Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Filters
• Common Filter Types
• Analog vs. Digital Filters
• Difference Equation
• Difference Equation Diagram Elements
• Nonrecursive Difference Equation Diagrams
• Recursive Difference Equation Diagrams
• Impulse Response
• Step Response
Filters
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Filters
• A high pass filter has exactly the opposite shape: its gains are
highest at high frequency and lowest at low frequency.
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Filters
Cutoff Frequency
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Filters
Bandwidth
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Common Filter Types
_____
Real Filter
….... Ideal Filter
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Common Filter Types
_____
Real Filter
….... Ideal Filter
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Common Filter Types
_____
Real Filter
….... Ideal Filter
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Common Filter Types
_____
Real Filter
….... Ideal Filter
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Filters
Roll-Off
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Filters
Gain
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Filters
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Filters
Bandwidth
Example-1: Find the bandwidth of the band pass filter.
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Square Wave
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Square Wave
• As higher harmonics are added, the result gets closer to an ideal square
wave, which contains infinite harmonics.
• sin(angle) + sin(3*angle)/3 + sin(5*angle)/5 + sin(7*angle)/7 + ...
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Effects of Low Pass Filters
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Effects of High Pass Filters
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Antialiasing Filter
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Analog vs. Digital Filters
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Difference Equation
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Difference Equation
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Difference Equation Diagram Elements
Delay Element
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Difference Equation Diagram Elements
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Difference Equation Diagram Elements
Summer Element
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Nonrecursive Difference Equation Diagram
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Finite Word Length Effects
• This means that filter behavior will not match the design exactly.
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Nonrecursive Difference Equation Diagram
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Nonrecursive Difference Equation Diagram
Solution
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Recursive Difference Equation Diagram
Solution
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Recursive Difference Equation Diagram
Solution
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Recursive Difference Equation Diagram
• Recursive filters have an alternative representation, called direct form 2,
2
that has certain advantages for implementation.
• This representation is defined by the pair of equations
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Recursive Difference Equation Diagram
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Recursive Difference Equation Diagram
An FIR filter has a number of useful properties which sometimes make it preferable to an
infinite impulse response (IIR) filter. FIR filters:
Require no feedback. This means that any rounding errors are not compounded by summed
iterations. The same relative error occurs in each calculation. This also makes implementation
simpler.
Are inherently stable, since the output is a sum of a finite number of finite multiples of the
input values, so can be no greater than ∑ |bi| times the largest value appearing in the input.
Can easily be designed to be linear phase by making the coefficient sequence symmetric. This
property is sometimes desired for phase-sensitive applications, for example data
communications, seismology, crossover filters, and mastering.
In the general case, if the kth input sample is x(k), then the nth output is
We can formalize the digital filter nature of our averager by creating the block
Figure 5-3 Averaging filter block diagram when the fifth input sample value, 37, is
applied
The filter’s structure
using this bucket
brigade shifting
process is often called
a transversal filter
due to the cross-
directional flow of the
input samples.
This system is noncausal and cannot be computed in realtime, since the future input
would not be available
Inside the spreadsheet we have the following:
The General FIR Filter
The General FIR Filter
The General FIR Filter
Impulse Response
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Impulse Response
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Impulse Response
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Impulse Response
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Impulse Response
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Impulse Response
Solution
The impulse response of the difference equation is
h[n] – 0.4h[n-1] = δ[n] – δ[n-1]
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Impulse Response
Solution
Example-10: The input signal x[n] and impulse response h[n] are
shown in the figures. Find the output y[n] by breaking the input
signal into impulse functions and finding the response to each.
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Impulse Response
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Step Response
• The first way mimics that for the impulse response, but with
s[n] replacing y[n] and u[n] replacing x[n].
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Step Response
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Step Response
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Step Response
• For example
s[4] = h[4] + h[3] + h[2] + h[1] + h[0]
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Step Response
Solution
The step response s[n] of the difference equation is
s[n] – 0.4s[n-1] = u[n] – u[n-1]
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