2021
Does not meet expectation
Meets expectation (3-2) Marks
(1)
Needs guidance to Incapable of selecting
select relevant relevant equipment / parts
equipment / parts to the to the experiment and
experiment and to unable to develop setup
develop setup diagrams diagrams
Cooperates with other Distracts or discourages
group members in a other group members from
reasonable manner conducting the experiments
Connects circuit parts,
sets input states
according to the Unable to connect circuits
requirement of parts, and perform the
experiment and procedure of experiment
examines the output
with minor error
Observes safety rules
and disciplinary Disregards lab safety and
guidelines with minor disciplinary rules
deviations
Completes data
Fails at collecting data by
collection with minor
giving proper inputs and
error and enters data in
observing output states of
lab manual with slight
experiment setup, unable to
deviation from
fill the lab manual properly
guidelines
Analyzes data with
Unable to establish the
minor error and
relationship between
correlates it with
practical and theoretical
theoretical values
values and lacks the
reasonably. Attempts to
theoretical understanding to
account for any
explain any discrepancy in
discrepancy in data
data
from theory
Uses Multisim software
Unable to launch and
Tektronix digital
operate the Multisim
instruments with
software Tektronix with or
guidance from
without assistance
instructor
Total
Faculty:
Name: Mr. Aftab Alam
Signature: ________________________
Date: 27-04-2021