Op amps applications

vineeth
Op amps for Linear applications
Linear circuits the output signals is of the same nature as the input and varies accordance
with the input within the limits set by the saturation levels and slew rate.
1. DC Inverting amplifier
2. DC Non-inverting amplifier
3. DC Differential amplifier
4. Subtractor or differnce amplifier
5. Voltage follower (non-inverting buffer)
6. Inverting buffer
7. Inverting summer/adder
8. Non-inverting averager
9. AC inverting amplifier
10. AC non-inverting amplifier
Integrator (Integration amplifier)
A circuit whose output voltage
waveform is integral of the input
voltage waveform.
Using inverting amplifier
configuration with feedback resistor
RF replaced by a capacitor CF
 𝑡
1
𝑣𝑜 = − 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑅1 𝐶𝐹 0

Issue
• Output error voltage due to input offset voltage.

Solution
• Introduce RF
Practical integrator

Applications

• Analog computers
• Analog to digital converters
• Signal-wave shaping circuits
Differentiator

𝑑𝑣𝑖𝑛 Applications
𝑣𝑜 = −𝑅𝐹 𝐶1
𝑑𝑡 Wave-shaping circuits
Rate of change detector in frequency modulators.
 Solving differential equations
Analog computer simulation of differential equation

Any differential equation can be simulated by a network of integrators, inverters and inverting summers.

𝑡 𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹
1 𝑣𝑜 = − 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜 = − 𝑣 + − 𝑣 + − 𝑣
𝑣𝑜 = − 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡 𝑅1 𝑅1 1 𝑅2 2 𝑅3 3
𝑅1 𝐶𝐹 0
youtube veritasium
This circuit simulates a second order differential equation
Find the differential equation corresponding to this circuit?

F(t) of your choice or

As per problem
Filters
An electric filter is often a frequency-selective circuit that passes a
specified band of frequencies and blocks or attenuates signals of
frequencies outside this band.
1. Analog or digital
2. Passive or active
3. Audio(AF) or radio frequency (RF)
Active filter
Employ transistors or op-amps in addition to R, C and L
Analog active RC filters for audio frequencies.

Active filters offer

1. Gain and frequency adjustment flexibility
2. No loading problem: High input and low output resistances of
opamp
3. Cost
Common filters
• Low-pass filter
• High-pass filter
• Band-pass filter
• Band-reject filter
• All-pass filter
First-order Low-Pass Butterworth filter

fH = Break frequency/ corner frequency

Filter design
1. Choose a value of high cutoff frequency fH .
2. Select a value of C less than or equal to 1 uF.
1
3. Calculate the value of R using 𝑅 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐻 𝐶
Example frequency response
First-order High-pass Butterworth filter
Example frequency response
Band pass filters
Band pass filter has a passband between two cutoff frequencies fH and fL
such that fH > fL . Any frequency outside this is attenuated.
2 types based on the quality factor
1. Wide band pass: Q < 10
2. Narrow band pass: Q > 10
Figure of meter or quality factor (Q) is a measure of selectivity, meaning
higher the value Q, more selective is the filter or the narrower its bandwidth.
𝑓𝐶
𝑄=
𝑓𝐻 −𝑓𝐿

Where 𝑓𝐶 is the center frequency of the band. For wide-band 𝑓𝐶 = 𝑓𝐻 𝑓𝐿

Wide band-pass filter
• Band pass filter is formed by simply
cascading high-pass and low pass
sections.
• Voltage gain of band-pass filter is
equal to the product of the voltage
gain magnitudes of the high pass and
low-pass filters

• Gain
Narrow Band-pass filter
It uses two feedback paths, hence a multiple-feedback filter
Op-amp used in inverting mode.
For simplicity C1 = C2 = C
𝑄
𝑅1 =
2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝐶𝐴𝐹

𝑄
𝑅2 =
2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝐶(2𝑄2 − 𝐴𝐹 )

𝑄
𝑅3 =
𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝐶

𝑅3
𝐴𝐹 =
2𝑅1

𝐴𝐹 < 2𝑄2
Center frequency can be shifted keeping the gain and band width
unchanged
𝑓𝐶
𝑅2′ = 𝑅2 ′
𝑓𝐶