Analogue Electronics Lab III Experiment No .

Experiment No. 2
Passive Band-Pass & Band-Stop Filters (BPF & BSF)

Objectives :
Determine the frequency response of a passive Band-pass filter (BPF)
Determine the frequency response of a passive Band-stop filter (BSF)

Theory :
Band-Pass Filter (BPF)
A band-pass filter allows signals with a range of frequencies (pass band) to pass through and
attenuates signals with frequencies outside this range .

H(f)

Vo
Vo
2

f
f1 f2

Figure (1) BW
As with practical low- and high-pass filters, upper and lower cut-off frequencies of practical band
pass filter are defined as the frequencies at which the magnitude of the voltage transfer function is
reduced by 1/√2 (or -3dB) from its maximum value .

ɷ𝑙 ∶ Lower cut-off frequency (rad/sec)

ɷ𝑢 : Upper cut-off frequency (rad/sec)
The center frequency represents the midpoint frequency in between the lower cutoff frequency and
upper cutoff frequency of a filter circuit.

ɷ0 = √ɷ𝑙 ɷ𝑢 : Center frequency (rad/sec)

𝐵𝑊 = ɷ𝑢 − ɷ𝑙 : Band width (rad/sec)

ɷ0
𝑄= : Quality factor
𝐵𝑊

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Analogue Electronics Lab III Experiment No .2

Figure (2)
The “Q” or Quality Factor
In a Band Pass Filter circuit, the overall width of the actual pass band between the upper and lower -
3dB corner points of the filter determines the Quality Factor or Q-point of the circuit. This Q Factor is
a measure of how “Selective” or “Un-selective” the band pass filter is towards a given spread of
frequencies. The lower the value of the Q factor the wider is the bandwidth of the filter and
consequently the higher the Q factor the narrower and more “selective” is the filter.

1 ɷ 1 ɷ
ɷ𝑙 = ɷ0 √1 + 2 - 0 ɷ 𝑢 = ɷ0 √1 + 2 + 0
4𝑄 2𝑄 4𝑄 2𝑄

Figure (3)

Series RLC band-pass filter

At resonance frequency (𝑓𝑟 )
or center frequency (𝑓0 )
𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶

1 Inductive reactance Capacitive reactance

𝜔0 𝐿 = 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 𝑋𝐶 = 1/𝜔𝐶
𝜔0 𝐶
1
𝜔0 = (rad/sec) Total reactance : 𝑋𝑇 = 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶
√𝐿𝐶

1
𝑓0 = (Hz) Frequency (f) 0 𝑓0 = 𝑓𝑟
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

𝑋𝐿 < 𝑋𝐶 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 𝑋𝐿 > 𝑋𝐶

𝑋𝑇 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑋𝑇 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
(HPF) (LPF)

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Analogue Electronics Lab III Experiment No .2

The bandwidth (BW) is the range of frequencies over which at least half of the maximum power is
provided .

Half-power points :
Lower-cutoff frequency
At 𝜔 = 𝜔𝐿 : −𝑋𝐿 + 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑅

𝑅 𝑅 1
𝜔𝐿 = − + √( )2 +
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶

Upper-cutoff frequency
At 𝜔 = 𝜔𝑢 : 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑅

𝑅 𝑅 1
𝜔𝑢 = + √( )2 +
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶

Quality factor
𝑋𝐿 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑋𝐶 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑄= =
𝑅 𝑅

1 𝐿
𝑄= √
𝑅 𝐶

Another example of a band-pass filter :

HPF (fc1) LPF (fc2)

Figure (4)

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Analogue Electronics Lab III Experiment No .2

we can simply define the term “bandwidth”, BW as being the difference between the lower cut-off
frequency ( ƒcLOWER ) and the higher cut-off frequency ( ƒcHIGHER ) points. In other words, BW
= ƒH – ƒL. Clearly for a pass band filter to function correctly, the cut-off frequency of the low pass
filter must be higher than the cut-off frequency for the high pass filter.

fc1 fc2

Figure (5)

Band-Stop Filter (BPF)

The Band Stop Filter, (BSF) is another type of frequency selective circuit that functions in exactly
the opposite way to the Band Pass Filter we looked at before. The band stop filter, also known as
a band reject filter, passes all frequencies with the exception of those within a specified stop band
which are greatly attenuated.
If this stop band is very narrow and highly attenuated over a few hertz, then the band stop filter is
more commonly referred to as a notch filter, as its frequency response shows that of a deep notch with
high selectivity (a steep-side curve) rather than a flattened wider band.
Also, just like the band pass filter, the band stop (band reject or notch) filter is a second-order (two-
pole) filter having two cut-off frequencies, commonly known as the -3dB or half-power points
producing a wide stop band bandwidth between these two -3dB points.

Figure (6)

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Analogue Electronics Lab III Experiment No .2

Parallel resonant band-stop filter Figure (7)

C R
AC vi vo

Inductive reactance Capacitive reactance

𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 𝑋𝐶 = 1/𝜔𝐶

𝐿⁄
𝐶
Total reactance : 𝑋𝑇 =
𝑋𝐶 −𝑋𝐿

1
𝑓0 = (Hz) Frequency (f) 0 𝑓0 = 𝑓𝑟
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

𝑋𝐿 < 𝑋𝐶 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 𝑋𝐿 > 𝑋𝐶

𝑋𝑇 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑋𝑇 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
(LPF) (HPF)

Half-power points :
Lower-cutoff frequency
𝐿⁄
𝐶
At 𝜔 = 𝜔𝐿 : 𝑋𝑇 (𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) = 𝑋𝐶 −𝑋𝐿
= 𝑅

1 1 2 1
𝜔𝐿 = − + √( ) +
2𝑅𝐶 2𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐶

Upper-cutoff frequency
𝐿⁄
𝐶
At 𝜔 = 𝜔𝑢 : 𝑋𝑇 (𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) = 𝑋𝐿 −𝑋𝐶
= 𝑅

1 1 2 1
𝜔𝑢 = + √( ) +
2𝑅𝐶 2𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐶

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Analogue Electronics Lab III Experiment No .2

Quality factor

𝑅 𝑅 𝐶
𝑄= = =𝑅√
𝑋𝐿 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑋𝐶 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐿

Primary work :
Given that : C=0.1µF , L=33mH , R=1kΏ . for the series RLC band-pass filter shown in figure (3)
previously (Theory part ) and the parallel RLC band-stop filter shown in figure (7) find the following
:
𝑓𝑙 , 𝑓𝑢 , 𝑓0 , 𝐵𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄
(Note: ɷ = 2πf )

Equipments:
Function Generator
Oscilloscope
Capacitor (C=0.1µF) – Inductor (L=33mH) – Resistor (R=1kΩ).

Procedure:
Part (1). Band-Pass Filter (BPF)
1. Connect the circuit as shown below.
2. Connect the Oscilloscope across the resistor R1 to measure Vo
3. Fix the input voltage on 5Vpp , f = 100 Hz and determine vo (peak to peak value ) .
4. Increase the frequency and at every step, find vo.
Note: While increasing the input frequency if you experience large variation at
the output take more sample readings in between frequencies .

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Analogue Electronics Lab III Experiment No .2

L1 C1 f (Hz) Vo (pp)
100
33mH
0.1µF 200
R1 300
V1
1kΩ
2.5Vpk
100Hz ……… …………
0° 1M
2M

Part (2). Band-Stop Filter (BSF)

1. Connect the circuit as shown below.
2. Connect the Osciloscope across the resistor R1 to measure Vo
2. Fix the input voltage on 5Vpp , f = 100 Hz and determine vo (peak to peak value ) .
3. Increase the frequency and at every step, find vo.
Note: While increasing the input frequency if you experience large variation at
the output take more sample readings in between frequencies .

L1 f (Hz) Vo (pp)
33mH 100
200
C1
V1
R1 300
1kΩ
2.5Vpk 0.1µF
100Hz ……… …………
0° 1M
2M

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Analogue Electronics Lab III Experiment No .2

Report Discussion :

Draw the frequency response of both of the previous filters in the two semi log papers
provided . Determine the lower-cutoff frequency and the upper-cutoff frequency in each case
; show the dashed line !
Then calculate the BW and the center frequency , as well as the Q factor .

Primary Wok :
(1). BPF

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Analogue Electronics Lab III Experiment No .2

(2). BSF
L

C R
AC vi vo

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 Analogue Electronics Lab III Experiment No .2

Part (1). Band-Pass Filter (BPF)

L1 C1

33mH
0.1µF
R1
V1
1kΩ
2.5Vpk
100Hz
0°

f (Hz) Vom f (Hz) Vom f (Hz) Vom f (Hz) Vom

(volts) (volts) (volts) (volts)

BPF Calculated Practically

𝑓𝑙
𝑓𝑢

.……𝑓𝑐 …………………………………………………………………………………………
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……BW………………………………………………………………………………………
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……Q…………………………………………………………………………………………
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…

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Analogue Electronics Lab III Experiment No .2

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 Analogue Electronics Lab III Experiment No .2

Part (2). Band-Stop Filter (BSF)

L1
33mH
C1
R1
V1
1kΩ
2.5Vpk 0.1µF
100Hz
0°

f (Hz) Vom f (Hz) Vom f (Hz) Vom f (Hz) Vom

(volts) (volts) (volts) (volts)

BPF Calculated Practically

𝑓𝑙
𝑓𝑢

.……𝑓𝑐 …………………………………………………………………………………………
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……BW………………………………………………………………………………………
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……Q…………………………………………………………………………………………
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Analogue Electronics Lab III Experiment No .2

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Analogue Electronics Lab III Experiment No .2

Conclusion :
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Analogue Electronics Lab III Experiment No .2

References :
ECE65 Lecture Notes (F. Najmabadi), Spring 2006
http://aries.ucsd.edu/NAJMABADI/CLASS/ECE65/06-S/NOTES/filter.pdf
page 30-31.

www.learningaboutelectronics.com/Articles/Center-frequency-calculator.php

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_7.html

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_4.html
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/band-stop-filter.html
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/alternating-current/chpt-8/resonant-filters/

Multisim simulation of filters

Contributors :
Asmaa Budelal
Abdullah Buood
Safa Buzgeia

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