LOW PASS AND

HIGH PASS
BUTTERWORTH
FILTERS

WHAT ARE FILTERS?

Electronic filters are circuits which perform signal

processing functions, specifically to remove unwanted
frequency components from the signal, to enhance
wanted ones, or both.

A filter is an electrical network that can transmit signal

within a specified frequency range.

This frequency range is called pass band and the

range where the signal is suppressed is stop band.

The frequency that separates the pass band and stop

band is known as cut-off frequency.

TWO TYPES OF FILTERS:

1.

Infinite Impulse Response Filters: IIR filters are

distinguished by having an impulse
response which does not become exactly zero
past a certain point, but continues indefinitely.

2.

Finite impulse response (FIR) filter is

a filter whose impulse response (or response to
any finite length input) is of finite duration,
because it settles to zero in finite time.

BUTTERWORTH FILTER

The Butterworth filter is a type of signal processing

filter designed to have as flat a frequency
response as possible in the pass band.

It is also referred to as a maximally flat magnitude

filter

Its main characteristic is that the pass band is

maximally flat. That means there are no variations
in the pass band.

LOW PASS FILTER

The low pass filter only allows low

frequency signals from 0Hz to its cutoff frequency c point to pass, while
blocking those any higher frequencies.

BUTTERWORTH FILTER APPROXIMATIONS

Magnitude response of low pass Butterworth filter:

1.

The cutoff frequency is wc for all values of N(order of filter).

2.

If N is large enough, the denominator is always close to unity

when w<wc.

3.

In the expression for |H(jw)|, the exponent of w/wc is always even.

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LPF

The equation can also be written as-

Here, |H()|= Magnitude of analog low pass filter

c = Cut off frequency (-3 dB frequency)
p= Pass band edge frequency
1+2 = pass band edge value
1+2 = Stop band edge value
= Parameter related to ripples in pass band
= Parameter related to ripples in stop band
N = Order of the filter

FREQUENCY RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS

SALIENT FEATURES OF BUTTERWORTH FILTER

Magnitude response is nearly constant (equal to 1) at

lower frequencies. That means pass band Is maximally
flat.

There are no ripples in the pass and and stop band.

The max. gain occurs at =0 and it is |H(0)|=1.

Magnitude response is monotonically decreasing.

HIGH PASS FILTER

High

pass filter passes

all frequencies which
are greater than cut-off
frequency without any
attenuation.

1.
Stopband: < 1.
Passband:

HIGH PASS BUTTERWORTH FILTER

FOR HIGH PASS BUTTERWORTH FILTER

EFFECT ON N IS -

APPLICATIONS OF BUTTERWORTH FILTER

Display of radar target track

High quality audio applications because of its flat

response in stop and pass band

RF valve amplifiers

Used for recording oceanographic data

BUTTERWORTH LOW PASS FILTER

clc;
clear all;
close all;
format long
rp=input('Enter the passband ripple: ');
rs=input('Enter the stopband ripple: ');
wp=input('Enter the passband frequency: ');
ws=input('Enter the stopband frequency: ');
fs=input('Enter the sampling frequency: ');
w1=2*wp/fs;
w2=2*ws/fs;
[n,wn]=buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs,'s'); %it is used to calculate order of the filter
[z,p,k]=butter(n,wn); % it is used to calculate poles and zeros
[b,a]=zp2tf(z,p,k);
[b,a]=butter(n,wn,'s');
w=0:0.0001:pi;

[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w); %used to calculate frequency response

m=-20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(a) Normalised Frequency-->');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
ylabel('Phase in radians-->');
xlabel('(b) Normalised Frequency-->');
Output:
Enter the passband ripple: 0.15
Enter the stopband ripple: 60
Enter the passband frequency: 1500
Enter the stopband frequency: 3000
Enter the sampling frequency: 7000

HIGH PASS BUTTERWORTH FILTER

clc;
clear all;
close all;
format long
rp=input('Enter the passband ripple: ');
rs=input('Enter the stopband ripple: ');
wp=input('Enter the passband frequency: ');
ws=input('Enter the stopband frequency: ');
fs=input('Enter the sampling frequency: ');
w1=2*wp/fs;
w2=2*ws/fs;
[n,wn]=buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs,'s');
[b,a]=butter(n,wn,'high','s'); %calculation of high pass filter
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);

subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(a) Normalised Frequency-->');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
ylabel('Phase in radians-->');
xlabel('(b) Normalised Frequency-->');

Output:
Enter the passband ripple: 0.2
Enter the stopband ripple: 40
Enter the passband frequency: 2000
Enter the stopband frequency: 3500
Enter the sampling frequency: 8000

BUTTERWORTH
FILTER DESIGNING

Butterworth Filter Designing is done by

two methods:Impulse

Invariance Method

Bilinear

Transformation Method

DESIGNING STEPS
NOTATIONS
1)
Ap = Attenuation in Pass band.
2)
As = Attenuation in Stop band.
3)
p = Pass band edge frequency.
4)
s = Stop band edge frequency.
5)
c = Cut-off frequency.

STEP 1:From the given specifications of digital filter: obtain

equivalent analog filter as follows:
a) For impulse invariance method:

Ts

b) For bilinear transformation method:

2

tan
Ts
2
Here = Frequency of analog filter
= Frequency of digital filter
Ts = Sampling time.

STEP 2:

Calculate the order N filter using the equation:

2
As

log
1

2 1

As

N X
2

log s
p

or

1
log
2 1
s

N
s

2 log
c

Here s = Attenuation in stop band.

If the specification are given in decibles (dB) then use

the equation.

10
1
log 0.1 A s( dB )

10
1

N
s
log
p
0.1. A s ( dB )

STEP 3
Calculation of cut-off frequency (c):
The cut-off frequency (c) of analog filter is calculated as :
For impulse invariance method:
For bilinear transformation method:

c
Ts

2 c
c tan
Ts
2

(i)When c is not given then use the equation:

(ii) When specifications are given in db use,

1
2N
1

1
A 2p

p
10

0 .1 A p

STEP 4:Calculate the poles using

j ( N 2 k 1)

Pk c.e

2N

K = 0, 1, 2 .........N-1
If the poles are complex conjugate then organize
the poles (Pk) as complex conjugate pairs that
means.
S1 and S1*, S2 and S2* etc.

STEP 5:

Calculate the system transfer function of analog filter

using

cN
H (s)
s P1( s P 2)...
And if poles re complex conjugate then

cN
H ( s)
S S1(S S1* )S S 2(S S2* )...
Design the digital filter using impulse invariance
method or bilinear transformation method.

NUMERICALS

Q.1)A) FIND THE ORDER AND CUT-OFF FREQUENCY OF A DIGITAL FILTER WITH FOLLOWING S
0.89 1 ,
0 0.4
( ) 0.18,
0.6
USE IMPULSE INVARIANCE METHOD.
B) DRAW ITS POLES.

Q.2)AN IIR LPF IS REQUIRED TO MEET THE FOLLOWING SPECIFICATIONS:

PASSBAND PEAK TO PEAK RIPPLE : 1
PASSBAND EDGE
: 1.2 KHZ
STOPBAND ATTENUATION
: 40 DB
STOPBAND EDGE
: 2.5 KHZ
SAMPLE RATE
: 8 KHZ
DESIGN BUTTERWORTH FILTER BY PERFORMING BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION METHOD

Q3. Determine the order and the poles of a low pass

Butterworth filter that has a -3dB bandwidth of
500Hz and an attenuation of 40dB at 1000Hz. Also
draw a rough sketch of frequency response
characteristics of the Butterworth filter.
Sol.
Here, s i.e attenuation is given
20 log s = -40 Therefore, s = 0.01
Also -3db BW = cut off frequency, c = 2**(500)
And stop band frequency s = 2**(1000)
Therefore, , c = 1000 and s = 2000

Calculation of the order of the filter:

log[(
N

2 log(

) 1]

s
)
c

Therefore substituting the values, we get N = 6.64

We select N=7
Calculations of pole positions are:
j ( N 2 k 1)

Pk c.e

2N

For k=0, Poles are -699.070 +j3062.82 and

699.070-j3062.82
Similarly we have to calculate all the poles for k=1,
k=2 until k=6. and then plot the graph

THANK
YOU