Lab-7: Analog Filters

1. Objective.
 To get yourselves acquainted with filters and its different configuration in connection to
instrumentation and measurements labs.
 To verify and judge the filters on basis of gain, quality factors, sensitivity and roll off.
 To become able to draw features from bode plot.

2. Reference Reading
1: Analog Filter Design, Van Valkenburg 2: Microelectronics Sedra/Smith

3. Introduction
Each and every circuit that perform some function with your input to deliver the required output
can be termed as filter. However, in literal term we give the name “filters” to circuit which discards
useless information (as per requirement) from input and only outputs the useful information in
signal, in short frequency selective circuits are usually termed as filters.

Filters can be divided in following forms:

Passive filters: Containing passive elements

Active Filters: Containing active elements i.e. transistors, op-amps etc.

On basis of frequency selection, filters are broadly classified into following types:

1. Low pass 3. Band Pass

2. High Pass 4. Band Stop

Filter features can easily be read from bode plot where concept of gain and attenuation concept are
pre-requisite. Attenuation concept comes where magnitude|𝑇| ≤ 1.
𝛼 = −20𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑇, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 |𝑇| ≤ 1
Term gain is used when circuit gain is greater than 1. (|𝑇| ≥ 1)
𝐴 = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑇, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 |𝑇| ≥ 1

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Cut off frequencies
Cut off frequency in low and high pass can be calculated where output power becomes half of the
input. T=0.707 or 𝛼 = −20 log(0.707) = 3𝑑𝐵
In designing, 𝜔0 (cut off) is specified and circuits elements are then calculated. For low pass,
bandwidth is equal to cut off.

Low Pass filter

Low pass filter allows low frequencies and stop higher frequencies above the cutoff.

Possible circuit combinations can be:

RC

1
𝑠𝐶 1 1
𝑇= = =
1 1 + 𝑠𝑅𝐶 1 + 𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶
𝑠𝐶 + 𝑅

For cutoff, we put w=1/(RC), we get T=0.707.

RL
𝑅 𝑅 1
Transfer function is 𝑇 = 𝑠𝐿+𝑅 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿+𝑅 = 𝐿
𝑗𝜔 +1
𝑅

𝑅
Cutoff is 𝜔0 =
𝐿

Task # 1
Make a filter having cut off 𝑓0 = 3.2𝑘 with both above
configuration.

Perform the simulation and verify it with Ltspice.

Figure 2 Low pass first order

Resistance Capacitance Inductance

High Pass Filter

Switch the places of capacitor, inductor with resistor in both above low pass configurations.

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Task # 2
Make a filter having cut off 𝑓0 = 3.2𝑘 with both above configuration.

Perform the simulation and verify it with Ltspice.

Resistance Capacitance Inductance

Questions:
1: Can you decide whether a given phase plot is of high pass or low pass. (If yes, how; if no, why
not)?

2: What is bandwidth of above both designed filters?

RLC Low Pass filter

1 1
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑠𝐶 = 𝐿𝐶
1 𝑠𝑅 2 1
𝑅 + 𝑠𝐿 + 𝑠𝐶 𝐿 + 𝑠 + 𝐿𝐶
Figure 3 RLC filter
1 𝑅
Setting𝜔0 = , natural frequency and 2𝜔0 𝜁 = 𝐿 , where
√𝐿𝐶
𝜁 𝑧𝑒𝑡𝑎 is damping ratio of system.
Three case for value of 𝜁 can be realized:
1: Over damped: 𝜁 > 1 3: Critically damped: 𝜁 = 1
2: Underdamped: 𝜁 < 1

For critically damping case we will take 𝜁 = 1

Quality factor
Quality factor describes the selectivity of filter.

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 1
Mathematically quality factor is given by 𝑄 = 2𝜁

Task # 03
Make a second order critically damped low pass filter of 𝑓0 = 3.2𝑘𝐻𝑧.
Compare this second order low pass filter with above design of first order low pass.(through bode
plot).
Questions
1: Is there any difference in roll off in first and second order low pass.

2: Can above filters gain be changed as requirement. If yes, how and if not why not?

Task # 4
For critical, underdamping and overdamping concept, parameterize the R from extracted value for
𝜁 = 1 i.e. R=valueΩs for critical damping, write in spice directive as
.step param resistor_name value-100 value+100 increment
Input for task 4 should be pulse signal. So place a source, cell or battery and enter its value the
commmand as PULSE(0 5 1u 1u 1u 5m). Now do the transient analysis.
Draw the response and distinguish from graph about underdamping, overdamping and critical
damping.

0 1 2 3 4 5 ms

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Twin T notch Filter (Band Stop)
Band stop filter also known as notch filter is used for rejection of certain frequencies around
desired frequency. Twin T notch filter is a useful filter with high rejection at certain frequency.
Attenuation increases as frequency approches notch, and ideally become infinite.
Question:
1: What would be Magnitude of transfer function if attenuation is infinite?

Twin T filter is composed of two T networks RCR, CRC with resistances

and capacitances value in given pattern as show in figure 4.
If output is open ZL=infinite, then transfer function becomes:
(𝑗𝜔)2 + 𝜔𝑛2 (𝑗𝜔)2 + 𝜔𝑛2
𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = =
(𝑗𝜔)2 + 4𝜔𝑛 𝑗𝜔 + 𝜔𝑛2 (𝑗𝜔)2 𝜔𝑛 𝑗𝜔
+ 𝑄 + 𝜔𝑛2
Figure 4 Twin T notch filter
Quality factors becomes
1
𝜔𝑛 = 𝑅𝐶
1 𝑛 𝜔 𝜔𝑛
𝑄 = 4 = 0.25 and 𝑄 = 𝐵𝑊 => 𝐵𝑊 = = 4𝜔𝑛 which is bandwidth of notch filter.
𝑄

Task # 5
1:Design a notch filter with center frequency 𝑓𝑛 = 8.3𝑘𝐻𝑧 and perform the simulation with output
open as shown in figure 4. (Draw bode plot below)
Theoretical magnitude at 𝜔 = 𝜔𝑛 (in dBs) Lt-Spice magnitude at 𝜔 = 𝜔𝑛 (in dBs)

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Also apply the sum of two sine wave (f1=8.3kHz and f2=41.5kHz) using Lab # 5 adder circuit.
What is output of the notch filter.
Is it sine wave? No/Yes

In real what should it look like?

If α=∞, (see attenuation equation), should output be 41.5

kHz sine wave?

Question about passive filters?

Why cant we adjust the gain of filter?

Bode plot for any filter can have maximum value of ____dBs.

Decide from phase plot of above filter whether it is second order or first order.

Active filter with Inverting Op-amp

Active filter can give independent gain and
frequency adjustments which was not possible in
passive filters since absence of gain element.
𝑉 −𝑍2
In Figure 5,𝑉2 = where Z1 and Z2 can be any of
1 𝑍1
the following in given table.

Figure 5 inverting op amp configuration

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Task # 6
Derive the equation for given circuit in Figure 6.

T_F=

Figure 6 Inverting Low pass

Design a circuit for low pass with 𝑓0 = 3.2𝑘𝐻𝑧 and gain equal to 5.
R1 R2 C

Verify the cut off frequency and magnitude at 0Hz.

Magnitude at 0Hz=_____dB.

Questions
1: What is the effect of inverting op-amp on phase response in relation to first order low pass
passive filter?

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2: Can the gain and frequency be adjusted independently in above circuit?

3: Draw configuration for high pass with inverting and derive its equation using above given table
for admitance and impedance.

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 EE-314L Instrumentation Lab

Lab#07 Rubric Mark Sheet

Student Name: ______________________ Reg. #: _________________

Marks 3.0 2.0 1.0 0

Cannot setup
Punctuality Student arrives or handle the
PLO-8 NA NA
in lab in time. apparatus.
Can independently Can setup and Can setup and
Apparatus Cannot setup
PLO-5 setup, operate and handle the handle the
or handle the
Usage handle the apparatus with apparatus with
apparatus.
apparatus. minimal help. some help.

Student arranges Student carelessly Student does

the workstation arranges not arrange
Work Station PLO-8 NA
properly after lab workstation after the work
completion. lab completion. station.

Analyzes and Analyzes data Unable to

Analyzes and
interprets data correctly however analyze and
interprets data
Data correctly for few unable to interpret data
PLO-4 correctly for all
Interpretation tasks/ interpret it for for any tasks/
tasks/ experiments
experiments in the tasks/ experiments experiments in
in the lab.
lab. in the lab. the lab.
All required data is Data recorded and Data recorded
Data recorded
recorded and presented is and presented is
only with
presented complete but partially
Data PLO-5 considerable
accurately and accuracy is not as complete. The
Acquisition assistance
completely in the per requirement. required format is
from
required format The required followed but with
instructor .
format is followed. few deficiencies.
Total Score in Lab /12

Instructor Signature: _________________

Date: _________________

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